Mitigation Measures:

the Case of Brazil

Haroldo Machado Filho

CGE Member

* Country Context and Status of the National Communication – 1 slide

• Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change – 11 slides

• Institutional Arrangements – 2 slides

• Barriers and Constrains – 1 slide

• Key Lessons Learnt – 1 slide

• Brazilian Climate Change Website – 1 slide

Outline of the Presentation

Criteria 1994 2000 20052008

Population (million on inhabitants)

153.01 169.82 179.93

 186.03

 

Correspondance surface (km2)

8,514,876.6 8,514,876.68,514,876.

6

 8,514,876.6

GDP (billion US$ 2007/ano)4 920.7 1062.0 1218.3

 1406.5

GDP per capita (thousand US$2007/inhab.)4

5.89 6.20 6.64 

7.42

Participação da indústria no PIB (%)4

26.1 26.9 29.3 

28.8 (2006)

Participação dos serviços no PIB (%)4

67.3 68.0 65.0 

65.8 (2006) 

Participação da agricultura no PIB (%)4 6.7 5.1 5.7

 5.5 (2006)

Urban population as a % of total population

77.3 81.2 83.3 84.4

Brazil submitted its second NC on 29th Nov. 2011Country Context

Programs and Actions related to Sustainable Development:

• Ethanol of Sugar-Cane in Brazil

• Brazilian Program on Biofuels - Pro-biodiesel

• Programs of Energy Conservation

• Contribution of Hydroelectric Generation to the Reduction of GHG

• Situaton and Perspective on New Renewable Sources of Energy in Brazil

• Nacional Program on the Universal Electric Energy Access and Use – “Luz for All” Program

• Program on Hydrogen Transportation

• Recycling

• Industry using Charcoal from Planted Forests

Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (1)

Evolution of the Production of Ethanol (million of liters) – 1970 to 2006

Avoided CO2 emission in the generation of hydroelectric power

Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (2)

Programs and Actions that contain measures that contribute towards the mitigation of climate change and its adverse effects:

•Perspectives of Natural Gas in Brazil and its Role in Emissions of GHGs

• Programs to Reduce Emissions from Urban Trasnposrtation Sector

• The Role of Nuclear Energy in Brazil

HIDRO77,3%

NUCLEAR2,6%

GÁS NATURAL2,6%

CARVÃO MINERAL1,0%

DERIVADOS DE PETRÓLEO

2,5%

BIOMASSA4,7%

GÁS INDUSTRIAL1,4%

IMPORTAÇÃO7,8%

Nota: inclui autoprodutores

(57 TWh)

TWhTOTAL 505,8

HIDRO 391,0GÁS NATURAL 13,3DER. PETRÓLEO 12,7 NUCLEAR 13,0CARVÃO 5,2BIOMASSA 23,9GÁS INDUST. 7,1 IMPORTAÇÃO 39,7

RENOVÁVEIS:Brasil: 89,9 %OECD: 16 %

Mundo: 18,2 %

PETRÓLEO e DERIVADOS

37,9%

GÁS NATURAL 8,8%

CARVÃO MINERAL

4,8%

URÂNIO1,4%

HIDRÁULICA E ELETRICIDADE

15,2%

BIOMASSA32,0%

Biomassa: Lenha: %

Produtos da cana: %Outras: %

milhões tep ( 2% da energia mundial ) RENOVÁVEIS:Brasil: %OECD: %

Mundo: %

18,03,8

10,1

243,747,27,212,7

Avoided Emissions • Avoided Emissions of CO2 from the use of

ethanol in the transportation sector – average annual contribution of around 13 million tons of CO2 since 1990;

• Nuclear Energy – would have avoided the emission of 127 million tons of CO2 (assuming the hypothesis of using coal in the absence of this option), which corresponds to 37% of total emissions in 2009, by the use of energy.

Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (3)

Integration of Climate Change Issues to Mid- and Long- Term Planning:

•The Brazilian Environmental Legislation;

• Brazilian Agenda 21;

• National Plan on Climate Change;

• National Policy on Climate Change;

• Program on Meteorology and Climate Change under the Pluriannual Plan (2008-2011) of the Federal Government

Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (3)

Integration of Climate Change Issues to Mid- and Long- Term Planning:

• National Program on Air Quality – PRONAR• Program on Polution Control by Vehicles – PROCONVE• National Plan on Logistics and Transportation – PNLT• Measures to Combat Deforestation in the Amazon Region• Amazon Monitoring Program by Remote Sensing• National System of Protected Areas – SNUC• Prevention of Fires and Burning• Cities for Climate Protection• Financial and Fiscal Measures

Lowest ratesince inceptionof PRODES

Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (4)

Project Activities under the Clean Development Mechanism:

• Brazil is ranked third in terms of number of project activities with 479 projects (7%);

• 8,084 million tCO2e reduced emission on the first commitment period;

• 50.7% of projects are renewable energy projects;

• In August 2010, the potential of annual GHG emission reduction from 460 CDM project activities in Brazil under validation or in a subsequent phase in the CDM pipeline represented 8% of emissions from sectors other than LULUCF.

• Contribution from:– 600 Institutions– 1,200 Experts

• Sectoral Coordinating Entities• General Coordination: CGMC/MCT• Quality Control and Quality Assurance

Procedures– Verification of adequacy of the methodology– Transparent background reports– Review by experts not involved in inventory

development– Public consultation through MCT's website (Apr-

Sep 2010)

Institutional Arrangements

EnergyEnergy

AgricultureAgriculture

Land UseLand Use

WasteWaste

IndustrialIndustrialprocessesprocesses

E&E and MMEE&E and MME

EMBRAPAEMBRAPA

FUNCATE / INPEFUNCATE / INPE

CETESBCETESB

ABIQUIM, ABALABIQUIM, ABALSNIC, IABr, etc.SNIC, IABr, etc.

ANEEL ANEEL (SF(SF66))

The National Inventory: Coordinating Institutions

• Difficulty in covering many areas and sectors;• Lack of information;• Too much information - difficulty in compiling relevant

information;• Information is not centralized and is kept as confidential;• Lack of knowledge by stakeholders;• Lack of human resources;• Lack of local GHG emission factors;• Difficulties in identifying the best methodology to quantify

emission reduction;• Costs involved in producing and reviewing the report.

Barriers and Constraints

Key Lessons Learnt

• Involve as many stakeholders as possible;• Disclosure of information is important in all the

phases;• Identify and count on coordinators in key technical

areas;• Process must be transparent and inclusive

(process of peer and open review has been extremely helpful);

• There are different methodologies. You need to choose one, justify your choice and provide all the information to support this choice (emission factors).

www.mct.gov.br/clima

Other languages

Thank you!

Muito obrigado!

¡Muchas gracias!