Mitja Bračič PhD - FIP

DIAGNOSTIC METHODS IN BASKETBALL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS IN BASKETBALL TRAININGTRAINING

Mitja BraMitja Braččiičč PhDPhD

University of LjubljanaFaculty of sport

INSTITUTE OF SPORT

►► The development of modern sport is closely linked The development of modern sport is closely linked to the invention of new technologies and new to the invention of new technologies and new expert, scientific, research and organisational expert, scientific, research and organisational methods in the training process.methods in the training process.

►► The purpose of diagnostic procedures is to The purpose of diagnostic procedures is to establish establish relevantrelevant and maximally and maximally objectiveobjectiveparameters of the basketball players form at a parameters of the basketball players form at a given time. given time.

►► Without information on bioWithout information on bio--motor, morphological, motor, morphological, physiological, biochemical, psychological and physiological, biochemical, psychological and sociological characteristics it is impossible to plan, sociological characteristics it is impossible to plan, programme and model the modern training programme and model the modern training processprocess..

USE OF TECHNOLOGY

PREVIOUS EXPERIENCEPREVIOUS EXPERIENCE

►► National basketball team National basketball team –– Slovenia (U15, U16, U18, Slovenia (U15, U16, U18, U20, SENIOR)U20, SENIOR)

►► National basketball team National basketball team –– Serbia (women)Serbia (women)►► National handball team National handball team -- Slovenia (U15, U16, U18, Slovenia (U15, U16, U18,

U20, SENIOR)U20, SENIOR)►► National handball team National handball team –– Croatia, NorwayCroatia, Norway►► National soccer team National soccer team –– SloveniaSlovenia►► National Track & Field Olimpic team National Track & Field Olimpic team –– SloveniaSlovenia►► National volleyball team National volleyball team –– SloveniaSlovenia

The The basic or fundamental basketball movements are typically basic or fundamental basketball movements are typically executed without the ball, while special movements are executed without the ball, while special movements are executed either with the ball or without it. executed either with the ball or without it.

Most Most of the time they are more complex and demanding in of the time they are more complex and demanding in terms of terms of coco--ordinationordination, which , which is particularly true for is particularly true for movements executed with the ball. movements executed with the ball.

For For the efficient and successful execution of these movements the efficient and successful execution of these movements it is important that the athlete has highly developed special it is important that the athlete has highly developed special (basketball) motor abilities and a high level of technical (basketball) motor abilities and a high level of technical knowledge.knowledge.

University of LjubljanaFaculty of Sport

Funkcional and biomehanic analysisFunkcional and biomehanic analysis

►►Individual playerIndividual player►►Team Team

Practical use of data (analysis)Practical use of data (analysis)

►► The acquired data facilitate the processes of selecting the optiThe acquired data facilitate the processes of selecting the optimal mal methods and means, planning cyclical progress and correcting spomethods and means, planning cyclical progress and correcting sports rts preparations.preparations.

►► Periodization Periodization individual individual -- teamteamdeficits and asymetries deficits and asymetries –– preventive training preventive training Homogenous groups (motoric or position)Homogenous groups (motoric or position)

Diagnostic methods in basketballtraining

►► Antropometric tests Antropometric tests -- morphologymorphology►► IIsokinetics (isokinetic strength sokinetics (isokinetic strength –– knee and ankle)knee and ankle)►► AAgility tests, speed and acceleration testsgility tests, speed and acceleration tests

(dribbling)(dribbling)►► EEndurance testsndurance tests (laboratory, field test)(laboratory, field test)►► SStrength tests: 1RM, isometric teststrength tests: 1RM, isometric tests►► VVertical jump tests: squat jump, counterertical jump tests: squat jump, counter movement movement

jump, counterjump, counter movement jump with arm swing, movement jump with arm swing, ddepthepth jumpsjumps

ANTROPOMETRIC TESTS ANTROPOMETRIC TESTS --MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGYweight

height% of bone mass% of fat mass% of muscle massBMI

ISOKINETIC TESTINGISOKINETIC TESTING

Muscular imbalance between the agonist andMuscular imbalance between the agonist andantagonistic muscles has been suggested as aantagonistic muscles has been suggested as apossible cause of sportspossible cause of sports--related injuries (related injuries (Aagaard et Aagaard et al., 1997; al., 1997; PescatelloPescatello,, FaghriFaghri & Anderson, 2004& Anderson, 2004). ).

►► One of the most commonly usedOne of the most commonly used methods to assess methods to assess muscle strength balance betweenmuscle strength balance betweenantagonist/agonistantagonist/agonist muscles is isokinetic testingmuscles is isokinetic testing(Calmes & Minaire, 1995).(Calmes & Minaire, 1995).

► Biodex MEDICAL SYSTEM 3

► Muscle contractionCon/ecc

Isokinetic Velocity:Core flexion/extension►60 deg/s, 90 deg/s

Hip flexion/extension►60 deg/s

Knee flexion/extension►60 deg/s, 180 deg/s, ►300 deg/s

ankle flexion/extension►60 deg/s

PT PT –– peak torque (Ns)peak torque (Ns)PT/BW PT/BW –– Ns/kgNs/kgPt 0,20 s Pt 0,20 s -- TPTTPTPower Power Agonist/antagonistAgonist/antagonist

ISOKINETIC PARAMETERSISOKINETIC PARAMETERS

ANKLEANKLEPLANTAR PLANTAR –– DORSI FLEXIONDORSI FLEXION

KNEEKNEEEXTENSION EXTENSION -- FLEXIONFLEXION

HIPHIPEXTENSION EXTENSION -- FLEXIONFLEXION

CORE CORE -- TRUNKTRUNKEXTENSION EXTENSION -- FLEXIONFLEXION

SHOULDERSHOULDERINTERNAL INTERNAL –– EXTERNAL ROTATIONEXTERNAL ROTATION

Isokinetic testing can Isokinetic testing can be used to evaluate quadriceps and hamstringbe used to evaluate quadriceps and hamstringmuscle strength, providing a determination of themuscle strength, providing a determination of the magnitude of torque magnitude of torque generated and subsequently,generated and subsequently, the hamstring to quadriceps (H/Q) the hamstring to quadriceps (H/Q) muscles strengthmuscles strength ratioratio (60 (60 –– 70%)70%). .

The H/Q isokinetic peak torque ratio hasThe H/Q isokinetic peak torque ratio has been used to assess thebeen used to assess thefunctional ability of thefunctional ability of the knee and muscle balance (knee and muscle balance (Aagaard, Simonsen, Aagaard, Simonsen, Trolle, Bangsbo, & Klausen, 1995).Trolle, Bangsbo, & Klausen, 1995).

ISOKINETICSISOKINETICS

MOTORIC TESTSMOTORIC TESTS

►► Basketball is a relatively multifaceted and complex Basketball is a relatively multifaceted and complex team game combining cyclic and acyclic movement team game combining cyclic and acyclic movement structures which consist of movements with the ball structures which consist of movements with the ball and without it (Erand without it (Erččulj & Braulj & Braččiičč, 2007). , 2007).

►► Many basketball movements which are performed Many basketball movements which are performed either with the ball or without it (such us short either with the ball or without it (such us short sprints, abrupt stops, fast changes in direction, sprints, abrupt stops, fast changes in direction, acceleration, different vertical jumps) have a very acceleration, different vertical jumps) have a very explosive character.explosive character.

The successful and efficient execution of all these movements The successful and efficient execution of all these movements and, consequently, the playing performance of basketball and, consequently, the playing performance of basketball players depend on the following motor and functional players depend on the following motor and functional abilities: abilities:

►► explosive strength and takeexplosive strength and take--off power of the legs,off power of the legs,►► strength of the arms and shoulderstrength of the arms and shoulderss, , ►► agility with the ball and without it, agility with the ball and without it, ►► coco--ordination, ordination, ►► speed of cyclic and acyclic movements, speed of cyclic and acyclic movements, ►► anaerobic lactate and alactate capacities, anaerobic lactate and alactate capacities, ►► shooting accuracy, and ability to handle the ball shooting accuracy, and ability to handle the ball

(Er(Erččulj & Braulj & Braččiičč, 2007)., 2007).


►► The level of these abilities, i.e. the motor The level of these abilities, i.e. the motor potential, is most often identified using various potential, is most often identified using various motor tests with the ball and without it motor tests with the ball and without it

(Colli (Colli et al.et al., 1987). , 1987).

►► In basketball practice, motor tests are the most In basketball practice, motor tests are the most available and applicable as they are implemented available and applicable as they are implemented in conditions similar to those of training or in conditions similar to those of training or competitioncompetition

(De(Dežžman & Erman & Erččulj, 2005).ulj, 2005).


►► Systematic monitoring of male and female playersSystematic monitoring of male and female players’’ abilities abilities by the use of motor tests is mainly helpful in the following:by the use of motor tests is mainly helpful in the following:

►► monitoring and control of training process efficiency;monitoring and control of training process efficiency;►► monitoring of development of motor abilities of male and monitoring of development of motor abilities of male and

female players;female players;►► determination of motor potential of male and female determination of motor potential of male and female

players as well as its use during the game;players as well as its use during the game;►► selection of male and female players and guiding them to selection of male and female players and guiding them to

appropriate playing roles (positions);appropriate playing roles (positions);►► creation of a database at the club and national levels (in creation of a database at the club and national levels (in

the case of a standard test battery); the case of a standard test battery); ►► setting of norms for male and female players of different setting of norms for male and female players of different

ages and for all three playing positions (guard, forward ages and for all three playing positions (guard, forward and post).and post).


Speed (sprint 20 m Speed (sprint 20 m -- dribble)dribble)Agility (TAgility (T--test, 6x5 m test, 6x5 m -- dribble, zigdribble, zig--zag, zag, lateral movement)lateral movement)TakeTake--off power (vertical jump)off power (vertical jump)Explosive power (basketball and medicine Explosive power (basketball and medicine ball throw)ball throw)FlexibilityFlexibilityIsometric strength (core)Isometric strength (core)Balance Balance –– joint stabilityjoint stability


SPEEDSPEED

►►Speed is an ability that represents an Speed is an ability that represents an important efficiency factor in basketball.important efficiency factor in basketball.

►►A player who is not fast enough cannot A player who is not fast enough cannot succeed in modern top basketball. succeed in modern top basketball.

►►Perhaps the only exception to this rule are Perhaps the only exception to this rule are extremely tall playersextremely tall players; however, there are ; however, there are increasingly fewer of them with inadequately increasingly fewer of them with inadequately developed ability of speed.developed ability of speed.

Sprint 20 mSprint 20 m

►► PHOTOPHOTO--CELLSCELLS00--5 m5 m55--10 m10 m1010--15 m15 m1515--20 m20 m

Sprint 20 m - DRIBLING

STARTFINISH

T test

►► PHOTOPHOTO--CELLSCELLS

►► OPTOJUMP OPTOJUMP SISTEMSISTEM

AGILITY TESTS

6X5 m 6X5 m -- dribbledribble

HIGHHIGH--SPEED CAMERASPEED CAMERA

ZIGZIG--ZAG TESTZAG TEST

ZIG ZIG –– ZAG ZAG -- DEFENCEDEFENCE

LATERAL MOVEMENTLATERAL MOVEMENT

LATERAL MOVEMENTLATERAL MOVEMENT

ENDURANCE TESTENDURANCE TEST

►►Anaerobic systems of gaining energy which Anaerobic systems of gaining energy which enables developing maximal muscle power enables developing maximal muscle power areare a key factor in a key factor in basketballbasketball. .

►►Repeatable, short efforts of maximal intensity Repeatable, short efforts of maximal intensity are a typical featureare a typical feature of a starting load in of a starting load in basketball. basketball.

►►On the supposition that an appropriate levelOn the supposition that an appropriate levelof anaerobic capacity is a significant factorof anaerobic capacity is a significant factordetermining effectivenessdetermining effectiveness..

