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IT Infrastructure, Emerging Technologies And
TelecommunicationsPresented By:
Deepali Bhardwaj
IT Infrastructure• Defining IT infrastructure
• Evolution of IT infrastructure: 1950-2009• Electronic accounting machine era: 1930-
1950• General-purpose mainframe and
minicomputer era: 1959 to present• Personal computer era: 1981 to present• Client/server era: 1983 to present• Enterprise Internet computing era: 1992 to
present• Cloud computing era: 2000 to present
04/08/2023 Management Information Systems 3
Multi-Layered C/S Network
Technology Drivers Of Infrastructure Evolution
• Processing power has increased over the years• From 75 megahertz to 4 gigahertz
• Over the years, cost of Digital Storage has decreased and capacity increased
• Network economics• Social and business value of digital networks enables
rapid multiplication of links among network members • Power of network grows as a function of number of
people in the network• Increasing returns to scale for the members
• Declining communications costs and the Internet• Standards and network effects
Infrastructure ComponentsH/W
O/S
S/W AppsN/W
Telecom
SIs
Data Mgmt
Internet
Hardware Platform Trends And Emerging Technologies• While cost of computing is lower,
infrastructure costs have expanded• The emerging mobile digital platform
• Cell phones, smartphones (BlackBerry, iPhone) have assumed data transmission, Web surfing, e-mail and IM duties
• Netbooks: small, low-cost lightweight notebooks optimized for wireless communication and core computing tasks
H/W Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies• Cloud computing (utility computing)
• Data permanently stored in remote servers, accessed and updated over the Internet by users
• Purchase computing power and pay as per use (on-demand or utility computing)
• Reduces risk of over-investment• Flexible infrastructure
Salesforce.com
Hardware Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies• Virtualization and multicore processors
• Presents computing resources so that they can be accessed in ways that are not restricted by configuration
• Simultaneously run more than one operating system on the same machine
• Increases server utilization rates from 10-15 to 70 percent of capacity
• Multicore processors: reduced power requirements, enhanced performance
H/W Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies
• Grid computing• Connects geographically remote computers into
a single network to combine processing power and create virtual supercomputer
• Provides cost savings, speed, agility• Autonomic computing
• Systems that can configure, optimize themselves, heal themselves when broken, and protect themselves from outside intruders
• Similar to self-updating antivirus software; Apple and Microsoft both use automatic updates
Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies
• Linux and open-source software
• Java is everywhere
• Object oriented programming language
• Platform independent
• Software for enterprise integration
• Data exchange for multiple systems through single software
hub
• Web services and service-oriented architecture (SOA)
• XML(eXtensible Markup Language): applies self-describing tags to
data in web documents
• Allows automatic transfer of data, manipulation of data and
execution of operations
• Ajax, Mashups, Web 2.0, and Web-based software
applications
Software Outsourcing• Software packages and enterprise software• Software as a service (SaaS)• Software outsourcing
Management Issues• Dealing with infrastructure change
• Management and governance
• Making wise infrastructure investments• Competitive forces model for IT infrastructure inves
tment
• Total cost of ownership of technology assets
• Cost components: hardware / software acquisition,
installation, training
• Hidden costs: support, maintenance, downtime,
utility costs
Competitive Forces Model for IT Infrastructure
There are six factors you can use to answer the question, “How much should our firm spend on IT infrastructure?”
Management Issues
Telecommunications
04/08/2023 Management Information Systems 16
Corporate Network Infrastructure
04/08/2023 Management Information Systems 17
Communications Networks• Signals: digital vs. analog
• Types of networks• Local area networks• Metropolitan and wide area networks
• Physical transmission media• Twisted wire• Coaxial cable• Fiber optics cable• Wireless transmission : radio signals
• Long distances• Satellites, relay stations to microwave
signals
04/08/2023 Management Information Systems 18
The Internet• Internet addressing and architecture
• Each computer on Internet given a numeric IP address
• The Domain Name System: converts IP addresses to domain names• 195.128.15.11 to an easily read address such as
www.USAToday.com
• Internet architecture and governance• Transcontinental high-speed backbone of
networks in the range of 45 Mbps to 2.5 Gbps• Internet architecture board, Internet Corporation
for Assigned Names and Numbers, World Wide Web Consortium
04/08/2023 Management Information Systems 19
The Internet• The future Internet: IPv6 and Internet2
• 128 bit addresses in IPv6• Internet2 – a new, robust high band width version
of Internet• Digital libraries, effective routing practices,
different levels of service
• Internet services• E-mail, instant messaging, chatting, Telnet, FTP,
WWW
04/08/2023 Management Information Systems 20
The Internet
• The World Wide Web• Hypertext• Web servers• Searching for information on the Web• Internet based groupware and electronic
conferencing software• Web 2.0 : Wiki, Blogs, RSS
04/08/2023 Management Information Systems 21
• Intranets and extranets
• Technologies and tools for communication and
e-business
• E-mail, chat, instant messaging, Usenet, and
electronic discussions
• Groupware for collaboration
• Internet telephony : VoIP
• Virtual private networks
• Secure, encrypted private network
• Point to point tunneling
The Internet
04/08/2023 Management Information Systems 22
• Cellular network standards • Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM)• Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA)
• Cellular Generations• 1G: Analog networks• 2G: Digital, circuit switched networks, primarily used for voice
transmission• 2.5G: Packet switched, data transmission speed 50 – 144 Kbps• 3G : Digital, high speed, high bandwidth, 384 Kbps for mobile
users and 2 Mbps for stationary users
• Mobile wireless standards for Web access• Wireless Application Protocol(WAP)• iMode
The Wireless Revolution
04/08/2023 Management Information Systems 23
• Wireless computer networks and Internet
access• Bluetooth (802.15) for personal area networks• Wi-Fi (802.11) for LANs
• 802.11b: wireless Internet access; vulnerable security • Access point is a box consisting of a radio receiver /
transmitter and antennas that links to wired network• Wireless Network Interface Cards
• WiMax (802.16) access range of 31 miles; suitable
for providing broadband Internet access; robust
security• Broadband cellular wireless and emerging wireless
services
• RFID and wireless sensor networks
The Wireless Revolution
04/08/2023 Management Information Systems 24
Assignment – Sec A
Roll Nos 1 – 15 : Salesforce.com, Q2Roll Nos 16 – 30 : Salesforce.com, Q4Roll Nos 31-46: Amazon case, Q2Roll Nos 47 – 60, Amazon case, Q1
04/08/2023 Management Information Systems 25
Assignment – Sec B
Roll Nos 62 – 77 : Salesforce.com, Q2Roll Nos 78 – 93 : Salesforce.com, Q4Roll Nos 94- 109: Amazon case, Q2Roll Nos 110 – 122, Amazon case, Q1
Q & A