MLA Stylebook

INDERKUM H IGH SCHOOL

MLA STYLEBOOK

Purpose of this Handbook

We expect that all students attending Inderkum High School are preparing for college. In light of this,

we want all of our students to be practiced in the skill of following a style sheet. Though there are many (MLA,

APA, Chicago, etc.), we have chosen MLA (Modern Language Association) because most of the instruction for

writing papers will happen in the language arts classroom where MLA is the traditional expectation. Once a

student has mastered one style of writing (MLA in this case), making adaptations when using a different style is

almost easy. You will use this same handbook in ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grade. By twelfth grade,

you will be an expert at MLA style and will find the transition to college writing quite manageable.

Happy Writing!!!

The English Department

Inderkum High School

Table of Contents

MLA Sample- Handwritten

MLA Sample- Typed with Explanatory Notes

Sample Research Paper

MLA Style- In-text Citations

MLA Style- List of Works Cited

Guidelines for Using Quotations

25 Most Common Errors in Writing with Sample Corrections

25 Most Common Errors- Grading Reference Sheet with Holt Handbook Numbers

All content in this booklet, except the “Quotation Guidelines” is copyrighted material of Andrea Lunsford of

Stanford University and St. Martin’s Press, and is used with permission. This content is available online at

http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/smhandbook6e/Player/index.aspx

A pdf version of this handbook as printed here is available on the Inderkum High School homepage:

http://www.natomas.k12.ca.us/ihs/site/default.asp

Inderkum High School

2500 New Market Drive

Sacramento, CA 95835

Phone 916.567.5640

To see the entire sample paper, visit

http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/easy

writer3e/docsource/pdf/CraigMLAR

esearchEssay.pdf

MLA Style: In-Text Citations

MLA style requires documentation in the text for every quote, paraphrase, or summary,

or for other material that must be cited. In-text citations document material from other

sources with both signal phrases and parenthetical references. Signal phrases introduce

the m

aterial, often including the author's name.

Keep your parenthetical references short, but include enough inform

ation in the parentheses

to allow readers to locate the full citation in the list of works cited. Place the parenthetical

citation as near the relevant material as possible without disrupting the sentence. Note in

the following examples where punctuation is placed in relation to the parentheses.

Directory to MLA Style for In-Text Citations

1. Author named in a signal phrase

2. Author named in parentheses

3. Two or three authors

4. Four or more authors

5. Organization as author

6. Unknown author

7. Author of two or more works

8. Authors with the same last name

9. Multivolume work

10. Literary work

11. Work in an anthology

12. Sacred text

13. Indirect source

14. Two or more sources in one citation

15. Entire work or one-page article

16. Work without page numbers

17. Electronic or nonprint source

1. Author named in a signal phrase

Ordinarily, you can use the author's name in a signal phrase—to introduce the

material—

and cite the page number(s) in parentheses.

Herrera indicates that Kahlo believed in a "vitalistic form

of pantheism

" (328).

To quote a long passage (more than four typed lines), place the page reference

in parentheses one space after the final punctuation of the block quotation.

2. Author named in parentheses

When you do not mention the author in a signal phrase, include the author's last name

before the page number(s) in the parentheses. Use no punctuation between the author's

name and the page number(s).

3. Two or three authors

Use all the authors' last names.

Gortner, Hebrun, and Nicolson maintain that "opinion leaders" influence other people in an

organization because they are respected, not because they hold high positions (175).

4. Four or m

ore authors

Use the first author's name and et al. ("and others"), or name all the authors.

As Belenky et al. assert, examining the lives of women expands our understanding of human

development (7).

5. Organization as author

Give the group's full name if it is brief or a shortened form if it is long.

Any study of social welfare involves a close analysis of "the impacts, the benefits, and the costs" of

its policies (Social Research Corporation iii).

6. Unknown author

Use the full title if it is brief or a shortened form if it is long.

"Hype," by one analysis, is "an artificially engendered atmosphere of hysteria" ("Today's

Marketplace" 51).

7. Author of tw

o or m

ore works

If your list of works cited has more than one work by the same author, include the title (if it is brief)

or a shortened form of the title.

Gardner shows readers their own silliness in his description of a "pointless, ridiculous monster,

crouched in the shadows, stinking of dead men, murdered children, and martyred cows" (Grendel 2).

8. Authors with the same last name

Include the author's first and last names in a signal phrase or first initial and last name in a

parenthetical reference.

Children will learn to write if they are allowed to choose their own subjects, James Britton asserts,

citing the Schools Council study of the 1960s (37–42).

In places, Beauvoir "sees Marxists as believing in subjectivity" (Whitmarsh 63).

9. Multivolume work

Note the volume number first and then the page number(s), with a colon and one space

between them.

Modernist writers prized experimen

tation and gradually even sought to blur the line

between poetry and prose, according to Forster (3: 150).

If you name only one volume of the work in your list of works cited, include only the page

number in the parentheses.

10. Literary work

Because literary works are often available in m

any different editions, cite the page number(s)

from the edition you used followed by a semicolon, and then give other identifying inform

ation

that will lead readers to the passage in any edition. Indicate the act and/or scene in a play (37;

sc. 1). For a novel, indicate the part or chapter (175; ch. 4).

Dostoyevsky's character M

itya wonders aloud about the "terrible traged

ies realism

inflicts on people" (376; bk. 8, ch

. 2).

For a poem, cite the part (if there is one) and line(s), separated by a period. If you are citing

only line numbers, use the word line(s) in the first reference (lines 33–34).

On dying, Whitman specu

lates, "All goes onward and outw

ard, nothing collapses, /

And to die is different from what anyone supposed, and luckier" (6.129–30).

For a verse play, give only the act, scene, and line numbers, separated by periods.

As Macbeth begins, the witch

es greet Banquo as "Lesser than M

acbeth, and greater"

(1.3.65).

11. Work in an anthology

Use the name of the author of the work, not the editor of the anthology, but use the page

number(s) from the anthology.

Narratives of captivity play a m

ajor role in early writing by women

in the United

States, as dem

onstrated by Silko (219).

12. Sacred text

Give the title of the edition you used followed by locator inform

ation such as the book,

chapter, or verse separated by a period. In your text, spell out the names of books. In

parenthetical references, use abbreviations for books with names of five or more letters.

He ignored the admonition "Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit

before a fall" (N

ew Oxford Annotated Bible, Prov. 16.18).

13. Indirect source

Use the abbreviation qtd. in to indicate that you are quoting from someone else's report of a

conversation, an interview, a letter, or the like.

Arthur Miller says, "When

someb

ody is destroyed

everybody finally contributes to

it, but in W

illy's case, the end product would be virtually the same" (qtd. in M

artin

and M

eyer 375).

14. Two or more sources in one citation

Separate the inform

ation with semicolons.

Economists recommen

d that employmen

t be redefined

to include unpaid domestic

labor (Clark 148; Nevins 39).

15. Entire work or one-page article

Include the reference in the text without any page numbers or parentheses.

Michael Ondaatje's poetic sen

sibility transfers beautifully to prose in The English

Patien

t.

16. Work without page numbers

If a work has no page numbers or is only one page long, you m

ay omit the page number. If a

work uses paragraph numbers instead, use the abbreviation par. (or pars.).

Whitman considered their speech "a source of a native grand opera," in the words

of Ellison (par. 13).

PERIODICALS

21. Article in a journal paginated by volume

22. Article in a journal paginated by issue

23. Article in a m

agazine

24. Article in a newspaper

25. Editorial or letter to the editor

26. Review

27. Unsigned article

ELECTRONIC SOURCES

28. Article from an online database or a subscription service

29. Work from a W

eb site

30. Entire W

eb site

31. Online book

32. Part of an online book

33. Article in an online journal, m

agazine, or newspaper

34. Online editorial or letter to the editor

35. Online review

36. Posting to a discussion group

37. Email

38. Real-time communication

39. CD-ROM

OTHER SOURCES (INCLUDING ONLINE VERSIONS)

40. Report or pamphlet

41. Dissertation

42. Dissertation abstract

43. Unpublished or personal interview

44. Published interview

45. Broadcast interview

46. Unpublished letter

47. Legal source

48. Film, video, or DVD

49. Television or radio program

50. Sound recording

51. Musical composition

52. Lecture or speech

53. Live perform

ance

54. Work of art or photograph

55. Map or chart

56. Advertisement

57. Cartoon or comic strip

17. Electronic or nonprint source

Give enough inform

ation for readers to locate the source in the list of works cited.

Usually use the author or title under which you list the source. Specify a source's page,

section, paragraph, or screen numbers, if numbered, in parentheses.

Describing children's language acquisition, Pinker explains that "w

hat's innate

about language is just a way of paying atten

tion to parental speech

" (Johnson,

sec. 1).

The St. Martin's Handbook Resources / Documenting Sources /

MLA Style: List of Works Cited

A list of works cited is an alphabetical list of the sources you have referred to in your

essay. (If your instructor asks you to list everything you have read as background, call

the list Works Consulted.)

For the basic form

at for a works-cited entry in MLA style, download these PDFs:

Citing books using MLA style

Citing articles from periodicals using MLA style

Citing articles from databases using MLA style

Citing works from W

eb sites using MLA style

List of Works Cited Index

BOOKS:

1. One author

2. More than one author

3. Organization as author

4. Unknown author

5. Two or more books by the same author

6. Editor

7. Author and editor

8. Work in an anthology

9. Two or more items from an anthology

10. Translation

11. Edition other than the first

12. Multivolume work

13. Preface, foreward, introduction, or afterw

ord

14. Entry in a reference work

15. Book that is part of a series

16. Republication

17. Publisher's imprint

18. Title within a title

19. Government publication

20. Sacred text

BOOKS

1. One author

Winch

ester, Sim

on. The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford

English Dictionary. New

York: Oxford UP, 2003.

2. More than one author

For the first two or three authors, list all the names. For more authors, either list all the

names or give the first author listed on the title page, followed by a comma and et al.

("and others").

Martineau, Jane, Desmond Shawe-Taylor, and Jonathan Bate. Shakespeare in

Art. London: Merrell, 2003.

3. Organization as author

Getty Trust Publications. Seeing the Getty Center/Seeing the Getty Garden

s.

Los Angeles: Getty Trust Publications, 2000.

4. Unknown author

New

Concise W

orld Atlas. New York: Oxford UP, 2003.

5. Two or more books by the same author

Lorde, Audre. A Burst of Light. Ithaca: Fireb

rand, 1988.

- - -. Sister Outsider. Trumansburg: Crossing, 1984.

6. Editor

Wall, Cheryl A., ed. Changing Our Own W

ords: Essays on Criticism

, Theory,

and W

riting by Black W

Women. New

Brunsw

ick: Rutgers UP, 1989.

7. Author and editor

James, Hen

ry. Portrait of a Lady. Ed. Leon Edel. Boston: Houghton, 1963.

8. Work in an anthology

Komunyakaa, Yusef. "Facing It." The Seagull Reader. Ed. Joseph Kelly. New

York:

Norton, 2000. 126–27.

9. Two or more items from an anthology

Estleman, Loren D. "B

ig Tim

Magoon and the Wild W

est." W

alker 391–

404.

Salzer, Susan K. "M

iss Libbie Tells All." W

alker 199–212.

Walker, Dale L., ed. Westw

ard: A Fictional History of the American W

est . New

York: Forge, 2003.

10. Translation

Hietamies, Laila. Red

Moon over W

hite Sea. Trans. Borje Vahamaki. Beaverton,

ON: Aspasia, 2000.

11. Edition other than the first

Walker, John A. Art in the Age of Mass M

edia. 3rd ed. London: Pluto, 2001.

12. Multivolume work

Ch'oe, Yong-H

o, Peter Lee, and W

illiam Theodore De Barry, ed

s. Sources of Korean

Tradition. Vol. 2. New

York: Columbia UP, 2000. 2 vols.

12. Multivolume work, cont.

If you cite m

ore than one volume, give the total number of volumes after the title.

Ch'oe, Yong-H

o, Peter Lee, and W

illiam Theodore De Barry, ed

s. Sources of

Korean Tradition. 2 vols. New York: Columbia UP, 2000.

13. Preface, foreword, introduction, or afterw

ord

Atw

an, Robert. Foreword. The Best American Essays 2002. Ed. Stephen

Jay

Gould. Boston: Houghton, 2002. viii–xii.

14. Entry in a reference work

Kettering, Alison M

cNeil. "Art N

ouveau." W

orld Book Encycloped

ia. 2002 ed.

"Traquair, Sir John Stewart." Encycloped

ia Brittanica. 11th ed. 1911.

15. Book that is part of a series

Nichanian, Marc, and Vartan M

atiossian, ed

s. Yeghishe Charents: Poet of the

Revolution. Arm

enian Studies Ser. 5. Costa M

esa: Mazda, 2003.

16. Republication

Scott, Walter. Ken

ilworth. 18

21. New

York: Dodd, 1956.

17. Publisher's imprint

Gilligan, Carol. The Birth of Pleasure: A New

Map of Love. N

ew York:

18. Title within a title

Mullaney, Julie. Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things: A Reader's Guide.

New

York: Continuum, 2002.

19. Government publication

Kinsella, Kevin, and Victoria Velkoff. An Aging W

orld: 2001. US Bureau of the

Cen

sus. W

ashington: GPO, 2001.

United

States. Natl. Council on Disability. Reconstructing Fair H

ousing.

Washington: Natl. Council on Disability, 2001.

20. Sacred text

If the version is not part of the title, list the version after the title. If you are not citing a

particular edition, do not include sacred texts in the works-cited list.

Quran: The Final Testament (A

uthorized English Version) with Arabic Text. Trans.

Rashad Khalifa. Fremont: Universal Unity, 2000.

PERIODICALS

21. Article in a journal paginated by volume

Gigante, Den

ise. "The Monster in the Rainbow: Keats and the Scien

ce of Life."

PMLA 117 (2002): 433–48.