►►SpiroergometrySpiroergometryMaximal use of oxygen (lO2/min)Maximal use of oxygen (lO2/min)Relative maximal use of oxygen Relative maximal use of oxygen (mlO2/min/kg)(mlO2/min/kg)Maximal minute ventilation (l/min)Maximal minute ventilation (l/min)Running speed at VO2 max (km/h)Running speed at VO2 max (km/h)Maximal running speed (km/h)Maximal running speed (km/h)Maximal heart rate Maximal heart rate

►►Laboratory testLaboratory test

►► Physical effort during a basketball match isPhysical effort during a basketball match isoften described as a longoften described as a long--term acyclical work withterm acyclical work withan an interval characterinterval character, where energy is obtained , where energy is obtained bothboth aerobically and anaerobically.aerobically and anaerobically.

►► Studies by Colli Studies by Colli et al. show that during a basketball et al. show that during a basketball matchmatch players cover players cover 4,5004,500--5,0005,000 meters on meters on average; average;

►► Roniker Roniker (1995) (1995) shows that 10% of the effort shows that 10% of the effort during aduring a match is based on endurance, 50% on match is based on endurance, 50% on speed, andspeed, and 40% are efforts of minor intensity.40% are efforts of minor intensity.

►►Field testField test

30 30 –– 15 s test15 s test

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS

Maximal use of oxygen (lO2/min)Maximal use of oxygen (lO2/min)Relative maximal use of oxygen Relative maximal use of oxygen (mlO2/min/kg)(mlO2/min/kg)Maximal minute ventilation (l/min)Maximal minute ventilation (l/min)Running speed at VO2 max (km/h)Running speed at VO2 max (km/h)Maximal running speed (km/h)Maximal running speed (km/h)Maximal heart rate Maximal heart rate Blood lactate (mmol/ml)Blood lactate (mmol/ml)

Polar team system Polar team system –– monitoring monitoring games and practicegames and practice

A A very important motor element of the basketball very important motor element of the basketball play is play is vertical jumpvertical jump. A successful and efficient . A successful and efficient execution of thus type of jump depends on the execution of thus type of jump depends on the ability called ability called taketake--off off powerpower. .

In In basketball, this ability manifests itself in various basketball, this ability manifests itself in various situations, mainly in jumps with the ball when a situations, mainly in jumps with the ball when a player shoots at the basket and without the ball in player shoots at the basket and without the ball in defensive and offensive rebounds after a missed defensive and offensive rebounds after a missed shotshot..


VERTICAL JUMPVERTICAL JUMP

►►Jumps constitute a significant element in Jumps constitute a significant element in the set of motor actions in basketball. the set of motor actions in basketball.

►►OOn the basis of the leading teams n the basis of the leading teams observation, that the average number of observation, that the average number of jumps per game is betweenjumps per game is between 124 124 andand 165165, , which accounts for 3.1 which accounts for 3.1 –– 4.1 jumps per 4.1 jumps per minute, depending on the player's position.minute, depending on the player's position.

►►OneOne--leg takeleg take--off jumps and twooff jumps and two--leg counter leg counter movement jumps (CMJ) are performed.movement jumps (CMJ) are performed.

SQUAT JUMPSQUAT JUMP

COUNTER MOVEMENT JUMPCOUNTER MOVEMENT JUMP

COUNTER MOVEMENT JUMP COUNTER MOVEMENT JUMP WITH ARM SWINGWITH ARM SWING

DEPTH JUMPDEPTH JUMP

VERTICAL JUMP VERTICAL JUMP -- PARAMETERSPARAMETERS

►► HEIGHTHEIGHT►► FORCEFORCE►► FORCE IMPULSEFORCE IMPULSE►► TIME OF TAKETIME OF TAKE--

OFFOFF►► TIME TO PEAK TIME TO PEAK

FORCEFORCE►► VELOCITY OF VELOCITY OF

TAKETAKE--OFFOFF

Isometric strength - core►► Flexors Flexors ►► Extensors Extensors

Maximal strengthMaximal strength-- 1 RM1 RM

►► Bench pressBench press►► Leg extensionLeg extension►► Leg curlLeg curl►► Leg pressLeg press

INTERNATIONAL BASKETBALL CAMPINTERNATIONAL BASKETBALL CAMPFOR U15 GIRLS FOR U15 GIRLS –– FIBA EUROPEFIBA EUROPE

SLOVENIASLOVENIA


For For several years now, at the Faculty of Sport in Ljubljana, we several years now, at the Faculty of Sport in Ljubljana, we have systematically been monitoring the motor abilities of elitehave systematically been monitoring the motor abilities of eliteyoung Slovenian male and female basketball players. young Slovenian male and female basketball players.

