.

z

MKCL ARABIA

News LetterEstd 25th Oct 2010

Wisdom from

The Quran

In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the

Compassionate

Woe to every fault-finding backbiter;

who amasses wealth and counts it over

and again, He think that his wealth will

immortalize him forever. Nay, he shall be

thrown into the Crusher. And what do

you know what the Crusher is? It is the

Fire kindled by Allah, the Fire that shall rise to the hearts (of criminals). Verily it

will close in upon them, in outstretched

columns.

Wisdom from

The Quran

ممسب هللا نمحرلا

يذلا عمج الام و ۰۰۱ليو لكل ةزمه ةزمل

الك ۰۰۳بسحي نا هلام هدلخا۰۰۲هددع

ران ۰۰۵و ام كىردا ام ةمطحلا۰۰۴نذبنيل يف ةمطحلا

اهنا ۰۰۷ ع علط ا ىل يتلا ۰۰۶هللا ةدقوملا

۰۰۹يف دمع ةددمم۰۰۸مهيلع ةدصؤمRef –Surah Al-Humazah

English Translation of Surah Al-Humazah

Date:5h Dec 2011, Issue: 13th Issue, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Success Story

MKCL Arabia conducted online

English Exam for preparatory

year in KSU first time. More

than ten thousand students

appeared for the exam. This is

a splendid achievement by the

MKCL as it was the unique

program held first time in

kingdom by any university .All

the employees worked like the

brick of the wall .Teamwork

demonstrated by all

employees was amazing. We

hope that this collaboration

will always reveal whenever

our organization required.

Inside Stories

Page 2: Father of

Modern Management

and Administration.

Page4: Techno update

Page 3, 5-10: MKCL

Arabian Speak

Mkclarabia Newsletter©

PROBABLY FIRST TIME IN THE HISTORY OF SAUDI ARABIA THE ONLINE EXAMINATION OF 10000+ STUDENTS WAS CONDUCTED

OVER THE TWO DAYS IN ANY UNIVERSITY OF THE KINGDOM!!!

The Dean of the Preparatory

Year program Dr Abdul Aziz Al

Othaman and Vice Dean

(Academic) Dr Abdul Majid Al

Banayan decided to switch to

online examination for

English Language for the mid-

term examination for the

year 2011. The examination

was scheduled in the month

of November and more than

11000 students had

registered in PY.

The evaluation process

started for the vendors but

MKCL Arabia was already

conducting online

examination of IT Skills in the

preparatory year for more

than one year and had

experience of conducting

examination of 6.4 million

learners in India, was given

the responsibility.

Project Head

Dr Abdulmajeed Albanyan

Vice Dean – Academics,

Preparatory Year Deanship, King

Saud University

Committee Members

Dr. Adil Askar, Project Manager

Dr Abdallah Baniadelrahman,

Chair, English Department

Mr. Sameer Pande, MKCL Arabia Ltd.

Mr Aqeel Shaikh, IT Skills Department

Mr Umesh Mathew, MKCL Arabia Ltd

Ms. Khadijah, English Department

Mr Mohammad Khair, Examination Department Mr Hamzeh Al Rajoub, IT

Infrastructure Department Dr. Walid Sawaftah, Planning

and Program Coordinator Dr Abdussalm, Examination

Department

Shared by Mr. Yousuf Ali More than 10000 Students

appeared for English online Exam.

MKCL Arabia welcomes newly joined employees

Name: SHOBI IMRAN Qualification: MCA

Place: Baduan, UP, IND.

Name: Ahmar Adil Qualification: MCA, MBA.

Place: Gaya , Bihar, IND.

Name: S. MUSTHAK ALI

Qualification: MCA

Place: TIRUPPUR, TN, IND.

Name: Tanveer Ahmad Qualification: MCA

Place: Srinagar, J&K, IND.

Name: MAHAMMAD YUSUF Qualification: MCA

Place: HUBLI, IND.