22. Article in a journal paginated by issue

Zivley, Sherry Lutz. "Sylvia Plath's Transform

ations of Modernist Paintings."

College Literature 29.3 (2002): 35–56.

23. Article in a magazine

Give the m

onth if published m

onthly or date (if weekly) of publication. Abbreviate the names

of months except for May, June, and July.

Fonda, Daren. "Saving the Dead." Life Apr. 2000: 69–72.

Gilgoff, Dan. "U

nusual Suspects." US New

s and W

orld Rep

ort 26 Nov. 2001: 51.

24. Article in a newspaper

Vogel, Carol. "With H

uge Gift, the Whitney Is No Longer a Poor Cousin."New York

Times 3 Aug. 2002, late ed.: A1+

. Print.

25. Editorial or letter to the editor

Magee, Doug. "Soldier's Home." Editorial. Nation 26 M

ar. 1988: 400–01.

26. Review

Den

by, David. "H

igh Roller." Rev. of The Aviator, dir. Martin Scorsese.

New

Yorker 20 Dec. 2004: 18

6–87.

27. Unsigned article

"Perform

ance of the Week." Tim

e 6 Oct. 2003: 18

. ELECTRONIC SOURCES

The entry for most electronic sources m

ay include up to five basic elements, as in

the following list, but must always include the last two.

•

Author. List the last name first, followed by a comma and the first name,

and end with a period. If no author is given, begin the entry with the title.

•

Title. Enclose the title of the document in quotation m

arks and end with a

period inside the closing quotation m

ark. If you are citing an entire site or

an online book, the title should be underlined (or italicized). Capitalize all

major words.

•

Print publication inform

ation. Give any inform

ation the document provides

about any previous or simultaneous publication in print.

•

Electronic publication inform

ation. List all of the following items that you

can find, with a period after each one: the title of the site, underlined (or

italicized), with all m

ajor words capitalized; the editor(s) of the site,

preceded by Ed.; the version number of the site, if given, preceded by

Vers.; the date of electronic publication or of the latest update; and the

name of the sponsoring institution or organization.

•

Access inform

ation. Give the m

ost recent date you accessed the source,

with the name of the m

onth abbreviated (except for May, June, and July);

the URL enclosed in angle brackets; and a period after the closing

bracket. If the URL is very long, substitute the URL of the site's search

page. If the site does not provide a usable URL for individual documents

and citing the search page is inappropriate, give the URL of the site's

homepage. To give readers instructions for finding the document through

links on the homepage, cite its URL, give the word Path followed by a

colon, and then list the sequence of links. Use semicolons between the

links and a period at the end. Whenever a URL will not fit on one line,

break it only after a slash, and do not add a hyphen at the break.

Further guidelines for citing electronic sources can be found in the MLA Handbook

for Writers of Research Papers and online at www.m

la.org.

28. Article from an online database or a subscription service

For a work from an online database, provide all of the following elements that are

available: the author's name; the title of the work (in quotation m

arks); any print

publication inform

ation; the name of the online database (underlined or italicized); the

name of its editor (if any) preceded by Ed.; the date of the m

ost recent revision; the name

of any organization or institution with which the database is affiliated; the date of access;

and the URL.

"Bolivia: Elecciones Presiden

ciales de 2002." Political Database of the Americas.

1999. Georgetown U and Organization of Amer. States. 12 Nov. 2003

<http://w

ww.georgetown.edu/p

dba/E

lecd

ata/B

olivia/p

res0

2B.htm

l>.

For a work from a library subscription service, include the name of the database (if you

know it), the name of the service, the library, the date of access, and the URL of the

service's homepage (if you know it).

Gordon, Andrew. "It's Not Such

a W

onderful Life: The Neu

rotic George Bailey."

American Journal of Psych

oanalysis 54.3 (1994): 219–33. PsycINFO.

EBSCOhost. Center Lib. City U of New

York, Graduate 26 Oct. 2003

<http://w

ww.epnet.com>.

For a personal online subscription service such as America Online, follow the guidelines for

the appropriate type of work. End the entry with the URL of the specific work or, if it is

long, the URL of the service's search page. If the service supplies no URL or one that is not

accessible to other subscribers, provide other access inform

ation after the date. Depending

on the service's retrieval system, give either the word Keyword and the keyword you used

or the word Path and the sequence of links you followed, separated with semicolons.

"Steps in Reading a Poem." AOL's Academ

ic Assistance Cen

ter. 11 Feb

. 2004.

Path: Reading & Learning; Poetry; Analysis and Interpreting Poetry.

To cite a personal Web site, include the name of the person who created the site and the

title or (if there is no title) a description, such as Home page.

29. Work from a W

eb site

Include all of the following elements that are available: the author, the title of the

document, the name of the W

eb site, the editor, the date of publication or latest update,

the name of the institution or organization associated with the site, the date of access,

and the document's URL.

"Hands Off Public Broadcasting." M

edia M

atters for America. 24 M

ay 2005. 31

May 2005 <http://w

ww.m

ediamatters.org/items/200505340001>

.

Stauder, Ellen Keck. "D

arkness Audible: Negative Capability and M

ark Doty's

'Nocturne in Black and Gold.'" Romantic Circles Praxis Series . Ed. Orrin

Wang. 2003. 28 Sep

t. 2003

<http://w

ww.rc.umd.edu/p

raxis/p

oetics/stauder/stauder.htm

l>.

Cite an entry from a blog as you would any document from a W

eb site, including the

title of the blog, followed by the date of the posting.

Parker, Randall. "G

rowth Rate for Electronic H

ybrid Veh

icle M

arket Deb

ate."

Future Pundit. 20 M

ay 2005. 24 M

ay 2005

<http://w

ww.futurepundit.com/archives/0

02783.htm

l>.

30. Entire W

eb site

Follow the guidelines for a specific work from the W

eb, but begin with the title of the

entire site and name the editor(s), if any.

Electronic Poetry Cen

ter. Ed. Charles Bernstein, Kenneth Goldsm

ith, Martin

Spinelli, and Patrick Durgin. 2003. Poetics Program/D

ept. of Med

ia

Study, SUNY Buffalo. 26 Sep

t. 2003 <http://w

ings.buffalo.edu/epc/>.

Weather.com. 2003. Weather Channel Interactive. 13 M

ar. 2003

<http://w

ww.weather.com>.

To cite a personal Web site, include the name of the person who created the site and the title

or (if there is no title) a description, such as Home page.

Lunsford, Andrea A. Home page. 15 M

ar. 2003. 17 M

ay 2004

<http://w

ww.stanford.edu/~

lunsfor1/>

.

For the site of an academic course, include the name of the instructor, the title of the course,

a description such as Course home page, the dates of the course, the name of the

department, and the name of the institution.

Lunsford, Andrea A. Mem

ory and M

edia. Course home page. Sep

t.-D

ec. 2002.

Dep

t. of English, Stanford U. 13 M

ar. 2003

<http://w

ww.stanford.edu/class/english12sc>.

For the site of an academic department, give the name of the department, a description such

as Dept. home page, and the name of the institution.

English. Dep

t. home page. Amherst Coll. 5 Apr. 2005

<http://w

ww.amherst.edu/˜english/>

.

31. Online book

Cite an online book as you would a print book. After the print publication inform

ation, if any,

give the date of access and the URL.

Euripides. The Trojan W

omen

. Trans. Gilbert Murray. New

York: Oxford UP, 1915.

12 Oct. 2003 <http://w

ww.sacred

-texts.com/cla/eurip/trojan.htm

>.

32. Part of an online book

Include the title of the part.

"France." Encyclopaed

ia Britannica Online. 2003. Encyclopaed

ia Britannica. 13

Mar. 2003 <http://search.eb.com>.

Riis, Jacob. "T

he Gen

esis of the Gang." The Battle with the Slum. New

York:

Macm

illan, 1902. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. 2000. 31 March 2005

<http://w

ww.bartleby.com/175/9

.htm

l>.

33. Article in an online journal, magazine, or newspaper

Cite the article as you would an article from a print periodical. Include the range or total

number of pages, paragraphs, parts, or other sections, if numbered, before the date of

access.

Burt, Stephen

. "T

he True Legacy of Marianne Moore, Modernist Monument."

Slate 11 Nov. 2003. 12 Nov. 2003 <http://slate.m

sn.com/id/2

0910

81/>.

Gallagher, Brian. "G

reta Garbo Is Sad: Some Historical Reflections on the

Paradoxes of Stardom in the American Film Industry, 1910

-1960." Images:

A Journal of Film and Popular Culture 3 (1997): 7 pts. 7 Aug. 2002

<http://imagesjournal.com/issue0

3/infocu

s.htm

>.

34. Online editorial or letter to the editor

Include the word Editorial or Letter after the author (if given) and title (if any). Include the

name of the W

eb site, the date of electronic publication, and the access inform

ation.

Piccato, Pablo. Letter. New

York Tim

es on the Web

9 Nov. 2003. 9 Nov. 2003

<http://w

ww.nytimes.com/2

003/11/09/opinion/L

09IM

MI.htm

l>.

35. Online review

Begin with the author's name and the title of the review (if any), followed by Rev. of; the

title of the reviewed work; and the name of the work's author, editor, or director. Then add

the name of the W

eb site, the date of electronic publication, and the access inform

ation.