Until Until recently, the motor abilities of elite Slovenian recently, the motor abilities of elite Slovenian female female basketball players could not be compared to the motor abilities basketball players could not be compared to the motor abilities of their counterparts from other countries with highly of their counterparts from other countries with highly developed basketball nor could they be evaluated on an developed basketball nor could they be evaluated on an international scale. international scale.


In 2007In 2007, , 20082008 AND 2009AND 2009, , the FIBA International the FIBA International Basketball Camp that was organised in Slovenia for Basketball Camp that was organised in Slovenia for female players up to 15 years of age turned out to be a female players up to 15 years of age turned out to be a window of opportunity to measure and find out the motor window of opportunity to measure and find out the motor ability profile of best European female players of this ability profile of best European female players of this age. age.

In In agreement with FIBA Europe and the Basketball agreement with FIBA Europe and the Basketball Federation of Slovenia, in Federation of Slovenia, in tthreehree years we tested over years we tested over 100100 female basketball players from 27 European female basketball players from 27 European countries during the countries during the basketball basketball camp. camp.



CODE TEST ABILITY UNIT S20 20 m sprint – high start Acceleration and cyclic speed sec D20 20 m sprint dribbling Acceleration and cyclic speed with a ball sec CMJ Counter movement jump Take-off power cm

CMJH Counter movement jump with arm swing Take-off power cm

DJ25 Drop jump – height 25 cm Explosive strength and elasticity cm BBT Basketball throw Speed strength and acyclic speed cm MBT2 Medicine ball throw (2 kg) Explosive strength cm S6x5 6 x 5 m shuttle run Agility (changing of direction by 180°) sec D6x5 6 x 5 m dribbling Agility in dribbling (changing of direction by 180°) sec

The acceleration and cyclic speed tests (S20, The acceleration and cyclic speed tests (S20, D20) were measured using a system of infraD20) were measured using a system of infra--red photocells (Brower Timing System, USA).red photocells (Brower Timing System, USA).


The The height of the vertical jumps (CMJ, DJ25) height of the vertical jumps (CMJ, DJ25) was measured using the OptoJump was measured using the OptoJump measurement technology (Microgate, Italy). measurement technology (Microgate, Italy).


The The womenwomen’’s basketball throw (BBT) and 2 kg s basketball throw (BBT) and 2 kg medicine ball throw (MBT) tests were medicine ball throw (MBT) tests were performed with the players sitting on a chair. performed with the players sitting on a chair.


The The same applies to the test of agility without same applies to the test of agility without the ball (S6X5) and with the ball (D6X5). the ball (S6X5) and with the ball (D6X5).


RESULTSRESULTS

Division A (n=23) Division B (n=23) Division C (n=19) Mean (SD) P*Body height (cm) 175.33 (7.95) 173.22 (7.90) 168.82 (7.28) 0.029Body mass (kg) 63.98 (7.68) 62.13 (6.91) 60.29 (7.18) 0.267 20 m sprint 3.60 (0.21) 3.53 (0.13) 3.67 (0.19) 0.03120 m sprint dribble 3.85 (0.31) 3.85 (0.14) 3.99 (0.29) 0.113Basketball throw 755.22 (61.86) 742.17 (84.96) 715.26 (75.23) 0.178 Medicine ball throw 466.82 (26.07) 457.27 (45.79) 427.89 (39.8) 0.0036 x 5 m sprint 9.50 (0.52) 9.54 (0.42) 9.67 (0.59) 0.6706 x 5 m sprint dribble 10.19 (0.74) 10.3 (0.39) 10.76 (0.63) 0.014 Counter movement jump 26.34 (5.15) 27.59 (3.41) 26.65 (3.76) 0.677Drop jump 25 cm 24.48 (3.88) 26.78 (4.63) 24.74 (3.72) 0.113Drop jump contact time 242,52 (55,60) 236,52 (53,79) 265,95 (71,24) 0.264

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

University of LjubljanaFaculty of sport

INSTITUTE OF SPORT

MITJA BRAČIČ

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Mitja Bračič PhD - FIP