Please join us in welcoming and wishing them good luck for a long and rewarding career at MKCL Arabia.

eLearning Revolution for All News Letter

2 | P a g e www.mkcl-arabia.com, info@mkclarabia.com, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Founding Father Of Modern Administration And Management

Some of you may know the book “The 100 ranking of the most influential Persons in history”, written by Michael Hart. In his book Michael Hart, a University professor, ranked popular people from history according to their importance to mankind, based on their achievements. No surprise, Ranked number one, the most important person in the history of all mankind is the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh); but just a few people know that there is another Muslim within the top 100. Umar Al Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him), the second caliph of the Muslim Ummah, is also named one of the “top performers” of mankind, as we would say today! He was the only Muslim besides the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) to be chosen as one of the most influential people of all times and he was chosen since he is considered by many management scholars as the founding father of modern administration and management. Now, this comes as a surprise. Not one of the gurus of the modern business world was chosen, but a companion of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) as the founding father of modern management. Umar Al Kattab shaped the Islamic Empire that was about to evolve. Under his rule Iraq and Persia were conquered as well as Egypt and other parts of North Africa. Syria, Palestine and Lebanon were included into the Empire; Jerusalem was conquered and experienced a long lasting period of religious tolerance! He ordered the building of new cities like Al-Kufa and Al-Basra, which are located in nowadays Iraq. The organization of the Islamic Empire into states and provinces was done according to his orders. It is important to know that these states and provinces still exist today in pretty much the same boundaries even after 1400 years. Umar Al Khattab established new institutions such as police, prisons, and the office of complaints, where complaints from the public were received and investigated. He introduced an independent tax collection agency, a postal service and adopted a new calendar, staring from the date of Hijra, the one we still use today in the Muslim world. That is a long list and one would think that he must have reigned for a hundred years to achieve all this, but as a matter of fact he was caliph for only 10 years! How can a single person accomplish all this within just 10 years? What is the secret behind his success? Let’s listen to his Khutbah he gave in Medina, after the conquest of Jerusalem:

His Sermon “O you people, I counsel you to read the Qur’an. Try to understand it and ponder over it. Accept the teachings of the Qur’an. Then practice what the Qur’an teaches. The Qur’an is not theoretical; it is a practical code of life. The Qur’an does not bring you the message of the Hereafter only; it is primarily intended to guide you in this life. Mold your life in accordance with the teachings of Islam for that is the way of your well-being. By following any other way you will be inviting destruction.

Fear Allah and whatever you want seek from Him. All men are equal. Do not flatter those in authority. Do not seek favors from others. By such acts you demean yourself. And remember that you will get only that is ordained for you, and no one can give you anything against the will of God. Then why seek things from others over which they have no control? Only supplicate God for He alone is the sovereign. And speak the truth. Do not hesitate to say what you consider to be the truth. Say what you feel. Let your conscience be your guide. Let your intentions be good, for verily God is aware of your intentions. In your deeds your intentions count. Fear God, and fear no one else. Why fear others when you know that whatever sustenance ordained for you by God you will get under all circumstances? And again why fear when you know that death is ordained by God alone and will come only when He wills? “Allah has for the time being made me your ruler. But I am one of you. No special privileges belong to ruler. I have some responsibilities to discharge, and in this I seek your cooperation. Government is a sacred trust, and it is my endeavor not to betray the trust in any way. For the fulfillment of the trust I have to be a watchman. I have to be strict. I have to enforce discipline. I have to run the administration not on the basis of personal favors; I have to run it in public interest and for promoting the public good. For this we have the guidance in the Book of God. Whatever orders I issue in the course of day to day administration have to conform to the Qur’an. God has favored us with Islam. He sent to us His Messenger (Muhammad, pbuh). He has chosen us for a mission. Let us fulfill that mission. That mission is the promotion of Islam. In Islam lies our safety; if we fail we are doomed.” Not only Umar Al Khatab but also the first Muslims were following these very simple rules, based on the teachings of Islam, and it was the secret behind the success of the first Muslims, the best generation ever raised for mankind. Actions based on Taqwa, on fear of Allah and on the expectation of the reward of Allah! Management and leadership based on the commands of Allah (s.t.) and the best interest of society, leadership executed in the full knowledge that he is responsible to Allah (s.t.)! As a Muslim I cannot look up to one of these modern tycoons, whose actions are based on acquiring more and more, on personal profit maximization, but I have to look up to Umar Al Khattab as the true raw model for managers, whose actions were based on seeking the pleasure of Allah by serving the community! For him (r.) profit maximization was also the driving force for his actions, but his profit was with Allah!

Source: http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20111125112726

MKCL Arabian Speak

Top 5 Mistakes English Learners Make

Article Shared by: Siddiqui Anjum Taqui Ahmed

What are the most common mistakes that English learners make?

Which mistakes do most English learners need to correct, in order to learn English much faster?