O'H

ehir, Andrew. "T

he Nightm

are in Iraq." Rev. of Gunner Palace, dir. Michael

Tucker and Petra Epperlein. Salon 4 M

ar. 2005. 24 M

ay 2005

<http://w

ww.salon.com/ent/movies/review/2

005/0

3/0

4/gunner/index.ht

ml>.

36. Posting to a discussion group

Include the author's name and the title of the posting (in quotation m

arks), the description

Online posting, and the date of posting. For a listserv posting, give the name of the

listserv; the date of access; and the URL of the listserv, the email address of its

moderator, or (preferably) the URL of an archival version of the posting.

Daly, Catherine. "Poetry Slams." Online posting. 29 Aug. 2003. SUNY Buffalo

Poetics Discu

ssion List. 1 Oct. 2003

<http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/archives/p

oetics.htm

l>.

For a newsgroup posting, end with the date of access and the name of the newsgroup in

angle brackets, with the prefix news.

Stoneh

ouse, Robert. "Rep

eated W

ords in Shakespeare's Sonnets." Online

posting. 27 July 2003. 24 Sep

t. 2003

<new

s:humanities.lit.authors.shakespeare>.

37. Email

Include the writer's name, the subject line of the m

essage, a description that mentions the

recipient, and the date of the m

essage. Note that MLA style hyphenates e-m

ail.

Harris, J. "T

houghts on Impromptu Stage Productions." E-m

ail to Sarah Eitzel.

16 July 2003.

38. Real-time communication

In citing a posting in a forum such as a MUD or MOO, include all of the following

inform

ation that is available: the name(s) of any specific speaker(s) you are citing; a

description of the event; its date; the name of the forum; the date of access; and the URL.

Always cite an archival version of the posting if one is available.

Hong, Billy. Billy's Final Draft: Homeless Essay. 14 Oct. 2003. LinguaMOO. 12

Nov. 2003 <http://lingua.utdallas.ed

u:7000/2

5871/>.

39. CD-ROM

For a periodically revised CD-ROM, after the publication inform

ation for the text's print

version, if any, include the term

CD-ROM, the name of the company or group producing it,

and the electronic publication date.

Ashen

felter, Orley, and Kathryn Graddy. "A

uctions and the Price of Art." Journal

of Economic Literature 41.3 (2003): 763–87. CD-R

OM. Amer. Economic

Assn. Sep

t. 2003.

If the CD-ROM is not regularly updated, cite it much like a book. Add the term

CD-ROM

and, if appropriate, the number of the electronic edition, release, or version. If you are citing

only a part of the source, indicate which part and end with the numbers of the part (pp. 78–

83, 8 screens) if provided.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. CD-R

OM. Cambridge: Cambridge

UP, 2003.

If the CD-ROM includes m

ore than one disc, include the term

CD-ROM and either the total

number of discs (3 discs) or, if you used m

aterial from only one, the number of that disc.

IRIS: Im

migration Research Inform

ation Service, LawDesk. CD-R

OM. Disc 2.

Eagan, MN: West, 2003.

OTHER SOURCES (INCLUDING ONLINE VERSIONS)

40. Report or pamphlet

Allen

, Katherine, and Lee Rainie. Parents Online Washington: Pew

Internet and

Amer. Life Project, 2002.

41. Dissertation

Yau, Rittchell Ann. The Portrayal of Im

migration in a Selection of Picture Books

Published

since 1970. Diss. U of San Francisco, 2003. Ann Arbor: UMI,

2003. 310

3491.

42. Dissertation abstract

Huang-Tiller, Gillian C. "T

he Power of the Meta-G

enre: Cultural, Sexual, and

Racial Politics of the American M

odernist Sonnet." Diss. U of Notre Dame,

2000. DAI 61 (2000): 1401.

43. Unpublished or personal interview

Freed

man, Sasha. Personal interview. 10

Nov. 2003.

44. Published interview

Include the name of the interviewer after the label Interview, if relevant.

Ebert, Roger. Interview with M

atthew

Rothschild. Progressive. Aug. 2003. 5 Oct.

2003 <http://w

ww.progressive.org/aug03/intv0803.htm

l>.

Taylor, M

ax. "M

ax Taylor on W

inning." Tim

e 13 Nov. 2000: 66.

45. Broadcast interview

Gyllenhaal, M

aggie. Interview. Fresh Air. Natl. Public Radio. WBUR, Boston. 30

Sep

t. 2003.

46. Unpublished letter

Lanois, Sophia. Letter to the author. 25 Aug. 2003.

47. Legal source

For a legal case, give the name followed by the case number, the name of the court, and

the date of the decision.

Eldred v. Ashcroft. No. 01-618

. Supreme Ct. of the US. 15 Jan. 2003.

For an act, followed by the Public Law number of the act, the date it was enacted, and the

Statutes at Large cataloging number of the act.

48. Film, video, or DVD

Moore, Michael, dir. Bowling for Columbine. 2002. BowlingforC

olumbine.com.

30 Sep

t. 2003

<http://w

ww.bowlingforcolumbine.com/m

edia/clips/index.php>.

Sidew

ays. Dir. Alexander Payne. Perf. Paul Giamatti, Virginia M

adsen, Thomas

Haden

Church, and Sandra Oh. 2004. DVD. Fox Searchlight, 2005.

49. Television or radio program

Komando, Kim

. "E

-mail H

acking and the Law." W

CBS Radio. WCBS, New

York.

28 Oct. 2003. 11 Nov. 2003 <http://w

cbs8

80.com/komando/

local_story_309135535.htm

l>.

"Los Angeles: Silen

ced Partner." City Confiden

tial . Narr. Paul Winfield. Arts and

Entertainmen

t Network. 25 Sept. 2003.

50. Sound recording

Bach

, Johann Seb

astian. Bach

: Violin Concertos. Perf. Itzhak Perlm

an and

Pinch

as Zukerman. English Chamber Orchestra. EMI, 2002.

Fountains of Wayne. "Bright Future in Sales." Welcome Interstate M

anagers. S-

Curve, 2003.

51. Musical composition

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeu

s. Symphony no. 41 in C m

ajor, K551.

52. Lecture or speech

Eugen

ides, Jeffrey. Lecture. Portland Arts and Lectures. Arlen

e Sch

nitzer

53. Live perform

ance

Anything Goes. By Cole Porter. Perf. Klea Blackhurst. Shubert Theater, New

Haven

. 7 Oct. 2003.

54. Work of art or photograph

Chagall, Marc. The Poet with the Birds. 1911. Minneapolis Inst. of Arts. 6 Oct.

2003 <http://w

ww.artsm

ia.org/collection/search/art.cfm

?id=1427>.

Kahlo, Frida. Self-Portrait with Cropped

Hair. 1940. Museum of Mod. Art, New

York.

55. Map or chart

Australia. Map. Perry-Castañed

a Library M

ap Collection. 4 N

ov. 2003

<http://w

ww.lib.utexas.ed

u/m

aps/australia/australia_rel99.jpg>.

California. Map. Chicago: Rand, 2002.

56. Advertisement

Microsoft. Advertisemen

t. H

arper's Oct. 2003: 2–3.

Microsoft. Advertisemen

t. New York Tim

es on the Web

11 Nov. 2003. 11 Nov.

2003 <http://w

ww.nytimes.com>.

57. Cartoon or comic strip

Lew

is, Eric. "The Unpublished

Freud." Cartoon. New Yorker 11 Mar. 2002: 80.

Reference G

uide for Using Q

uotations or

Everything you ever needed to know about quotations and their

punctuation.

When to use direct quotations:

1) When the original is striking or memorable.

2) When the original phrasing is so well known that a

paraphrase would be a distortion.

3) When the quotation is used to typify a writer or character

in a work of literature.

4) When you want to retain the special feeling or style of the

original.

What to cite sources for:

1) Direct quotations

2) Statistics

3) Ideas or opinions

4) Examples

5) Someone else’s evidence or testimony.

Marks with other punctuation:

Quote is a verb, and quotation, a noun.

1) To introduce a quoted sentence with a phrase, use a

comma:

Accord

ing to G

.B Shaw, “Eco

nomy is the art of making

the most of life.”

2) To introduce a quoted statement with a clause, use a

comma or colon:

The ca

ptain said, “I need a volunteer”

The ord

er rea

d: “Attack at dawn.”

3) To introduce a quoted word or phrase, use quotation

marks alone:

The co

ach

said she was “dismayed” by the loss.

4) To end a quoted statement followed by a tag, use a

comma: “I’m leaving,” said Nora.

5) To set off an interruptive tag, use a pair of commas:

“In the first place,” said Sally, “I need a job.”

6) A closing comma or period goes inside the closing

quotation mark:

“High school,” wrote Ellen Willis, “permanently damaged

my self-esteem.”

The exception to the mark’s placement inside quotation

marks occurs in the MLA parenthetical system wherein

page numbers are enclosed in parentheses after the closing

quotation marks:

Gwendolen explains to Jack, whom she believed to be

Ernest, that “Whatever influence I ever had over mama, I

lost at the age of three” (17).

7) A closing semicolon or colon goes outside the closing

quotation mark:

She said she felt “vindicated”; then she left.

The company offered what it called “benefits”; free

parking, free coffee, and free uniforms.

8) A question mark or exclamation point that belongs to the

quotation goes inside the closing quotation mark:

Who wrote, “What’s in a name?”

Suddenly he screamed, “Get out!”

9) A question mark or exclamation point that does not belong

to the quotation goes outside the closing quotation mark:

Just how freely given is a gift that is called “free?”

