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Chapter 7
Anatomy, Physiology, andMedical Terminology
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Prehospital Emergency Care, Ninth EditionJoseph J. Mistovich • Keith J. Karren
Objectives
1. Define key terms introduced in this chapter.2. Explain the importance of knowledge of anatomy and
physiology to patient assessment and care (slides 28-39).
3. Define the terms anatomy and physiology (slides 28-29).
Objectives
4. Describe each of the following terms of position (slides30-34):a. Anatomical positionb. Supinec. Proned. Lateral recumbente. Fowler positionf. Semi-Fowler positiong. Trendelenburg positionh. Shock position
Objectives
5. Identify each of the following anatomical terms (slides35-37):a. Midlineb. Sagittal planec. Frontal planed. Transverse planee. Midaxillary linef. Midclavicular lineg. Anterior and posteriorh. Dorsal and ventral
Objectives
5. Identify each of the following anatomical terms (slides35-37):i. Right and leftj. Superior and inferiork. Medial and laterall. Proximal and distalm. Plantarn. Palmaro. Abdominal quadrants: right upper quadrant, left upper
quadrant, left lower quadrant, right lower quadrant
Objectives
6. State the function of each of the followingmusculoskeletal system structures (slide 40):a. Skeletal muscleb. Tendonsc. Ligamentsd. Bone
7. Describe each of the following components of theskeleton, including its location, the bones that make itup, and its function (slides 41-47):a. Skull
i. Craniumii. Face
Objectives
7. Describe each of the following components of theskeleton, including its location, the bones that make itup, and its function (slides 41-47):b. Spinal column
i. Cervical spineii. Thoracic spineiii. Lumbar spineiv. Sacral spinev. Coccyx
c. Thoraxi. Sternum (including manubrium, body, and xiphoid process)ii. Ribs
Objectives
7. Describe each of the following components of theskeleton, including its location, the bones that make itup, and its function (slides 41-47):d. Pelvis
i. Ilium and iliac crestii. Ischiumiii. Pubisiv. Acetabulum
Objectives
7. Describe each of the following components of theskeleton, including its location, the bones that make itup, and its function (slides 41-47):e. Upper extremities
i. Clavicleii. Scapula, including acromion processiii. Humerusiv. Radiusv. Ulna, including olecranon processvi. Carpalsvii. Metacarpalsviii. Phalanges
Objectives
7. Describe each of the following components of theskeleton, including its location, the bones that make itup, and its function (slides 41-47):f. Lower extremities
i. Femurii. Patellaiii. Tibia, including medial malleolusiv. Fibula, including lateral malleolusv. Tarsals, including the calcaneusvi. Metatarsalsvii. Phalanges
Objectives
8. Demonstrate each of the following joint movements(slide 48):a. Flexion and extensionb. Adduction and abductionc. Circumductiond. Pronation and supination
9. Describe each of the following types of joints (slide 49):a. Ball-and-socketb. Hingec. Pivotd. Glidinge. Saddlef. Condyloid
Objectives
10. Differentiate between skeletal (voluntary), smooth(involuntary), and cardiac muscle (slide 55).
11. Identify the basic functions of the respiratory system(slide 56).
12. Identify the following structures of the respiratorysystem (slides 57-58):a. Upper airway: nose, mouth, pharynx, nasopharynx, larynxb. Lower airway: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolic. Epiglottisd. Lungse. Pleuraf. Diaphragm
Objectives
13. Identify important differences in respiratory systemanatomy in children (slides 59-60).
14. Describe the basic mechanics and physiology ofnormal ventilation, respiration, and oxygenation,including (slides 61-65):a. Inhalation and exhalationb. Use of intercostal muscles and diaphragmc. Negative and positive pressured. Nervous system control of respiratione. Alveolar/capillary exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxidef. Capillary/cell exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Objectives
15. Identify characteristics of both adequate andinadequate breathing (slides 66-67).
16. List the functions of the circulatory (cardiovascular)system (slides 68-69).
17. Describe the anatomy and physiology of the heart toinclude (slides 70-72):a. Location and sizeb. Tissue layersc. Chambersd. Valvese. Blood supplyf. Blood flow through the heartg. Conduction system
Objectives
18. Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the blood,circulation, perfusion, and metabolism to convey basiccomprehension of (slides 73-83):a. Arteries and arteriolesb. Capillariesc. Veins and venulesd. Blood compositione. Perfusion and capillary exchangef. Cell metabolism
19. Describe the basic functions of the nervous system(slide 84).
20. Differentiate between the structural components andbasic functions of the central nervous system andperipheral nervous system (slides 84-86).
Objectives
21. Differentiate between the functional divisions of theperipheral nervous system (slide 87):a. Voluntary (somatic) nervous systemb. Involuntary (autonomic) nervous system
i. Sympathetic divisionii. Parasympathetic division
22. Describe the basic role of the reticular activatingsystem (RAS) and cerebral hemispheres inconsciousness and unconsciousness (slides 88-89).
23. Explain the overall function of the endocrine system(slide 90).
Objectives
24. Discuss the location and general function of each ofthe following components of the endocrine system(slides 92-93):a. Thyroid glandb. Parathyroid glandsc. Adrenal glandsd. Gonadse. Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, insulin, and glucagonf. Pituitary gland
25. Describe the general actions of epinephrine andnorepinephrine on beta1, beta2, alpha1, and alpha2receptors of the sympathetic nervous system (slide 94).
Objectives
26. List the general functions of the integumentary system(slide 95).
27. Identify the structures of the integumentary system,including the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneouslayer (slide 96).
28. Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of each ofthe following structures of the digestive system (slides97-98)a. Stomachb. Pancreasc. Liverd. Gallbladdere. Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)f. Colon
Objectives
29. List the basic structure and function of the organs ofthe urinary or renal system to include (slides 99-100):a. Kidneysb. Uretersc. Urinary bladderd. Urethra
Objectives
30. State the basic structure and function of the organs ofthe male and female reproductive systems (slides 101-102):a. Male
i. Testesii. Accessory glandsiii. Penis
b. Femalei. Ovariesii. Fallopian tubesiii. Uterusiv. Vaginav. External genitalia
Objectives
31. Explain the importance of knowledge of medicalterminology in communication among health care teammembers (slide 103).
32. Apply knowledge of common prefixes, suffixes, androots to interpret medical terms (slides 104-107).
Multimedia Directory
Slide 50 Skeletal System Labeling ExerciseSlide 74 Heart and Major Vessels AnimationSlide 93 Endocrine System Components Animation
Topics
Anatomical TermsBody SystemsMedical Terminology
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Dispatch
EMS Unit 108
Respond to Centennial Park on HighlandAvenue—you have a female patient at that
location who suffered a burn.
Time out 1306
Upon Arrival
• You position the ambulance out of the flow of traffic• A bystander runs up and says, “A woman wastrying to refuel her son’s model airplane and it blewup!”• The patient is sitting on a patch of grass about 15feet away from a smoldering model plane
How would you proceed to assess andcare for this patient?
Back to Topics
Anatomical Terms
Anatomy versus Physiology
How thebody ismade
How thebody works
Back to Objectives
•Standing erect•Facing forward•Arms at sides•Palms forward
Anatomical Position
Back to Objectives
Supine
Prone
Left Lateral Recumbent
Right Lateral Recumbent
Fowler
Semi-Fowler
< 45°45° to 60°
Trendelenburg’sPosition
Shock Position
No longer recommended for shock
Anatomical Planes
Back to Objectives
Chest Landmarks
Abdominal Quadrants
Back to Objectives
Body Cavities
Back to Topics
Body Systems
The Musculoskeletal System
The Skeletal System
Back to Objectives
The Skeleton
Back to Objectives
The Skull
TheSpinal
Column
Back to Objectives
The Thorax
The Pelvis
Back to Objectives
LowerExtremities
UpperExtremities
Back to Objectives
Joints
Back to Objectives
Click here to view an exercise on skeletal system labeling.
Return to Directory
Skeletal System Labeling
The Musculoskeletal System
Bone Injury
• Large blood supply• Severe bleeding• May produce shock
The Musculoskeletal System
The Muscular System
TheMuscularSystem
Skeletal Muscle
• Voluntary
• Movement
• Protection
CardiacMuscle
• Specialized
• Automaticity
• Intolerant ofblood loss
SmoothMuscle
• Involuntary
• Nonstriated
• Found inblood
vesselsBack to Objectives
The Respiratory System
Basic Anatomy
Back to Objectives
RespiratoryAnatomy
Back to Objectives
Lower Airway
The Respiratory System
Anatomy in Infants andChildren
Back to Objectives
PediatricDifferences
The Respiratory System
Mechanics ofVentilation
Back to Objectives
Ventilation
The Respiratory System
Physiology ofRespiration
AlveolarRespiration
CellularRespiration
The Respiratory System
Adequate andInadequate Breathing
Back to Objectives
Fast or slow respiratory rate
Retractions
Cool, clammy skin
Irregular rhythm
Increased effort to breathe
Shallow breaths
Cyanosis
Nasal flaring
Use of accessory muscles Tripod position
Inadequate Breathing
The Circulatory System
Basic Anatomy
Back to Objectives
CirculatorySystem
Anatomy
Back to Objectives
Perfusion
Conduction
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
VeinsBack to Objectives
Click here to view an animation of the heart and major vessels.
Return to Directory
Heart and Major Vessels
The Circulatory System
Composition of theBlood
• Red blood cellstransport oxygen
• White blood cellsare part of yourimmune system
• Platelets and otherclotting factorscause clotting
• Plasma is the liquidpart of blood
Components of
BLOOD
The Circulatory System
Physiology ofCirculation
Perfusion: The delivery of oxygen, glucose,and nutrients to tissue, and the elimination of
waste
The Circulatory System
Transport of Gases inthe Blood
O2
97%attached tohemoglobin
3% dissolvedin plasma
CO2
23%attached tohemoglobin
7% dissolvedin plasma
70% converted tobicarbonate
The Circulatory System
Cell Metabolism
AerobicMetabolism
AnaerobicMetabolism
Cell
O2 CO2
Acid
The Nervous System
Structural Divisions ofthe Nervous System
Back to Objectives
Central nervoussystem
Peripheral nervoussystem
The Nervous System
Functional Divisions ofthe Nervous System
Back to Objectives
Voluntary NervousSystem
Autonomic NervousSystem
• Sympathetic
• ParasympatheticBack to Objectives
The Nervous System
Consciousness andUnconsciousness
Back to Objectives
Conscious
Reticularactivatingsystem
Hemispheres:
RightLeft
Unconscious
The Endocrine System
Back to Objectives
EndocrineSystem
The Endocrine System
Epinephrine andNorepinephrine
Back to Objectives
Click here to view an animation of the endocrine system components.
Return to Directory
Endocrine System Components
Alpha 1Constricts blood
vessels
Alpha 2Regulates
Alpha 1 effects
Beta 1Increases heartrate, force, and
automaticity
Beta 2Dilates
smooth muscle
Back to Objectives
The Integumentary System(Skin)
Back to Objectives
IntegumentarySystem
Back to Objectives
The Digestive System
Back to Objectives
DigestiveSystem
The Urinary or RenalSystem
Back to Objectives
Renal/UrinarySystem
The Reproductive System
Back to Objectives
Reproductive System
Back to Topics
Medical Terminology
Medical Words andWord Parts
Back to Objectives
Combining Forms
cardi / o
root slash
cardi/o-
-
hyphencombiningvowel
Suffix
-emic-ia-ology-penia-emesis-orexia
-capnia-pnea-thorax-ptysis-stasis-globin
Prefix
a-allo-brady-hetero-macro-micro-
nulli-para-peri-poly-supra-tachy-
Follow-Up
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
You position the ambulance out of the flowof traffic. A woman runs up to you andsays, “A woman over here was trying torefuel her son’s model airplane when thegas tank blew up or something.” Yourpatient is sitting on a patch of grass about15 feet away from a smoldering modelplane.
CASE STUDYCASE STUDYUpon Arrival
• 23-year-old male with multiple stab woundsto the neck, right front chest, and abdomen
• He is screaming in painVital signs:• BP: 88/68 mmHg• Radial pulse is weak and rapid• RR: 28 per minute• Skin is pale, cool, and clammy
Critical Thinking Scenario
1. What body systems do you suspect couldbe injured by the knife wounds?
2. Using medical terminology and anatomicalterms, give hypothetical examples of howto describe the wounds to the neck, chestand abdomen in a written EMS report.
3. What is causing the elevated heart rate?
Critical Thinking Questions
4. What is causing the skin to be pale, cool,and clammy?
5. What is the significance of the systolicand diastolic blood pressure? How doesit relate to pulse pressure?
Critical Thinking Questions
Reinforce and Review
Please visitwww.bradybooks.com
and follow the myBradykit linksto access content for the text.