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STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF A BODY
CellsThe cell is the fundamental unit of allliving things; be it
animal or plant.Every tissue and organ is made up ofcells
Parts of the cell
Cell membrane : The cell membranesurrounds and protects the cell
andalso regulates what passes into andout of the cell.
Karyotyping Analyzing chromosomes within the nucleus.
Cytoplasm : The material outside thenucleus and enclosed by the
cellmembrane.
The cytoplasm contains
Mitochondria small, sausage-shaped bodies that produceenergy by
burning food in thepresence of oxygen.Endoplasmicreticulum Anetwork
of canals within the cell.These canals are like a cellulartunnel
system in which proteinsare manufactured for use in thecell.
CYTOPLASM
Nucleus : The controlling structure of the cell. Nucleus directs
the reproduction ofthe cell and determines the structure and
function of the cell.
Chromosomes : Rod-like structures within the nucleus. All human
body cellscontain 23 pairs of chromosomes. The only exception is
sex cells (egg and sperm)which has only 23 unpaired chromosomes.
After the egg and sperm cells unite toform the embryo, each cell of
the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
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Catabolism : Process of breaking downcomplex materials (foods)
to form simplersubstances and release energy.
During catabolism sugar and fat arebroken down into simpler
substancesand energy is released to do the work ofthe cell.
Anabolism : Process of building up of complexmaterials
(proteins) from simple materials.
During anabolism, small pieces of proteinare fitted together
like links in a chain
to make larger proteins.
Metabolism : The total of the chemical processes in a cell. It
includes bothcatabolism and anabolism.
Different Types of CellsCells are specialized throughout the
body to carry out their individual functions.
Muscle Cell Long and slender cells that contains fibers that aid
in contractingand relaxing.
Epithelial Cell (lining or skin cell) Square and flat cell which
provideprotection.
Nerve Cell Long cells having fibrous extensions that aid in
carrying impulses.
Fat Cell Cell contains large empty spaces for fat storage.
TissuesA tissue is a group of similar cells workingtogether to
do a specific job.
Epithelial Tissues Tissue located all overthe body and forms the
linings of internalorgans and forms the outer surface of the
skincovering the body.
Muscle Tissues There are two types ofmuscle tissues; voluntary
and involuntary.
Voluntary muscle is found in arms and legs and parts of the body
where movementis voluntary, whereas involuntary muscle is found in
the heart and digestivesystem, as well as in other places where
movement is not under conscious control.
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Connective Tissues Tissues connecting other tissues. Examples
are fat tissues,cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to
bones), bone, and blood.
Nerve Tissue Nerve tissue conducts impulses all over the
body.
OrgansOrgans are structures composed of several kinds otissue.
For example, an organ like the stomach iscomposed of muscle tissue,
nerve tissue, and glandular
epithelial tissue.
Viscera The medical term for internal organs. (Viscera isa
plural form. The singular form of viscera is viscus)
Systems
Systems are groups of organs working together to perform complex
functions.
For example, the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large
intestines are
organs that do the work of the digestive system to digest food
and absorb it intothe blood stream.
Digestive Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines,liver,
gallbladder, pancreas.
Urinary or excretory Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethraRespiratory Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial
tubes,
lungsReproductive Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus,
vagina,
mammary glands
Male: Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis,prostate
gland
Endocrine Thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex glands,
adrenalglands, pancreas, parathyroid glands
Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of
nervesCirculatory Heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and
nodes,
spleen, thymus glandMuscular MusclesSkeletal Bones and
jointsSkin and Sense organs Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and
sebaceous
glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue.
System Organs
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Body CavitiesA body cavity is a space within the body that
contains internal organs (viscera).
Cavity Organs
Cranial Brain, pituitary glandThoracic Lungs, hart,
esophagus,
trachea, bronchial tubes,thymus gland, aortaThe thoraciccavity
is divided into two smallcavities
Pleural cavity: Spacebetween the membranes thatsurround each
lung.
Mediastinum: Centrallylocated area outside of andbetween the
lungs whichcontains the heart, aorta,trachea, esophagus,
thymusgland, bronchial tubes, andmany lymph nodes.
Pelvic Portions of the small and large intestines, rectum,
urinarybladder, urethra, and ureters; uterus and vagina in the
female.
Spinal Nerves of the spinal cord.
Abdominal Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas,
liver,and gallbladder.
Since the cranial and spinal cavities are located on the back
portion of the body,they are known as dorsal body cavities.
Likewise, thoracic, abdominal, and pelviccavities are called as
ventral body cavities because of their positioning on the
frontportion of the body.
Diaphragm The muscular wall that separates thoracic and
abdominalcavities.