Examples courtesy of Heffernan and Lincoln’s 3

rd

edition of the Norton handbook.

10) To introduce a quotation with that, use quotation marks

alone and no capital unless the quotation begins with a

proper name:

Sara

h Jones notes that “Thomas Jefferso

n w

anted to defea

t

tyra

nny.”

Rufus Jo

nes notes that “tyra

nny appalled

Jefferson.”

The “Reference G

uide for Using Q

uotations” is a compilation from the files of the composition department of North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

11) Long quotations (four or more typewritten lines) should

be indented and double-spaced; they should not be put in

quotation marks. The first line of such a quotation should

be set in five spaces only when it appears that way in

your source (when it is the first line of a new paragraph).

12) To quote a phrase or a sentence that originally does not

have quotation marks, use quotation marks:

Lewis makes it clear that “Of love there was no talk

between them” (12).

13) To quote a phrase that originally contains quotation

marks, use single quotation marks (apostrophes):

Babbitt knew that one should not “think about her that

way at all ’unless one was going to marry her’” (12).

14) To use the beginning of a quoted sentence in the middle

of your sentence, begin with a capital letter:

Lewis makes it clear that “Of love there was no talk

between them.” (12).

15) You don’t want to quote the beginning of a sentence, and

the phrase you want begins with a small letter:

Babbitt was concerned with the “inexactitudes of popular

thought which we would correct” (11).

16) You don’t want to quote the beginning of a sentence, and

the phrase you want begins with a capital letter:

Babbitt knew ”…Myra was distinctly a Nice Girl…”(10).

17) You are quoting more than one sentence, but you want to

omit the end of a sentence or an entire sentence:

Then once “when he was weary and soft-minded, he saw

that she had been weeping….Somehow her head was on

his shoulder and he was kissing away the tears…”(9).

18) You want to omit the middle of a sentence:

Babbitt knew she “was distinctly a Nice Girl—one didn’t

kiss her…unless one was going to marry her” (10).

19) If the first part of your sentence uses material from a

source, but the second part does not, place a parenthetical

reference after the first part:

Babbitt “was weary and soft minded” when he became

engaged (9). And he was in the same condition when he

began his affair.

20) Ellipses are not required for a brief phrase (three or fewer

words):

He planned to fight “the Unjust Rich” (3).

21) Use brackets to mark additional information:

Myra w

as crying bec

ause “She had been left out of a

party given

by Zilla [her cousin’s girlfrien

d]”

(25).

22) If something is in italics in your source, you must

underline it.

Mr. Eric Moody has taken Ms. Andrea Lunsford’s work on the most

common errors in student writing, compiled them into a list, and

reorganized them by type. Here is his reorganization along with Ms.

Lunsford’s examples on correcting them.

910

11

12

1193-94

164-66

148-149

162-68

2374-385

391-98

375-384410-418,425

328-31

24-25

20-22

23-25

4135-40

130-36

111-117

160-170

5 6280-81

305-307

309-310

342-343

7442,457

301

303-304

579

8276-77

302-04

306-308

338-339

9276-277

302-04

315

338-339

10

272-73

298-99

301-303

333-334

11

156-62

172-77

96-108

198-210

12

121-33

110-127

96-108

106-120

13

156-62,534188-96

182-193

198-210

14

327-34

356-59

345-348

374-377

15

244-259

264-85

270-287

296-320

16

344-347

365-67

352-354

380-382

17

441

454-55

451

579-580

18

441

454

451

483

19

434-40

446-53

446-450

480-482

20

213-14

224

230-233

250-251

21

109-110

90-103

74-90

95

22

314-320

341-347

333-345

365-369

23

314-347

341-347

333-345

550-556

MLA

24

493-499

507-514

509-516

550-556

Spelling25

359-372

377-383

360-386

395-410

Spelling (including homonyms)

Fused/run-on sentence

Misplaced/dangling modifier

Faulty sentence structure

Unnecessary shift in verb tense

Mechanical error with a quotation

Poorly integrated quotation

Incomplete or missing documentation

Quotes

Error Type

Holt Handbook Pages

Pronoun-antecedent agreement

Missing word

Possessive apostrophe - missing or misplaced

Capitalization - unnecessary or missing

Hyphen - unnecessary or missing

Comma splice

Missing comma in a series

Word

Choice

Commas

25 M

ost Common W

riting Errors

Vague pronoun reference

Wrong word

Preposition - wrong or missing

Verbs

Mechanics

Sentence fragment

Missing comma after an introductory element

Missing comma in a compound sentence

Missing comma(s) with a non-restrictive element

Unnecessary comma(s) with a restrictive element

Sentence

Structure

Wrong or missing verb ending

Subject-verb agreement