MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 1 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Ind. Day 3/10/2010 1For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA,Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO

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FORESTER Target Doppler Signature Phenomenology*

DARPA FOPEN-GXP Industry Day Presentation

Paul MonticcioloJen King Jao

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

10 March 2010

*This work was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Information Processing Techniques Office under US Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.

MIT Lincoln LaboratoryInd. Day 3/10/2010 2

For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA,Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO

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Outlines

• Target Doppler signature overview – Tower-based radar measurements– Black-Hawk FORESTER measurements

• Fort Stewart A160 FORESTER target Doppler signatures

• Summary



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FORESTER Detection and Exploitation Processing Challenges

Dismount signatures vary with movement, group size, observation geometry, and foliage conditions

Principal challenges• Complex dismount signatures - Doppler signatures are time varying, aspect angle dependent, and attenuated by foliage • Airborne platform motion • Platform-antenna interactions• Wind-blown clutter• Clutter false alarms• Target discrimination

dBm2

Ran

ge

(m)

Torso

Limb harmonics

Single dismount Doppler signature

Radial Velocity (m/s)

100

50

0

50-5 -3 -1 1 3 5-4 -2 0 2 4

0

-20

-40

-60

-10

-30

-50CPI: 5 s



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Target Doppler Signature Examples:Ground Measurements At Ku-Band And UHF

4

Ku-band UHF

Frequency & wavelength 15.7 GHz & 1.9 cm 435 MHz & 0.7 m

Bandwidth & range res. 1200 MHz & 12.5 cm 30 MHz & 5 m

CPI 0.048 s 5 s

Doppler at 1 m/s & res. 105 Hz & 20.8 Hz 2.9 Hz & 0.2 Hz

UHF

Ku

Ku-band, spectrogram over multiple CPIs

4

8

-4

0

-8

Ran

ge

Rat

e (m

/s)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time (s)

2

4

-2

0

-4

Ran

ge

Rat

e (m

/s)

Gait periodTorso Limbs

Main body Leg

Dismount walker

Camel

-10 -5 0 5 10 Doppler (Hz)

60

40

20

0Am

pli

tud

e (

dB

)

60

40

20

0Am

pli

tud

e (

dB

)

One dismount on open road

One horse in woods

Clutter

UHF, Doppler spectrum for one CPI



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Dismount Doppler SignaturesMIT LL and ESSCO Tower-Based Measurements

RC

S (

dB

sm

)

Aspect Angle (deg)

22.5°

30.0°

Grazing angleMeasurement of single unarmed personnel,420 - 450 MHz, HH-pol.

4

0

-4

-8

0 45 90 135 180

Doppler harmonics, aspect angle = 0 deg Doppler harmonics, aspect angle = 45 deg

Torso return1st limb modulation rate

2nd limb modulation rate

Subject:1 2 3

Walking speed ~ 1 m/sGrazing angle: 45 deg

Torso return1st limb modulation rate

Walking speed ~ 1 m/sGrazing angle: 45 deg

RC

S (

dB

m2)

20

0

-20

-40

-600 1 2 3 Range Rate (m/s)

0 1 2 3 Range Rate (m/s)



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Dismount Detection and Signature ExampleBlack-Hawk FORESTER Flight 23, 28 June 2007 at Ft. AP Hill

SC

NR

(d

B)

Range Rate (m/s)

Targ

et +

Clu

tter

(d

B)

Clutter

Target +clutter

Torso return

Limbmodulation

Excellent signature measurementsobtained for detected dismounts

60

40

20

0

-4 0 4-2 2

30

20

10

0

20070628-M123-S011-00019

1 Dismount

SCNR threshold: 14 dBGround range: 7 – 12 kmVelocity: 0 – 4 m/s

SCNR threshold: 14 dBGround range: 7 – 12 kmVelocity: 0 – 4 m/s

Distance (east from BH, km)2 4 63 5 7

Dis

tan

ce (

no

rth

fro

m B

H,

km)

-7.5

-8.5

-9.5

-10.5

-6.5



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5 dismountsin foliage5 dismountsin foliage

FalsealarmFalsealarm

SCNR: >14 dBGround range: 7 – 12 kmVelocity: 0 – 4 m/s

SCNR: >14 dBGround range: 7 – 12 kmVelocity: 0 – 4 m/s

20071010-M141-S006-00010

2 3 4 5 6 7 Distance (east from BH, km)

