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Mitosis
Mitosis is the process by which new cells are generated.
Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells
Parent cell
Replicated chromosomescondense at the start of mitosis
Mit
osi
s
Sister chromatids separate and two daughter cells are formed.
Parent cell and daughter cell contain thesame complement of chromosomes.
Overview of Mitosis:
Figure 12.5 The stages of mitotic cell division in an animal cell: metaphase; anaphase; telophase and cytokinesis.
Motor molecules of the kintochore walk along the microtubule, taking
the chromosome with it
As the chromosomes move toward the poles, the microtubules are
broken down at the kinetochore end
Transport vesicle
Kinesin
Microtubule
ATP ADP+Pi
Motor molecules "walk" along a microtubule track
ATP ADP+Pi
Unregulated cell division can lead to cancer
Many factors interact with each other to determine whether a cell will undergo mitosis
Cell cycle checkpoints normally insure that DNA replication and mitosis occur only when conditions are favorable and the process is working correctly.
G2 checkpointPass this checkpoint if:• cell size is adequate• chromosome replication is successfully completed
M
G2
Mitosis
Metaphase checkpointPass this checkpoint if:• all chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindle
G1
Fir
st g
ap
S
DNA synthesis
G1 checkpointPass this checkpoint if:• cell size is adequate• nutrient availability is sufficient• growth factors (signals from other cells) are present
Seco
nd g
ap
Cell-Cycle Checkpoints
Cell cycle proteins regulate whether a cell will proceed past a particular cell cycle checkpoint
cyclin - a protein whose amount varies cyclically
cdk - another cell division control protein - a cyclin dependent kinase; active only when bound to cyclin
MPF - mitotic promoting factor...
• MPF is a kinase enzyme, ones that switches on/off target proteins by phosphorylating them.....
• [cyclin + cdk = MPF]... favors Mitosis
• leads to destruction of cyclin itself
Growth factor proteins are signal molecules that trigger a signal-transduction pathway leading to cell division
Platelet-derived growth factor
Unregulated cell division can lead to cancer
Mutations in genes that encode cell cycle proteins can lead to unregulated growth, resulting in tumor formation and ultimately invasion of cancerous cells to other organs.