Here are the top 5 English Learning Mistakes:

1. Focusing On Grammar

This is the biggest, most common, and worst mistake. Research shows that grammar study, in fact, actually hurts English speaking ability. Why? Because English grammar is simply too complex to memorize and use logically.... and real conversation is much too fast.

You don't have enough time to think, remember hundreds or thousands of grammar rules, choose the correct one, then use it.

Your logical left-brain cannot do it. You must learn grammar intuitively and unconsciously, like a child. You do this by hearing a lot of correct English grammar- and your brain gradually and automatically learns to use English grammar correctly.

2. Forcing Speech

Both English students and teachers try to force speech before the learner is ready. The result is that most students speak English very slowly- with no confidence and no fluency. Forcing speech is a huge mistake. Don't force speech. Focus on listening and be patient. Speak only when you are ready to speak- when it happens easily and naturally. Until then, never force it.

3. Learning Only Formal Textbook English

Unfortunately, most English students learn only the formal English found in textbooks and schools. The problem is- native speakers don't use that kind of English in most situations.

When speaking to friends, family, or co-workers, native speakers use casual English that is full of idioms, phrasal verbs, and slang. To

communicate with native speakers, you must not rely only on textbooks. You must learn casual English.

4. Trying To Be Perfect

Students and teachers often focus on mistakes. They worry about mistakes. They correct mistakes. They feel nervous about mistakes. They try to speak perfectly. No one, however, is perfect. Native speakers make mistakes all the time. You will too. Instead of focusing on the negative- focus on communication.

Your goal is not to speak "perfectly", your goal is to communicate ideas, information, and feelings in a clear and understandable way. Focus on communication, focus on the positive. You will automatically improve your mistakes in time

5. Relying On English Schools

Most English learners rely totally on schools. They think the teacher and the school are responsible for their success. This is never true. You, the English learner, are always responsible. A good teacher can help, but ultimately you must be responsible for your own learning.

You must find lessons and material that are effective. You must listen and read every day. You must manage your emotions and remain motivated and energetic. You must be positive and optimistic. No teacher can make you learn. Only you can do it!

While these mistakes are very common, the good news is that you can correct them. When you stop making these mistakes, you change the way you learn English. You learn faster. Your speaking improves. You enjoy learning English.

-

Yeh Ishq hai aisi bimari

Jiski hai na koi dawai

Jisko bhi ho gayi hai bimari

Aati nahin hai neend use raat saari

Jab se didaar hui aapke hamein

Bas gaye aap hamare khayalon main

Itna bhi mat tadh paiye hamein

Aisa na ho hamara naam shamil ho jaaye duniya ke har ek paagal khaano main

Jab se dekha hai maine aapko

Aati nahin hai neend hamein raat ko

Aisa kya jaadu kar daala aapne hum par

Hum to ji rahe hain ab to sirf naam ko

Unke aakhon main kho jaane ko dil karta hai

Aisi kya gehrayi hai unke aakhon main

Unke aakhon main to doob jaane ko dil karta hai

Jab bhi dekhta hoon unke aakhon ko dikhta hai pyaar sirf mere liye

Jab bhi dekhta hoon unke chehre ki muskurahat lagta hai woh hai sirf mere liye

Ab aage kya kahoon

Lagta hai woh bani hai sirf mere liye

- By Syed Amjadullah Hussaini

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Techno Update

Eye-Tracking Computer Interface

Teenage Honduran builds open source eye -tracking computer

interface

Tracking eyeball movements is far from a new science - in fact, people have

been studying eye movements for more than 130 years. Early on, the main

focus was on understanding how the process of reading works - the way the

eyes skip and dart across rows of text to take in written information.

Congratulations, you're now aware that your eyes are jumping from word to

phrase to word as you read this article!

While eyeball tracking used to be achieved using painstaking manual

mapping of direct observations, more recent technologies have made it much

easier and more precise. High-tech contact lenses, for example, can now be

used to map and record eye movement to provide data that's used in

everything from driver training to sports development to gaming, virtual

reality and medical research. Still, the dominant commercial application by

far is in advertising and usability - working out how different designs steer

the eye towards a final goal most effectively.

But for people with certain motor disabilities, particularly those who don't

have good control over their hands or voices, eye tracking can take on a

much more important role, as a hands-free computer interface that can be a

fantastic aid to communication, and a much easier alternative than the head

wand or mouth stick, which are used to tap on a keyboard.

Unfortunately, eyeball tracking computer interfaces have proven to be quite

expensive on the market - anywhere from several thousand to more than

US$10,000 when combined with software. This puts them out of reach of

many affected

people,

particularly in

developing

countries where

that sort of

money could

represent several

years of average

earnings.

And that's where

18-year-old

Honduran high

school student

Luis Cruz is stepping in. Two years ago, Cruz indulged his love of

electronics and software tinkering by building a video game system - but in

the last 12 months he's turned his focus to far less teenage pursuits.

Cruz has spent the last year building and developing an eye tracking

computer interface that works on the principles of electrooculography - that

is, measuring the resting potential of the retina using electrodes placed just

beside the eyes.

As it turns out, the human eye is polarized - the front of the eye carries a

positive charge and the rear of the eye has a group of negatively charged

nerves attached to the retina. So when the eye is moved, you can use

electrodes to measure the change in the dipole potential of the eye through

the skin.

It's a fairly lo-fi input - it doesn't track eye movements with anywhere near

the accuracy of a high tech contact lens or video tracking system - but on the

other hand, it's extremely

cheap, and so un invasive

that Cruz has managed to

mount the electrodes in a

pair of sunglasses. And

it's good enough at

tracking macro eye

movements to allow the

next phase of the project:

the computer interface

software.

Although Cruz's sensor

glasses can only track

horizontal eye movements at this stage, he's developed a piece of software

that takes those inputs and uses them to choose letters in a grid, so that users

can type entire words using just their eye motions.

The Eye board system is still in a fairly embryonic state at this stage, but

Cruz believes the hardware can be produced cheaply - as in, his prototypes

cost somewhere between US$200-300 for a set of glasses - and he's releasing

the software as open source to enable quicker development of tools like

autocomplete which will make users' communication even quicker and more

fluid. Here's a little more about the effectiveness of electrooculography in

computer interfaces.

Clearly, this is a kid with some serious drive - check out his technical

documentation for a closer look at the project. If anyone feels like giving

Cruz a helping hand, he's looking for PayPal donations to help him towards a

college education in America. Given how much he's achieved in Honduras at

such a young age, his potential and motivation is clear, even if his home

country doesn't afford a lot of opportunities.

We wish Cruz the best of luck and hope to see the Eye board project develop

into something that can help the disabled community in Honduras and

around the world.

What were YOU doing when you were 17?

- Article Shared by Mohammed Amjad

MKCL Arabian Speak

- Article Shared by : Mr Vijay Kumar Tripathi

Continue article from previous . . .

Learning and Teaching Information

Technology

TECHNOLOGY SKILLS FOR INFORMATION PROBLEM

SOLVING

1. TASK DEFINITION The first part in the information problem-solving process

involves recognizing that an information need exists,

defining the problem, and identifying the types and amount

of information needed. In terms of technology, students

will be able to:

a) Communicate with teachers regarding assignments,

tasks, and information problems using e-mail; online

discussions (e.g. Threaded Web-based discussions,

newsgroups); real-time communications (e.g., instant

messaging services, chat rooms, IP telephony);

desktop teleconferencing; and groupware on the

Internet, intranets, and local area networks.

b) Generate topics, define problems, and facilitate

cooperative activities among groups of students

locally and globally using e-mail, online discussions,

real-time communications, desktop teleconferencing,

and groupware on the Internet and local area

networks.

c) Generate topics, define problems, and facilitate

cooperative activities with subject area experts locally

and globally using e-mail, online discussions, real-

time communications, desktop teleconferencing, and

groupware on the Internet and local area networks.

d) Define or refine the information problem using

computerized graphic organization, brainstorming or

idea generating software. This includes developing a

research question or perspective on a topic.

2. INFORMATION SEEKING STRATEGIES Once the information problem has been formulated, the

student must consider all possible information sources and

develop a plan for searching. Students will be able to:

a) Assess the value of various types of electronic

resources for data gathering, including databases, CD-

ROM resources, commercial and Internet online

resources, electronic reference works, community and

government information electronic resources.

b) Assess the need for and value of primary resources

including interviews, surveys, experiments, and

documents that are accessible through electronic

means.

c) Identify and apply specific criteria for evaluating

computerized electronic resources.

d) Identify and apply specific criteria for constructing

meaningful original data gathering tools such as online

surveys, electronic interviews, or scientific data

gathering tools such as probes, meters, and timers.

e) Assess the value of e-mail, online discussions, real-

time communications, desktop teleconferencing, and

groupware on the Internet and local area networks as

part of a search of the current literature or in relation

to the information task.

f) Use a computer to generate modifiable flow charts,

time lines, organizational charts, project plans (such as

Gantt charts), and calendars which will help the

student plan and organize complex or group

information problem-solving tasks.

g) Use handheld devices such as personal digital

assistants (PDAs), electronic slates or tablet PCs to

track contacts and create to-do lists and schedules.

3. LOCATION AND ACCESS After students determine their priorities for information

seeking, they must locate information from a variety of

resources and access specific information found within

individual resources. Students will be able to:

a) Locate and use appropriate computer resources and

technologies available within the school library media

center, including those on the library media center's

local area network (e.g., online catalogues, periodical

indexes, full-text sources, multimedia computer

stations, CD-ROM stations, online terminals,

scanners, digital cameras).

b) Locate and use appropriate computer resources and

technologies available throughout the school including

those available through intranets or local area

networks (e.g., full-text resources, CD-ROMs,

productivity software, scanners, digital cameras).

c) Locate and use appropriate computer resources and

technologies available beyond the school through the

Internet (e.g., newsgroups, listservs, WWW sites, ftp

sites, online public access library catalogues,

commercial databases and online services, and other

community, academic, and government resources).

d) Know the roles and computer expertise of the people

working in the school library media center and

elsewhere who might provide information or

assistance.

e) Use electronic reference materials (e.g., electronic

encyclopaedias, dictionaries, biographical reference

sources, atlases, geographic databanks, thesauri,

almanacs, fact books) available through intranets or

local area networks, stand-alone workstations,

commercial online vendors, or the Internet.

f) Use the Internet or commercial computer networks to

contact experts and help and referral services.

g) Conduct self-initiated electronic surveys through e-

mail, listservs, newsgroups and online data collection

tools.

h) Use organizational systems and tools specific to

electronic information sources that assist in finding

specific and general information (e.g., indexes, tables

of contents, user's instructions and manuals, legends,

boldface and italics, graphic clues and icons, cross-

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references, Boolean logic strategies, time lines,

hypertext links, knowledge trees, URLs, etc.)

including the use of:

a. Search tools and commands for stand-alone, CD-

ROM, networked or Web-based online databases

and services;

b. Search tools and commands for searching the

Internet, such as search engines, meta search

tools, bots, directories, jump pages, and

specialized resources such as those that search

the Invisible Web;

c. Specialized sites and search tool commands that

limit searches by date, location, format, and

collection of evaluated sites or other criteria.

4. USE OF INFORMATION After finding potentially useful resources, students must

engage (read, view, listen) the information to determine its

relevance and then extract the relevant information.

Students will be able to:

a) Connect and operate the computer technology needed

to access information, and read the guides and

manuals associated with such tasks.

b) Know and be able to use the software and hardware

needed to view, download, decompress and open

documents, files, and programs from Internet sites and

archives.

c) Copy and paste information from an electronic source

into a personal document complete with proper

citation.

d) Take notes and outline with a word processor,

database, presentation or similar productivity program.

e) Record electronic sources of information and locations

of those sources in order to properly cite and credit

sources in footnotes, endnotes, and bibliographies.

f) Use electronic spread sheets, databases, and statistical

software to process and analyse statistical data.

g) Analyse and filter electronic information in relation to

the task, rejecting information that is not relevant.

h) Save and backup data gathered to secure locations

(floppy disk, personal hard drive space, RW-CD,

online storage, flash memory, etc.)

5. SYNTHESIS Students must organize and communicate the results of the

information problem-solving effort. Students will be able to:

a) Classify and group information using a word

processor, database or spread sheet.

b) Use word processing and desktop publishing software

to create printed documents, applying keyboard skills

equivalent to at least twice the rate of handwriting

speed.

c) Create and use computer-generated graphics and art in

various print and electronic presentations.

d) Use electronic spread sheet software to create original

spread sheets.

e) Generate charts, tables and graphs using electronic

spread sheets and other graphing programs.

f) Use database software to create original databases.

g) Use presentation software to create electronic slide

shows and to generate overhead transparencies and

slides.

h) Create and use projection devices to show hypermedia

and multimedia productions with digital video, audio

and links to HTML documents or other programs.

Convert presentations for display as Web pages.

i) Create Web pages and sites using hypertext mark-up

language (HTML) in a text document or using Web

page creation tools and know the procedure for having

these pages loaded to a Web server.

j) Use e-mail, ftp, groupware, and other

telecommunications capabilities to publish the results

of the information problem-solving activity.

k) Use specialized computer applications as appropriate

for specific tasks, e.g., music composition software,

computer-assisted drawing and drafting programs,

mathematics modelling software, scientific

measurement instruments, etc.

l) Properly cite and credit electronic sources (text,

graphics, sound and video) of information within the

product as well as in footnotes, endnotes, and

bibliographies.

6. EVALUATION Evaluation focuses on how well the final product meets the

original task (effectiveness) and the process of how well

students carried out the information problem-solving

process (efficiency). Students may evaluate their own work

and process or be evaluated by others (i.e., classmates,

teachers, library media staff, parents). Students will be able

to:

a) Evaluate electronic presentations in terms of the

content and format and design self-assessment tools to

help them evaluate their own work for both content

and format.

b) Use spell and grammar checking capabilities of word

processing and other software to edit and revise their

work.

c) Apply legal principles and ethical conduct related to

information technology related to copyright and

plagiarism.

d) Understand and abide by telecomputing etiquette

when using e-mail, newsgroups, listservs and other

Internet functions.

e) Understand and abide by acceptable use policies and

other school rules in relation to use of the Internet and

other electronic technologies.

f) Use e-mail, real-time communications (e.g., listservs,

newsgroups, instant messaging services, chat rooms,

IP telephony) desktop teleconferencing, and

groupware on the Internet and local area networks to

communicate with teachers and others regarding their

performance on assignments, tasks, and information

problems.

g) Thoughtfully reflect on the use of electronic resources

and tools throughout the process.

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Historical Milestones in the Development of Computers

- Article Shared by : Shaikh Shakil

Early Ages Sr. No. Historical Milestone Approximate Date

1. Carving notches on bones for counting purpose began around 30,000 to 20,000 BC

2. Place value number systems started from 8500 BC

3. Invention of Abacus, first known counting device 1000 to 500 BC

4. Use of Zero and negative numbers started around 300 – 600 BC

Distant Past Inventions

5. The first self-striking water clock 1434 AD

6. Leonardo da Vinci’s mechanical calculator 1500

Seventh (17th

) Century Developments

7. John Napier’s Bones (A set of 11 rods carved with numbers used for

simplifying multiplication purpose)

1614

8. William Oughtred’s Slide Rule (A set of two or more rulers that slide

upon other used for division and multiplications aids)

1621

9. Wilhemm Schickard’s mechanical calculator 1625

10. Blaise Pascal’s Arithmetic Machine – La Pascaline (A mechanical way

of adding numbers by dialing wheels)

1640

11. Gottfried von Leibniz’s Stepped Reckoner (Improvement on Pascaline

that could perform multiplications and divisions too)

1670

Eighteenth (18th

) Century Development

12. The first English Typewriter patent 1714

13. Colmar’s Arithmometer 1785

Nineteenth (19th

) Century Development

14. Joseph Jacquard’s Punched Cards

(Used to automate weaving patterns in looms)

1800

15. Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine 1822

16. The first American Typewriter patent 1829

17. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine 1830

18. George and Edward Scheutz’s Difference Engine 1834

19. Samuel Morse’s Invention of electric telegraph 1837

20. The first programmer Augusta suggested Binary Storage 1840

21. George Bool’s Boolean Algebra 1847

22. Sir Charles Wheatstone’s use of paper tape to store data 1857

23. The first commercial typewriter 1867

24. George Bernard Grant’s Difference Engine 1867

25. Charles Pierce links Boolean Algebra to circuits based on switches 1886

26. Dr. Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine 1890

Twentieth (20th

) Century Development

Sr.

No.

Historical Milestone Approximate

Date

Sr. No. Historical Milestone Approximate

Date

27. John Ambrose Fleming’s invention

of Vacuum Tubes

1900 52. First disk storage by IBM 1966

28. The first tele printers 1902 53. Keyboard, Mouse and first

GUI

1968

29. Lee de Forest’s invention of Triode 1906 54. First Static and Dynamic

RAMs used

1970

30. Patent for semiconductor transistor 1926 55. Hoff’s first Microprocessor

– 4004

1971

31. The Dvorak keyboard 1936 56. 8 inch floppy disk appeared 1971

32. Alan Turing’s Turing Machine 1937 57. 8008 Microprocessor 1972

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launched

33. John Vincent Atanasoft and Clifford

Bery’s ABC Computer

(Special purpose electronic digital

computer)

1939 58. 5.25 inch Mini Floppy disk 1972

34. Howard’s Kiken’s Harvard Mark I

(IBM ASCC)

1939 59. Hard Disk Devices started 1973

35. John von Neumann’s Stored

Program Concept

1940 60. 8080, 6800

microprocessors

1974

36. Konr Zuse’s Z1, Z3 and Z4

computers

(All these computers destroyed on

world war)

1941 61. Father of Micro Computers

Roberts developed Altair

8800 microcomputer

1975

37. Alan Turing and COLOSSUS

developed Vacuum Tube

technology

1943 62. Microsoft founded by Bill

Gates and Paul Allen

1975

38. ENIAC (The first general purpose

electronic digital computer)

1943 63. Steven Jobs & Wozniak

developed Apple I and

Apple II microcomputers

1976

39. EDVAC (The first stored program

concept computer)

1944 64. Cray developed the Cray-I

super computer

1976

40. Aiken built Mark – I 1944 65. 8086 microprocessor 1980

41. The first computer bug 1944 66. First IBP PC with DOS 1981

42. UNIVAC

(The first commercial computer)

1948 67. Microsoft Windows

introduced

1985

43. The first assembler – Initial Orders 1949 68. Intel’s 386 microprocessor 1985

44. Wang’s Magnetic Core Memory 1949 69. Intel 486 microprocessor 1989

45. Hopper’s UNIVAC-I Compiler 1950 70. Intel’s Pentium (586) 1992

46. G.W.A. Dummer conceives

integrated circuits

1952 71. Intel’s Pentium Pro (x86) 1996

47. FORTRAN was developed 1957 72. Pentium II 1997

48. Kibly & Noce developed first IC 1958 73. Pentium III 1999

49. COBOL developed 1959 74. Pentium IV 2000

50. IBM System/360 mainframe

computer

1960 75. Core 2 Duo

51. BASIC developed by Kemeny &

Kurtz

1965 76. Duo core processor/i3,i5,i7

20 Ways to Increase Laptop’s Battery Life

Modern graphic intensive operating systems and resource hungry applications are cutting down the life of your laptop’s

battery every day. The average battery life per continuous use still stands at a maximum of three to four hours. So, a fast depleting

battery could very swiftly put the crutches on your ‘mobile’ road trip. Mobile computing has got better with lighter components, better

chips and faster processors. But the Achilles heel of a laptop has remained its battery. So here are we are going to look at ways to

increase laptop battery life.

1. Ship shape with a defrag

Regular defragmentation helps to arrange data more efficiently

thus making the hard drive work less to access the data. The

quicker the moving hard drive works lesser is the load placed

on the battery. Thus, your batter can last longer. The effect is

minimal, but this efficiency goes hand in glove with hard drive

maintenance.

2. Kill the resource gobblers

End the background processes that are not vital. Monitor the

resource usage through a“˜Ctrl-Alt-Del’ which brings up the

Windows Task Manager (in Windows). If you’re not on the

internet, it is safe to shut down the immediate non-essential

programs running in the taskbar like the antivirus and the

firewall. Weed out unnecessary programs running as start-ups

by launching the System Configuration Utility from Run

- By Vijay CK

9 | P a g e

““Msconfig”” Tab: Startup. Uncheck the programs which

you don’t want to launch and reboot the computer once.

3. Pause the scheduled tasks

It may be a defrag or a virus scan, but make sure it is

scheduled for a time when you are near a power outlet. If not

then nix them for the moment.

4. Unplug external devices

USB devices are the biggest drainers of battery power. Unplug

all external devices like an external mouse, PC cards, Wi-Fi,

external speakers, Bluetooth and even an attached iPod.

5. Empty the CD/DVD Drives

Even if you don’t intend to use it, don’t leave any CD/DVDs

as leftovers in the drives. A spinning drive sucks battery

power like a sponge.

6. Go local

Desist using the DVD/external drives while running on

batteries. Shift the content to the hard drive or run using (free)

virtual drives like Pismo File Mount or even Microsoft’s

Virtual CD ROM Control Panel.

7. Lower the lights

The LCD screen of a laptop is another huge power sink.

Calibrate the brightness to the lowest level you can tolerate

using the Function key toggles or using the Display Settings

applet in the Control Panel.

8. Kill the sounds

Mute the speakers and try avoiding the use of multimedia

software to maximize the battery life. Installed sound schemes

also drain a battery perceptibly.