Dis

tan

ce

(n

ort

h f

rom

BH

, k

m)

-5.5

-6.5

-7.5

-8.5

-9.5

-10.5

Dismount Detection and Signature ExampleBlack-Hawk FORESTER Flight 41, 10 October 2007 at AP Hill

False alarm

-4 -2 0 2 4 Range Rate (m/s)

SC

NR

(d

B) 30

20

10

0

Foliage obscuration and multiple-target groups result in complex target signatures

5 dismounts

SC

NR

(d

B) 30

20

10

0



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Outlines

• Target Doppler signature overview

• Ft. Stewart A160 FORESTER target Doppler signatures – Detections– Doppler signature examples

• Summary



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SCNR threshold 15 dB

Range rate <= 4 m/s

Beamwidth, (3 beams) ~6 deg

LOS depression ~30 deg

180 5-s CPIs over 15 min.

Composite GMTI Plan Position Indicator (PPI) Targets Moving On Wooded Trails

-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1

East (km)

No

rth

(k

m)

0

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.5

1.5

1

Flight 31D10 – D13 siteFlight 31D10 – D13 site

-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1

East (km)

Strong windStrong wind



Range rate <= 4 m/s

Beamwidth, (3 beams) ~6 deg





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Composite GMTI PPIDismount Activities and Boats


Range rate <= 4 m/s

Beamwidth (3 beams) ~6 deg



-1 1-2 0 2East (km)

No

rth

(k

m)

0

-0.5

-1

0.5

1Dismounts and boatsDismounts and boats

Flight 35Canoochee river site

Flight 35Canoochee river site



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Range-Doppler Data Examples

-20 -10 100 20

Doppler (Hz)

Gro

un

d R

ang

e (k

m)

5

5.5

6

6.5

4.5

4

-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1

East (km)

No

rth

(k

m)

0

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.5

1.5

1


Range rate <= 4 m/s

Beamwidth (1 beam) ~6 deg



Flight 30Taylors Creek DZFlight 30Taylors Creek DZ

Dwell #57 (20090924-M330-S007)



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-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1

East (km)

No

rth

(k

m)

0

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.5

1.5

1

Doppler Signature Examples

Clutter

Rel

ati

ve

Po

we

r (d

B)

Doppler (Hz)

20

0-20 10-10 20

40

0

20

0

40

20

0

40

20

0

40

20

0

40SCNR threshold 15 dB

Range rate <= 4 m/s







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Additional Doppler Signature Examples

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Doppler (Hz)

60

40

20

0

Am

pli

tud

e (

dB

) 20090924-M330-S012-00222

60

40

20

0

Am

pli

tud

e (

dB

)

20090925-M331-S004-00094

Clutter

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Doppler (Hz)

1:

2:

20090924-M330-S007-00157

3:

20090925-M331-S004-00107

4:



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20090924-M330-S007_PPI_PDS_Movie1.wmv

Target Doppler Spectrum Example:Target In Open Field

-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1

East (km)

No

rth

(k

m)

0

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.5

1.5

1


Range rate <= <= 4 m/s



80 frames over 20 min., 1 frame per 15 sec

Current DetectionPrevious Detections




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Target Doppler Spectrum Example:Walking On Dirt Road


Range rate <= <= 4 m/s






-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1

East (km)

No

rth

(k

m)

0

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.5

1.5

1




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Target Doppler Spectrum Example:Walking Under Foliage


Range rate <= 4 m/s





-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1

East (km)

No

rth

(k

m)

0

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.5

1.5

1




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Target Doppler Spectrum Example:Tree Line Movement

-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1

East (km)

No

rth

(k

m)

0

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.5

1.5

1


Range rate <= 4 m/s



180 frames over 15 min., 1 frame per 5-s CPI






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Target Doppler Spectrum Example:Targets Under Trees

-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1

East (km)

No

rth

(k

m)

0

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.5

1.5

1


Range rate <= 4 m/s








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Summary

• FORESTER experimental data indicates that Doppler-based target signatures may be useful for exploitation purposes– Long CPIs provide excellent Doppler resolution– One of many potential activity and discrimination features

• Fort Stewart data collections cover a wide variety of target classes and scenarios for examining Doppler signatures– Humans, sheep, horses, dogs, mules, and motor vehicles– Open areas, under foliage, woods, and rivers

• MIT Lincoln Laboratory personnel available during Q & A session

Documents

MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 1 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved