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mistnet june-sept
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CMYK
CMYK
Edited byAsad R. Rahmani, Director, BNHS
Editorial Board J. C. Daniel, Hon. Secretary, BNHS
Prashant Mahajan, Asst. Director(IBA & Education)
Compiled, Layout and Designed byGopi Naidu and Abhijit Malekar
Contributions should be sent toEditors, MISTNET, IBA-IBCNBombay Natural History Society Hornbill House, S. B. Singh Road
Mumbai-400 001, INDIATel: +91 22 22821811Fax: +91 22 22837615
Email: [email protected]
BirdLife International is a global partnershipof conservation organisations, representedin over 100 countries, working for thediversity of all life through the conservationof birds and their habitats.
BirdLife InternationalWellbrook Court, Girton Road
Cambridge CB3 0NA, UKEmail: [email protected]
Web: www.birdlife.org
This Newsletter is supported by theRSPB
Bombay Natural History Society
(For private circulation only)
Cover:White-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx major
by Clement Francis M
Mission Statement‘Conservation of nature, primarily biologicaldiversity through action, based on research,
education and public awareness.’
BNHS is BirdLife International partner designate
Views expressed by the contributors in the MISTNET are notnecessarily those of the IBCN/BNHS.
www.rspb.org.uk
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 4
RAISING THE IBA PROFILE .............................................................. 5
Targeting decision makers ........................................................ 5Getting IBCN members into key boards and committees 6Producing IBCN material .......................................................... 6Building a network of allies ..................................................... 6Attending key meeting in the country and abroad ........... 6
IDENTIFYING THREATS ..................................................................... 7
Prioritising IBAs ........................................................................... 7Threat Detection Mechanism .................................................. 7Attending court hearings ........................................................... 7Monitoring environment and forest clearances ................. 7Govt. and industry official notifications ............................... 8Media and newsletters .............................................................. 8
RESPONDING TO THREATS ............................................................. 9
Influencing policy ....................................................................... 9Site visits ....................................................................................... 9Influencing decision makers .................................................... 9Interventions ................................................................................ 9Threat analysis .............................................................................. 9
PROTECTING BIRD HABITATS ........................................................ 10
EMPOWERING STAKEHOLDERS .................................................... 10
Advocacy inputs during IBCN workshops ........................... 10Advocacy specific workshops for key IBCN partners ....... 10
LAWS AND POLICIES RELEVANT FORIBAs by Kalpavriksh, Pune/Delhi .................................................... 11-14
IBA ADVOCACY STRATEGYAND ACTION PLAN
CMYK
MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 2008
E D I T O R I A L
3
Advocacy: An Effective Tool of Conservation
Dialogue and debate with your opponent is an integral part ofa democracy and a civilized society. The art of advocacy is
to win your opponent to your side through discussions, facts andcorrect information. The political equivalent of advocacy is theterm ‘lobbying’ (particularly used in USA), and the bureaucraticequivalent of advocacy is the term ‘diplomacy’. Diplomacy mayinvolve other nuances, but advocacy involves some diplomacy. InIndia we generally do not use the term lobbying as it has negativeconnotation, perhaps with its association with the ‘great’ UncleSam. The term lobbying is also associated with cut-throat multi-national companies, looking for hefty profits, by hook or crook.It also involves sleaze and corruption, so in the noble and gentleworld of conservation, let us not use the term ‘lobbying’. Let usstick to the term advocacy.
Conservation basically means maintaining status quo ofthe land and ecosystems, where different species can thrive asnaturally as they have been doing for thousands or millions ofyears. Sometimes it also means bringing back status quo (habitatrestoration). Whether we accept it or not, it means that weconservationists are all the time fighting against the tide of rapiddevelopment. We are, therefore, against a dam coming up in aforest, a canal going through a grassland, an establishment of aarmy unit in an ecologically sensitive alpine meadow, a factorypolluting a river or a government babu allowing a drug/chemicalwithout looking at its side effects. Our first job is to convince thegovernment/people that we are not against development. Oursecond job is to convince the dam builder that maintaining theforest is much more useful for people, wildlife and ecologicalsecurity of the country than building an ill-conceived dam. Thehardest part of advocacy is to find alternative solutions to people’sneeds. Opposing a dam or a road is one thing, finding an alternativeto it is a great challenge. Admittedly, conservationists may nothave an alternative solution but we can sit with the dam proponentsand find a solution which is less damaging to environment.
We conservationists are very passionate people. Perhapsthat is the reason why we are conservationists! But, passionalone will not save wildlife. We have to act decisively and correctly,with loads of information and convincing arguments. If we do notspeak for wildlife, who will? But, most of the time we talk to eachother - convincing the convinced is not going to save environment.We have to talk with those decision makers whose activities areimpacting the environment, directly or indirectly, knowingly orunknowingly. Giving lecture on wildlife in a school is veryenergizing, but did it help in stop poaching or pollution of a river?Sometimes it is much more effective to bring a village pradhan toyour side – he can help in stop poaching by his community.Similarly, meeting the top administrator of the district could helpin stop pollution.
Sending desperate emails to e-groups about an encroachmentin a wetland is considered as great conservation achievement bysome arm-chair conservationists, but are these email exchangesread by the encroachers or the government babus who have alloweddestruction of a wetland in the first place? In such cases, meetingthe locals and officials and convincing them that the wetland orgrassland is useful for people and for biodiversity, informing them
about the environmental laws, showing them the connectionbetween nature and human welfare, and taking help of media, willbe much more effective than exchanging inane emails.
Decision making process is very long in government, butsometimes reversal of the decision is much longer and tedious. Weconservationists come to the stage when a decision has alreadybeing made, lot of money has changed (or likely to change) hands,political shenanigans have taken place, locals have either beenbought over or forced into silence. Can something be done at thisstage to stop destructive development or make it less destructive?Difficult, but perhaps not impossible if we have the correctinformation. Here, the role of advocacy comes into play.
Advocacy also involves following the right course of action,at the right time, through the right person(s). Talking to the wrongperson is not going to make a difference. For example, if decisionto do plantation in a natural grassland is taken by the Conservatorof Forests (CF), talking to a Division Forest Officer or the Rangeris not going to make a difference. They have been given a target bytheir boss, which they have to follow. They will not be convincedthat a particular grassland is important for Lesser Florican – forthem achieving the target is what matters, not the display groundof a male Florican. In such cases, discussion with CF could saveflorican habitat.
Sometimes we can get involved during the preparation of aWorking Plan, so we could prevent plantation in a grassland.Similarly, decisions to establish a sanctuary or expand an existingone, is taken by the State Wildlife Board. First and foremost, wehave to convince the local people about the value of establishinga protected area, and/or initiating community-based conservation.In such cases, advocacy starts at a village level. Once the localsare supportive, then through the Board members, we have tobring our issue in the Board meeting agenda, and get a positiveresolution passed. Once this is done, things may become easy. Ifthe Forest Minister, who generally chairs State Wildlife Boardmeetings, is convinced that local people are supportive of asanctuary or a certain conservation action, he will see that it isdone. But what is generally happening at present is that duringseminars or conferences, papers are read, resolutions are passedbased on scientific research, and then forgotten. Not manyscientists/conservationists take research findings to the logicalend. Here, the role of advocacy starts.
In this special issue of Mistnet, we have given somedirections how to do advocacy for effective conservation actions.I hope partners of IBCN, particularly the state coordinators, willfind it useful. We also want to learn through your experience soshare it with us in the pages of Mistnet.
We must always keep in mind that in a democracy and thisfast-changing world, we have to work with people and withgovernment, and we have to get our facts right. Good data andinnovative alternate solutions can change even skeptics. One ofthe pillars of good advocacy is science – emotions convince veryfew people and bore most of them.
Asad R. Rahmani
CMYK
MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 20084
M O N I T O R I N G A N D I N T E R V E N T I O N
Introduction
There are 466 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in India. These encompass the best habitatsfor not just birds, but other wildlife as well. IBAs are also important to people. Manycommunities depend on these IBAs to meet subsistence needs on a daily basis. Fuelwood, small timber, minor forest produce, grazing, fishing and water requirements ofcommunities are met through these key biodiversity areas. Many IBAs are alsocommercially valuable. They may contain valuable natural resources like minerals andfossil fuels, or they might have the potential to generate hydroelectric power. With therapid spread of urbanisation, IBAs (especially those in the vicinity of urban areas)have acquired high commercial worth in terms of land value alone. The tremendouspressure on bird habitats, from rapid economic development and population growth,presents the greatest challenge to bird conservation in India.India has one of the most comprehensive wildlife legislation and well developedProtected Area Network (PAN). However, there is a need to ensure that wildlife lawsare enforced and the enforcement agencies have the necessary capacity. Theestablishment of the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau and the active interventions ofCentral Empowered Committee of the Supreme Court are two welcome developmentsin this direction. However, there is a disturbing trend towards diluting existinglegislation in the face of pressure from development. Weak legislation, compoundedby ineffective enforcement, can have disastrous consequences for India’s bird diversity.Thus, there is a need to influence policy and to ensure that conservation of wildlifehabitats gets the priority it deserves. To influence policy, information based on soundscientific principles through diligent field and desk based research is indispensable.In addition to this, it is equally important to ensure that this information is available tokey decision makers at the right time. The IBA Advocacy Strategy aims to bridge thegap between research and policy and facilitate informed decision making. In order to accomplish this, the IBA Advocacy Strategy aims to follow a four-prongedapproach. First, the emphasis will initially be on raising the profile of the IBA programmein India. Targets will be briefed on the IBA concept and distribution of IBAs in thecountry. The aim is to get IBAs recognised as sites of vital importance for conservationof Indian birds and adopted within the existing management framework. Second, thestrategy would attempt to incorporate appropriate ‘unprotected’ IBAs into the PAN.This would offer a higher level of legal and site level protection where required. Third,responding to threats to IBAs will also form a part of the strategy. This could involveproviding timely information, participating in consultations and appealing againstunfavourable decisions concerning IBAs. It would involve identification of potentialthreats, regular monitoring and excellent communication within the Indian BirdConservation Network (IBCN). Fourth, the capacity of the IBCN for advocacy workwill be strengthened. This is crucial to achieving advocacy objectives, especially atthe State and local levels in a country with 466 IBAs. This in turn, would result in IBAsbeing incorporated into the environment decision making process at all levels.
IBA ADVOCACY STRATEGYAND ACTION PLAN
Anand C. SekarAdvocacy officer,IBA-IBCNEmail: [email protected]
CMYK
M O N I T O R I N G A N D I N T E R V E N T I O N
5MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 2008
RAISING THE IBA PROFILE
Targeting decision makersAny advocacy strategy involves identifying priorities
and utilising resources effectively. Although it would beideal to reach as wide an audience as possible, it is often farmore feasible and effective to target key decision makers.These key individuals and groups, in various capacities,have the authority and ability to make decisions that wouldaffect the status of IBAs. These key people can be classifiedinto the following categories;
a) Ministers holding relevant portfolios at the Centraland State levelsAs elected representatives of the people, politiciansare authorised to make decisions relating to environmentand wildlife. Thus, there is a need to engage withpoliticians and assist them in making informed andbalanced decisions.
Key targets• Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)• Ministry of Agriculture• Ministry of Commerce and Industry• Ministry of Mines and Minerals• Ministry of Power• Ministry of Tribal Affairs
b) Officials of the Forest DepartmentThe Forest Department is responsible for themanagement of the Protected Area Network (PAN) andother forest categories in the country. They also enforceforest and wildlife laws and are consulted on all forestrelated issues. With the right inputs and support, theycan be valuable allies in safeguarding the 267 IBAswithin the PAN.
Key targets• Director of Wildlife Preservation• Inspector General of Forests• Forest Secretaries• Principle Chief Conservators of Forests (All states)• Chief Wildlife Wardens• District Forest Officers in relevant IBAs
c) Bureaucrats on relevant boards and committeesThey are members of the Civil Service, who haveexperience in areas relevant to forests and wildlife.These areas can range from tourism to hydro-electric projects. They are seldom stakeholders andare thus relatively independent and open toinformation.
Key Targets• Expert Committees for EIA clearances• Regional Officers of the MoEF (Does actual EIA site
visits)• Forest Advisory Committee (FAC)
d) Scientists and academics on important boards andcommitteesThey serve as expert consultants to the Governmentproviding technical inputs when required. As membersof various boards and committees, they also influenceoutcomes on forest related issues.
Key targets• National Biodiversity Authority• National and State Wildlife Boards• Expert Committees for environmental and forest
clearances
e) Judiciary and judicial bodiesThe judiciary has taken an active interest in forestrelated issues over the past decade. The speciallyconstituted Central Empowered Committee to regulate
Publications popularise IBAs and encourage a widerownership of the IBA programme
CMYK
MONITORING IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS
MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 20086
M O N I T O R I N G A N D I N T E R V E N T I O N
transfer of forest land is a testimony to this. It isessential that the judiciary takes IBAs intoconsideration in all rulings related to wildlife andenvironment.
Key targets• Central Empowered Committee (CEC)
• National Environment Appellate Authority(NEAA)
Getting IBCN members into key boards andcommittees
Several boards and committees have been constitutedby the Government to facilitate decision making on forestand wildlife issues. Besides representatives from theGovernment, these boards also comprise of ‘non-official’members. These members are nominated on the basis oftheir knowledge, interest and experience in relevant areas.The IBA advocacy strategy aims to push for the inclusionof IBCN partners (particularly State coordinators), as ‘non-official’ members into these bodies at the Central, State andlocal levels. This would ensure a proactive approach toIBA conservation by incorporating them into the decisionmaking process.
Key targets• National and State Wildlife Boards• Advisory Committees of National Parks, Wildlife
Sanctuaries and Conservation reserves• National Biodiversity Authority and State Biodiversity
Boards• Expert Committees for wildlife taxa• Honorary Wildlife Wardens
Building a network of alliesBuilding a network of allies outside the IBCN
is an important part of the advocacy strategy.Besides adding credibility to campaigns, they helppresent a united front on specific issues. Somepartner NGOs have greater expertise andexperience in conservation advocacy (e.g.,Kalpavriksh), and can therefore contributesignificantly to the IBCN’s own strategic direction.There is a need to look at building alliancesbeyond the ‘green ghetto’ of environmentalorganisations. Strategic partnerships with otherdiverse groups such as corporates, smallbusinesses, development and social NGOs, armedforces, etc. can be very productive. These‘unusual’ partnerships provide a more holisticand consensual front, as they represent a widerrange of stakeholders. Working closely with
allies also helps avoid ‘reinventing the wheel’. The presenceof allies working on a specific issue enables the IBCN tofocus its limited resources on other important but overlookedareas. The IBCN can also benefit from radical conservationapproaches of partners that it may not subscribe to itself(such as legal action).
Producing IBCN materialThe IBA advocacy strategy will involve working closely
with the IBA secretariat and IBCN to bring out relevantpromotional material to raise the IBA profile in the country.The material would clearly elucidate the IBA concept andbe targeted at a wide range of stakeholders from diversebackgrounds. An ‘information pack’ that would contain asummary of the IBA work in India will be brought out, tohelp targets make informed decisions. Taking intoconsideration the size of the country and the decentralizedapproach of the IBCN, state specific IBA pamphlets willalso be published. These pamphlets will explain theIBCN partnership and contain a list of state-specificIBAs and threatened avifauna. The pamphlets will betargeted at NGOs, State Forest Departments, StateAdministration, IBCN partners and Site Support Groups.Besides providing information on IBAs, the IBApublications will also serve as a tool to increase the IBCNmembership.
Attending key meetings in the country and abroadThe advocacy officer will attend key meetings
to promote IBA conservation. The aim is to constructivelycontribute, by providing necessary inputs in areasof expertise. These meetings could also serve tobuild a network of useful contacts of resourcespersons to further the goals of the IBA programme in India.
Participating and contributing to the environment decision making processensures enduring solutions (pic taken during the IBCN Corbett Workshop)
Pic:
IB
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CMYK
7MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 2008
M O N I T O R I N G A N D I N T E R V E N T I O N
IDENTIFYING THREATSPrioritising IBAs
While all IBAs are important for maintaining the integrityof bird habitat networks, there is a need to prioritise IBAsfor conservation action. This would help address immediatethreats and also ensure effective use of limited resources.The process will take into account conservationimportance, protection status, threat levels and urgency toprioritise IBAs for advocacy action. The ‘Early ThreatDetection Protocol’ (see Fig 1) shall play a vital role inthis.
Some priority categories• IBAs outside the PAN• IBAs threatened by development projects• IBAs hosting critically endangered species
Early Threat Detection ProtocolTiming of interventions is crucial for the success of any
advocacy strategy. Access to information and space forparticipating in environmental decision making is limitedand subject to a strict time frame. Failure to intervene at theright stage may result in a petition being rejected ontechnical grounds, or allow a threat to escalate beyond
recovery. It is therefore imperative to have a protocol inplace to identify threats as early as possible, which wouldthen set in motion subsequent advocacy actions. Thisprotocol demands vigilant Site Support Groups and IBCNpartners, prompt communication of information and timelyintervention by IBCN and/or IBA Secretariat.
Attending court hearingsThere are several stakeholders in Indian forests and
wildlife and they often have overlapping concerns andinterests. Many of these stakeholders utilise litigation as atool to achieve their objectives. Court hearings can thusserve as a valuable source of information on threats toIBAs. They also help keep up to date with landmark casespertaining to the environment
Monitoring environment and forest clearancesThe Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is
required to publish all forest and environment clearancesgranted on its website (www.envifor.nic.in). Monitoring thewebsite will ensure that the IBCN is abreast with latestdevelopments regarding clearances and can takeappropriate action.
Illegal and unsustainable projects can irreversibly damage pristine bird habitat
Pic:
Asa
d R
. Rah
man
i
CMYK
M O N I T O R I N G A N D I N T E R V E N T I O N
8 MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 2008
Govt. and industry official notificationsThe IBCN must keep track of important notifica-
tions from the government and industry, such as notificationof Protected Areas, public hearings for develop-mental projects, EIA reports, etc. This information isvital for timely intervention and failure to follownotification protocol can be used in appeals againstclearances.
Media and newslettersThe media, with its wide network and resources, has
access to valuable information on environmental issuesbefore they are officially made available to the publicdomain. This could provide valuable time to planintervention actions. In addition it is also the medium forofficial communications such as public hearings andenvironment clearance notifications.
The media is an important advocacy tool for protecting threatened IBAs
Fig 1: Early Threat Detection Protocol
CMYK
M O N I T O R I N G A N D I N T E R V E N T I O N
9MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 2008
RESPONDING TO THREATS
Threat analysis checklist
a) Legal status: Is the activity legal? What are the legal measures to prevent it? Who is the responsible authority?
b) Permits: Does the activity require permission? What are the conditions for giving permission? Does the activitysatisfy these conditions?
c) Funding: Who is funding the activity? Is the activity in line with the sponsor’s environment policy?
d) Sustainability: Is the activity sustainable? If not, how long will it last? What are the long term impacts? Are thereprovisions for rehabilitation and restoration?
e) Alternatives: Are there any alternative solutions? Are they as feasible?
Source: The European IBA Best Practice Guide
Influencing policyInfluencing policy is an important part of the IBA
advocacy strategy. Though an arduous and protractedprocess, it is a worthwhile objective in the long-term. Ithelps provide enduring solutions and minimises ‘fire-fighting’ on a case by case basis. Policy issues must bechosen carefully as they involve a substantialexpenditure of time and effort in order to make an impact.Areas where the IBCN has the necessary expertise andwhich are overlooked by other organisations, are idealpolicy targets. Also of priority are issues that set aprecedent or which repeatedly act as a barrier toachieving IBCN’s objectives. The IBCN must also utilizerelevant conventions (Ramsar, CBD, CMS, etc.) toinfluence policy at the national, regional and global level.Monitoring the trends within conventions could placethe IBCN in a strategic position and help meet itsobjectives. By providing inputs to policy makers, theIBCN can become a bigger stakeholder in the overallenvironmental decision making process.
Site visitsThe advocacy strategy may involve visiting the
affected IBAs to gain first hand knowledge of threats.This could help verify the nature and extent of threatand devise a more effective advocacy action plan. Sitevisits for advocacy targets could also be used as a ‘soft
lobbying’ tool for achieving IBCN’s objectives. Wellmanaged site visits could help the target gain a firsthand understanding of relevant issues and develop aconnection with the IBA.
Influencing decision makersInfluencing decision makers forms a key component
of the advocacy strategy. This could include providinginformation, building a rapport with key people andeven appealing against decisions. The aim is to ensurethat IBAs are incorporated into the decision makingprocess.
InterventionsThe advocacy strategy will utilise all available
platforms to participate in the environmental decisionmaking process. This could include encouraging IBCNpartners to attend public hearings, access relevantinformation and appeal against forest clearances throughofficial channels.
Threat analysisAn in-depth analysis of threats is necessary to
determine intervention strategies. Inconsistencies inproposals, failure to follow protocol, deviation fromagreed terms, misinformation, etc. can be used to thwartimpending threats.
CMYK
M O N I T O R I N G A N D I N T E R V E N T I O N
MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 200810
PROTECTINGBIRD HABITATS
Of the 466 IBAs in India, 267 (57%)fall within the Protected Area Network(PAN). They encompass 191 WildlifeSanctuaries, 52 National Parks, 23 TigerReserves and two ConservationReserves. However, the IBAs within thePAN are not immune threats. Illequipped and understaffed PAmanagement, lack of clear boundarydemarcation, resource use conflicts withforest dependent communities,poaching and unsustainabledevelopment, affect most of these IBAs.Nevertheless, the Government isformally committed to safeguard thesesites. Thus, these IBAs are legallyprotected and there are officialmechanisms in place for responding tothreats to such IBAs.
The IBA advocacy strategy aims tolobby for the inclusion of appropriateIBAs lacking formal protection into thePAN. In addition to conventional PAcategories such as Wildlife Sanctuariesand National Parks, the Government hasintroduced new categories for a moreholistic approach to conservation.These include Conservation reserves,Community reserves (both under theWildlife Protection Act 1972),Biodiversity Heritage Sites (under the
Biodiversity Act 2002) and EcologicallySensitive Areas (under the EnvironmentProtection Act 1986). These newcategories are less rigid, allow space forcommunity participation and are easierto declare than conventional PAs. Theyaddress different concerns and offervarying degrees of protection and thusprovide location specific options thatwere not available earlier. However,formal protection will not be sought insites where community conservationinstitutions already exist. Thealternative is to build the capacity ofthese local community conservationinstitutions and promote communitystewardship.
Advocacy inputs during IBCN workshopsAdvocacy related presentations will be prepared for IBCNworkshops. They will aim to impress upon IBCN partnersthe need for advocacy as a tool to achieve conservationobjectives. Essential topics such as access toinformation, participating in environmental decisionmaking and avenues for appeals will be covered. The‘Early Threat Detection Protocol’ will also be explainedto all participants.
Advocacy specific workshops for key IBCN partnersThese workshops will be aimed at developing specificadvocacy strategies for IBAs facing threats. They willdeal with specific issues and will be targeted atstakeholders responsible for affected IBAs.
EMPOWERING STAKEHOLDERS
Concerns about IBAs must bedisseminated as widely as possible
Pic:
IB
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IB
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IB
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An understanding of environment laws for intervention ensuresmore effective advocacy action
Members of Srushtidnyan, partners of IBCN involving the Mayor of Mumbai in IBAconservation
CMYK
11MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 2008
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of w
hich
isla
nds
com
mun
ity la
nds
only
not c
lear
)2.
Can
not b
e de
clar
ed in
exi
stin
g2.
Non
-CC
AsPA
s3.
Non
-Con
serv
atio
n3.
Uni
form
man
agm
ent in
stitu
tion,
Res
erve
unde
rmin
ing
exis
ting
inst
itutio
nal
Not
app
licab
le fo
r:di
vers
ity a
lso
pote
ntia
l con
flict
s1.
Gov
ernm
ent la
nds
with
the
panc
haya
t.2.
Non
CC
As4.
Stat
e go
vern
men
t dec
lare
s,w
ithou
t spe
cify
ing
cons
ent
of th
e lo
cal p
eopl
e.
Law
s an
d po
licie
s re
leva
nt fo
r IB
As
Kal
pavr
iksh
, Pun
e/D
elhi
CMYK
Act
Prov
isio
n/s
Stre
ngth
sW
eakn
esse
sA
pplic
able
for/E
xam
ples
Con
serv
atio
n R
eser
ves
For t
he fi
rst t
ime
prov
ides
a s
pace
1.U
nifo
rm m
anag
emen
t com
mitt
eeAp
plic
able
for:
Con
serv
atio
n R
eser
ves
can
befo
r con
sulta
tion
with
loca
l peo
ple
2.D
oes
not r
ecog
nise
exi
stin
g1.
On
any
gove
rnm
ent
decl
ared
by
the
gove
rnm
ent o
nbe
fore
dec
lara
tion
and
seek
s th
eir
syst
em.
land
gove
rnm
ent o
wne
d la
nds
inin
puts
in th
e m
anag
emen
t of t
he3.
MC
onl
y ad
viso
ry fo
r the
CW
W2.
CC
As (b
ut m
ay n
otco
nsul
tatio
n w
ith th
e lo
cal p
eopl
e.re
serv
ebe
sui
tabl
e)3.
Non
-PAs
May
be
best
in s
ituat
ion
whe
reco
mm
unity
act
ion
has n
ot ye
t beg
unbu
t is
need
ed.
Envi
ronm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Act
,Ec
olog
ical
ly S
ensi
tive
Area
s (E
SA).
Pote
ntia
lly s
trong
tool
to fi
ght
1.C
omm
unitie
s kno
w lit
tle a
bout
Appl
icab
le fo
r:19
86 (
EPA
1986
)C
ontro
l or r
estri
ctio
n on
cer
tain
agai
nst c
omm
erci
al a
nd in
dust
rial
this
Act
and
how
it c
an b
e us
ed2.
Ecos
yste
m a
nd la
ndsc
apes
,id
entif
ied
com
mer
cial
, indu
stria
l and
pres
sure
s.pa
rticu
larly
if th
reat
ened
by
deve
lopm
ent a
ctiv
ities.
indu
stria
l and
com
mer
cial
deve
lopm
ent.
3.In
clud
es C
CAs
, PAs
, and
othe
rs.
Panc
haya
ti R
aj (E
xten
tion
toD
ecen
tralis
atio
n of
gov
ernn
ance
toSt
rong
pot
entia
l to:
1.In
mos
t sta
tes
whe
reAp
plic
able
for:
Sche
dule
d A
reas
) Act
199
6ru
ral b
odie
s, lik
e pa
ncha
yats
(villa
ge1.
Inte
grat
e an
d en
hanc
eim
plem
ente
d, its
pro
visi
ons
have
1.M
ostly
sch
edul
ed a
reas
(PES
A 1
996)
coun
cils
) and
gra
m s
abha
s (v
illage
cons
erva
tion
and
livel
ihoo
dsbe
en d
ilute
d in
the
stat
e2.
Non
PAs
(in
som
e st
ates
)as
sem
blie
s) in
pre
dom
inan
tly2.
Hel
p co
mm
unitie
s to
resi
stad
apta
tions
of t
he C
entra
l Act
.3.
Doe
s no
t pro
vide
for
triba
l are
as.
dest
ruct
ive
forc
es.
2.G
over
nmen
t for
ests
and
decl
arat
ion
of a
site
PAs
have
bee
n ex
clud
ed b
ypr
otec
ted
only
cre
ates
Ow
ners
hip
and
deci
sion
-mak
ing
man
y st
ates
optio
ns fo
r gen
erat
ing
right
s ov
er N
TFP
to lo
cal in
stitu
tions
.liv
elih
oods
... a
t lea
st in
spiri
t. (im
plem
enta
tion
not
Con
sulta
tion
with
LC
s re
gard
ing
know
n)de
velo
pmen
tal a
nd o
ther
issu
esre
leva
nt fo
r a s
ite.
Bio
logi
cal D
iver
sity
Act
, 200
2BM
C a
t the
villa
ge le
vel f
or1.
Loca
l par
ticip
atio
n in
bio
dive
rsity
1.Th
e BD
Rul
es 2
004
fail t
oAp
plic
able
for:
(BD
A 2
002)
man
agem
ent,
prot
ectio
n an
dco
nser
vatio
n an
d liv
elih
oods
empo
wer
BM
Cs
to m
anag
e,1.
In a
ll eco
syst
ems.
reco
rdin
g of
loca
l bio
logi
cal d
iver
sity
.en
hanc
emen
t.us
e an
d co
nser
ve n
atur
al2.
Gov
ernm
ent o
r priv
ate
land
s.ec
osys
tem
s.3.
Appl
icab
le fo
r Pas
, mec
hani
sm2.
BMC
s prim
ary f
unct
ion
limite
dno
t kno
wn.
Con
serv
atio
n of
agr
icul
tura
l and
wild
life
2.BH
S co
uld
be u
sed
to p
rovi
deto
reco
rdin
g lo
cal k
now
ledg
e,4.
CC
As m
ay o
r may
not
cho
sebi
odiv
ersi
ty a
s Bi
odiv
ersi
ty H
erita
gele
gal p
rote
ctio
n to
land
scap
esan
d to
hel
p th
e st
ate
and
natio
nal
this
.Si
tes (
BHS)
cont
aini
ng a
gric
ultu
ral a
nd w
ildle
vel b
oard
s to
gra
nt p
erm
issi
onbi
odiv
ersi
ty.
for t
he u
se o
f bio
logi
cal
reso
urce
s an
d kn
owle
dge
asso
ciat
ed w
ith it
, in
thei
r are
as.
Law
s an
d po
licie
s re
leva
nt fo
r IB
As
Kal
pavr
iksh
, Pun
e/D
elhi
MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 200812
CMYK
13MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 2008
Law
s an
d po
licie
s re
leva
nt fo
r IB
As
Kal
pavr
iksh
, Pun
e/D
elhi
The
Nat
iona
l Bio
dive
rsity
Aut
horit
y an
d3.
BMC
s co
uld
be s
trong
loca
l(K
arna
taka
and
Sik
kim
hav
e go
neth
e St
ate
Biod
iver
sity
Boa
rds
requ
ired
toin
stitu
tions
for c
onse
rvat
ion.
beyo
nd th
e na
tiona
l rul
es, a
ndco
nsul
t the
loca
l BM
Cs
whi
le d
ecid
ing
Con
stitu
ted
in s
ome
stat
es d
etai
ls n
otpr
ovid
ed fo
r gre
ater
em
pow
erm
ent
use
of b
iolo
gica
l res
ourc
es a
ndkn
own.
and
resp
onsi
biliti
es to
com
mun
ities
know
ledg
e as
soci
ated
with
suc
hfo
r con
serv
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
tre
sour
ces.
of b
iodi
vers
ity).
Cre
atio
n of
Loc
al B
iodi
vers
ity F
und
The
rule
s fo
r BH
SD h
ave
not y
etbe
en fo
rmul
ated
so
rem
ains
unim
plem
ente
d.
Sche
dule
d Tr
ibes
and
Oth
erEs
tabl
ishm
ent o
f loca
l peo
ple’
s rig
hts.
1.R
ight
s to
be
esta
blis
hed,
pos
sibl
y1.
Lack
of c
larit
y on
how
the
CF
Appl
icab
le fo
r:Tr
aditi
onal
For
est-D
wel
lers
Empo
wer
s LC
s to
dec
lare
fore
st th
atre
duci
ng c
onfli
cts.
prov
isio
n w
ill be
ope
ratio
nalis
ed.
1.Al
l gov
ernm
ent f
ores
t lan
ds,
(Rec
ogni
tion
of F
ores
t Rig
ht) A
ctth
ey h
ave
been
con
serv
ing
and
2.R
ight
to p
rote
ct a
ny fo
rest
as
2.Po
ssib
ilitie
s of
mis
use
by v
este
din
clud
ing
PAs (
mec
hani
sm20
06 (F
RA
200
6)pr
otec
ting
as C
omm
unity
For
ests
.co
mm
unity
fore
st re
sour
ce.
inte
rest
s th
roug
h fre
shun
clea
r).3.
Che
ckin
g pr
oces
ses
dest
ruct
ive
ofen
croa
chm
ents
.2.
CC
AsPr
ovid
es fo
r CW
H, i
n co
nsul
tatio
n w
ithfo
rest
-dw
elle
rs’ h
abita
ts, a
nd3.
Cer
tain
dev
elop
men
t pro
ject
s3.
Cou
ld b
e ex
plor
ed fo
rth
e LC
for s
peci
es th
at m
ay re
quire
prot
ectin
g tra
ditio
nal k
now
ledg
e.an
d ac
tiviti
es (e
g. c
onst
ruct
ion
unpr
otec
ted
fore
st a
reas
, if
min
imal
to n
o hu
man
use
and
pre
senc
e.4.
Allo
ws
for g
reat
er liv
elih
ood
of ro
ads)
for t
he p
urpo
se o
fag
reed
upo
n by
LC
s.se
curit
y.vi
llage
dev
elop
men
t hav
e be
en5.
Man
date
s th
at a
ny d
ispl
acem
ent
excl
uded
from
cle
aran
ces
unde
ran
d re
loca
tion
can
only
hap
pen
the
FCA.
cons
ent.
4.U
ncle
ar re
latio
nshi
p w
ith e
xist
ing
6.Pr
ovid
es g
reat
er p
ossi
bilit
y of
fore
st/w
ildlif
e la
ws.
com
mun
ity in
volv
emen
t in P
As.
Wild
life
Prot
ectio
n A
men
dmen
tTh
is s
ets
up a
Nat
iona
l Tig
er1.
Rig
hts
to liv
elih
oods
are
to b
e1.
Pote
ntia
l for
gre
ater
forc
edAp
plic
able
for:
Act
200
6 (W
LPA
2006
)C
onse
rvat
ion
Auth
ority
, and
pro
vide
sta
ken
care
of.
relo
catio
n in
pra
ctic
e cr
eatin
gTi
ger h
abita
ts o
nly.
a pr
oces
s fo
r not
ifyin
g tig
er re
serv
es2.
Tige
r Fou
ndat
ion
- a p
ossi
ble
mor
e co
nclic
ts.
whi
ch c
ould
incl
ude
Crit
ical
Tig
ersp
ace
for i
nvol
ving
peo
ple.
Hab
itats
.
Stat
e A
cts
Som
e st
ate
leve
l Act
s E.
g. th
eM
anda
tes
Villa
ge C
ounc
ils (t
he lo
cal
1.D
ozen
s of
CC
As a
r bei
ngD
epen
ding
on
wha
t the
loca
l Act
sVi
llage
Cou
ncil
Act
of N
agal
and
gove
rnan
ce b
ody)
to m
anag
e w
ildlif
ees
tabl
ishe
d an
d pr
otec
ted
insa
y.w
ithin
thei
r jur
isdi
ctio
n.N
agal
and.
2.It
prov
ides
them
with
a s
trong
lega
l too
l for
figh
ting
agai
nst
com
mer
cial
and
indu
stria
lpr
essu
res.
Act
Prov
isio
n/s
Stre
ngth
sW
eakn
esse
sA
pplic
able
for/E
xam
ples
CMYK
Polic
ies
and
Act
ion
Plan
Prov
isio
nsSt
reng
ths
Wea
knes
ses
Nat
iona
l Wld
life
Act
ion
Plan
,D
eals
with
pol
icy
impe
rativ
es a
nd s
trate
gic
actio
ns to
:Th
e pl
an e
nvis
ages
the
invo
lvem
ent o
f loc
alTh
e N
WAP
doe
s no
t go
the
full d
ista
nce
in20
02-2
016
1.C
onse
rve
wild
life
in a
nd o
utsi
de P
As.
com
mun
ities
resi
ding
in a
nd a
roun
d PA
s in
the
esta
blis
hing
tenu
rial s
ecur
ity a
nd a
sha
re in
2.To
pre
vent
illeg
al tr
ade
on e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s.m
anag
emen
t of n
atur
al re
sour
ces.
deci
sion
-mak
ing
of P
As fo
r loc
al c
omm
uniti
es.
3.To
ens
ure
peop
le’s
par
ticip
atio
n in
the
cons
erva
tion
wild
life.
Thei
r par
ticip
atio
n is
reco
gniz
ed a
s an
effe
ctiv
eIm
plem
enta
tion
is s
erio
usly
lagg
ing,
des
pite
tool
for t
he m
anag
emen
t of P
As.
havi
ng id
entif
ied
spec
ific
timel
ines
.4.
To p
rom
ote
ecot
ouris
m in
PAs
, am
ong
othe
rs.
Acco
rdin
g to
this
pla
n, lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es m
ust
The
lega
l env
ironm
ent n
eede
d to
impl
emen
t the
parti
cipa
te in
and
ben
efit
from
eco
tour
ism
NW
AP is
als
o no
t in
plac
e as
the
Wild
life
deve
lopm
ents
in w
ildlif
e ar
eas.
Prot
ectio
n Ac
t doe
s no
t env
isag
e pa
rtici
patio
nAc
t doe
s no
t env
isag
e pa
rtici
patio
n of
peo
ple
Com
mun
ity in
itiat
ives
in c
onse
rvat
ion
are
also
in e
stab
lishm
ent a
nd cr
eatio
n of
PAs
(as m
entio
ned
to b
e su
ppor
ted.
abov
e).
For m
ore
deta
ils c
onta
ct: N
eem
a Pa
thak
Bro
ome
at n
eem
a.pb
@gm
ail.c
om o
r at K
alpa
vrik
sh, A
pt. N
o. 5
, 908
Dec
can
Gym
khan
a, S
hri D
utta
Kru
pa, P
une,
Mah
aras
htra
, Ind
ia. P
h: 0
20-2
5675
450.
Law
s an
d po
licie
s re
leva
nt fo
r IB
As
Kal
pavr
iksh
, Pun
e/D
elhi
MISTNET Vol. 9 No. 3 Jul-Sep 200814
CMYK
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