9. Rid the screensaver

To maximize battery life by a little, switch off the screensaver.

10. Visit Power Options

Get familiar with power management through the “˜Power

Options’ applet in the Control Panel. Both XP and Vista come

with advanced power management features which shut off

components like the monitor and/or the hard drive after

specified intervals. This again depends on the chosen “˜Power

Schemes’ (for XP) in the same applet. For instance in XP,

“˜Max Battery’ under Power Schemes can be selected for

maximum battery optimization. Similar settings can be found

under “˜Mobile PC’ in the Control Panel of Vista.

11. Turn off the looks

Today’s OS’s like Windows Vista come with features like

“˜Aero Glass’ which are resource guzzlers. One can turn it off

and go for the “˜Classic’ appearance which consumes less

power. In Vista, click on Desktop – Preferences – View

Colour – Appearance – Classic Appearance and Windows

Basic graphical interface. In XP it’s – Display Properties –

Theme – Windows Classic.

Linux and even Macintosh are better optimized for

longer battery life.

12. Hibernate is better than Sleep

In the Stand By mode (or sleep mode), the computer turns of

the hard drive and the display but memory remains active

while the CPU slows down. This draws on the battery. In

contrast, hibernation mode is better because the computer

saves the current state and shuts itself down completely thus

saving power.

13. Get the most…work on the least

Working on too many programs while on the battery is a sure

fire power drainer. Keep use of graphic intensive applications

to a minimum. Working on a spreadsheet consumes much less

than playing your favorite game. To increase the life of the

battery open just one or two programs concurrently.

14. Ram in more RAM

Adequate RAM reduces the load on Virtual memory which by

default resides on the hard drive. Though every extra bit of

RAM uses up more power, it increases overall savings by

short cutting access to the power hungry hard drive.

15. Keep it clean

A laptop with blocked air vents will generate more heat thus

reducing the life of the battery. Clean the air vents regularly to

keep operating temperatures low. Allow for open space around

the vents for air to circulate freely. Keep the area around the

laptop clean to avoid entry of dust.

16. Temperature is a silent killer

Undue heat kills off a battery slowly but surely. Avoid leaving

the laptop under direct sunlight or inside a closed car.

17. Avoid the memory effect

A problem more for the older Ni-MH batteries than for Li-Ion

batteries on which most modern laptops run. Memory effect

relates to the loss of battery charge when they are repeatedly

recharged after being only partially discharged. It can be

prevented by discharging the battery fully and then completely

recharging it. Li-Ion batteries on the other hand have no

problems with partial discharges and re-charges and complete

discharge is never recommended for this type.

18. Update software and drivers

This sounds a bit incongruous but then newer drivers and

software are often designed to be more efficient (and

hopefully less resource hungry).

10 | P a g e

19. Use the right adapter

Ensure that the adapter you use to charge the laptop battery is

an original one or one with the correct specifications. A

mismatch in the wattage could cause an overload thus

damaging the laptop and the battery.

20. Pack it up

If you don’t plan to use the laptop on batteries for quite some

time, ensure that the charge is nearly 40 percent – remove the

batteries and store it in a cool place.

A typical lithium ion battery has an overall average life of 2-3

years. With some care and caution, its mortality can be

delayed. Have you found your own way to increase battery life

of your laptop? Share the “˜life giving’ tips with us in the

comments. All modern laptops have battery charge level

indicators. Re-charge it only WHEN the battery charge is

about to empty

Contact Details:

We will be glad to publish your Articles and ideas in the monthly

news letter. Please send them to news@mkclarabia.com on or before 25th of

every month.

Thanks

MKCL Arabia Newsletter Team.

Copyright© MKCL Arabia Newsletter. All rights reserved.

The public display of copyrighted works is restricted.

Google gravity - Link Shared by Mr. Ilyas Patel

- Google always has many interesting things to do in it. Ricardo Cabello a

designer/developer has created Google Gravity. This is a fun filled thing

that makes the object in google elements to fall down, due to force of

gravity. You can enjoy throwing all links, text boxes , buttons , search

results around the browser window . Do whatever you like with Google

Gravity and enjoy your googling experience.

http://mrdoob.com/projects/chromeexperiments/google_gravity/

OR:

1. Open Google homepage in your browser. 2. Type “google gravity” in search box. 3. Click on the first search result. And experience the google

gravity. 4. Now, search anything you will surprise to see the search

results falling down.

Mr. Pavan’s team presented him the

farewell gift.