Science & Sports (2015) 30, 147—154

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The effect of interval recovery periodsduring HIIT on liver enzymes and lipidprofile in overweight womenInfluence des phases de répétitions alternatives derécupération pendant l’entraînement fractionné de hauteintensité sur les enzymes du foie et les lipides sanguins chezdes femmes en surpoids

S.J. Mirghani ∗, M.S. Yousefi

Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science,Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

Received 31 May 2014; accepted 15 September 2014Available online 20 November 2014

KEYWORDSLiver enzyme;HIIT;Blood lipids;Overweight women

SummaryBackground. — High-intensity interval training programs are one of the effective means toimprove lipid profiles. It has been claimed that the amount of some of the enzymes are indica-tive of the normal functioning of liver. The purpose of this research is to examine the effects ofdifferent recovery intervals different rest intervals during the High-intensity interval trainingprograms on liver enzymes and serum lipid levels of overweight women.Methodology. — Twenty-four volunteer women with mean aged 34.42 ± 5.3 years old with BMI29.48 ± 3.45 kg/m2, weight of 80 ± 0.08, height of 159.14 ± 4.60 cm, respectively were ran-domly assigned into three equal groups (n = 8) of 60/60 activity-rest, 60/30 activity-rest andcontrol. The exercise protocol included 4 weeks of 4 trials, three sessions per week at 80%reserved heart rate increased to 10 trials in the fourth week.Results. — Four weeks of HIIT sessions did not result in significant change in blood lipid profiles

including HDL-C, HDL/LDL, cholesterol, TG, and liver enzymes (ALP, AST, and ALP) in additionto body composition (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the percentage of fat inthe three groups (P < 0.05). In addition, there was a significant inverse association between theliver enzymes and HDL-C (P < 0.05).

∗ Corresponding author.E-mail address: seyedgavadmirghani@yahoo.com (S.J. Mirghani).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2014.09.0020765-1597/© 2014 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

148 S.J. Mirghani, M.S. Yousefi

Conclusion. — Based on the result of this research, 4 weeks of HIIT activities result in no signifi-cant change in indices of blood lipids as well as liver enzymes. However, a considerable changewas observed in the body fat percent that may be attributed to the exercise protocol.© 2014 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

MOTS CLÉSEnzymes hépatiques ;Entraînementfractionné à hauteintensité ;Bilan lipidique ;Femmes en surpoids

RésuméIntroduction. — L’entraînement fractionné de haute intensité (HIIT) est considéré comme unmoyen efficace d’amélioration des paramètres lipidiques du sang. On sait que certaines desenzymes du foie sont prises en compte comme indices les plus importants pour apprécier lefonctionnement d’un foie sain. Donc, l’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier l’influence dedifférentes phases de récupération pendant l’entraînement fractionné à haute intensité sur lesenzymes du foie et le profil lipidique sanguin chez les femmes en surpoids.Méthodologie. — Vingt-quatre femmes (âge : 34,42 + 5,3 ans, IMC : 29,48 + 3,45, poids : 80 + 0,08,taille : 159,14 + 4,60), volontaires, ont été tirées au sort et divisées en trois groupes de8 personnes). Le protocole d’exercice comprenait quatre semaines de quatre séances, donttrois par semaine à 80 % de la FC maximale pour atteindre 10 essais la quatrième semaine.Résultats. — Quatre semaines d’entraînement fractionné à haute intensité n’a pas montré unchangement significatif du profil lipidique sanguin (HDL-C, HDL/LDL, cholestérol et trigly-cérides) ainsi que pour les enzymes hépatiques ainsi que pour la composition corporelle (p < 5 %).Mais il y avait une différence significative dans le pourcentage de graisses pour ces trois groupes(p < 5 %) et, en plus, une relation inverse entre les enzymes hépatiques et le HDL-C (p < 5 %).Conclusion. — Cette étude montre qu’un programme d’HIIT ne modifie pas le profil lipidiquesanguin ainsi que le taux d’enzymes hépatiques. Cependant on observe un changement dupourcentage de graisses corporelles qui peut résulter du protocole d’exercice.© 2014 Publie par Elsevier Masson SAS.

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. Introduction

verweightness and obesity are two of the known risk fac-ors of health and wellness that are very common in theresent time in all societies [1]. It has been claimed that themount of some of the enzymes are indicative of the nor-al functioning of liver [2]. For instance, the normal level

f alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotrans-erase (AST) are indications of normal functioning of liverells and normal level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) showshat there is sufficient level of albumin for the productionf protein [2,3]. The result of some researches show thathe amount of some of the proteins measured through Liverunction Test (LFT) is dependent on some factors includingody mass index [4], age [3] and environmental factors [2].hus, participating in physical activities is one of the strate-ies to decrease the risk factors of liver diseases such as fativer syndrome and diabetes [5].

The results of studies show that the change in level ofctivities of different enzymes varies depending on inten-ity, duration and types of physical activities. Banfi et al.xamined the effect of 10 to 15 weeks of aerobic versus 5 to0 weeks of anaerobic exercise on changes of AST and ALTf horse muscles and reported that the level of activities ofnzymes increased nearly twice. They also reported that theevel of these enzymes decreased significantly after 5 weeksf detraining. However, 10 weeks later, they observed anncrease in the level of enzymes with no known reason [4].

ettersson et al. conducted a research to examine the effectf resistance training on the chemical factors reflecting theunctioning of liver in 15 healthy young men. They reported

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hat the level of ALT and AST increased considerable fol-owing the completion of physical activities but the level ofLP remained at the normal level and did not change sig-ificantly [6]. Mir et al. also demonstrated that 8 weeks oferobic exercise in individuals suffering from fat liver syn-rome resulted in significant changes in liver enzymes. Theyoncluded that aerobic exercise led to significant decreasen AST and ALT [7].

The result of some studies have indicated that aerobicxercise, despite being relatively long, result in minimalhange in lipid profiles [8], whereas participation in inten-ive interval training result in higher level of decrease inipid profiles [9]. In addition, there is reliable evidence thathow lack of time is an obstacle for participation in aero-ic exercise [10], therefore, short time interval training areore attractive and efficient for engagement of people in

xerciser [11]. Ghorbani et al. examined the effect of par-icipation in short period of interval training in adult soccerlayers on their liver enzymes including ALP And AST and didot find any significant change in the level of these enzymeshile they reported that ALT did change considerable [12].

Different researches have indicated that more reduc-ion in body fat mass has occurred by using low-intensityraining programs [13,14]. Other researchers have shownhat more reduction in fat indices may occur due to par-icipation in prolonged training compared to HIIT program15]. Shelley et al. also performed continued training pro-rams on sedentary 18—55 years old adults and showed that

ore reduction in body fat occurred compared to the HIITrogram [16]. However, Trapp et al. showed that 15 weeksf HIIT program interspaced by 8 seconds of rest interval

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followed by 12 seconds of recovery compared to steady-state exercise intensity resulted in considerable changes intotal body fat, foot, truck and subcutaneous fat in younginactive female participants [17]. This finding is, despite thelack of increase in lean body, observed in persistence partic-ipation in aerobic exercise [18]. In another study conductedby Heydari et al., the effect of 12 weeks of HIIT program with12 to 8 intervals of exercise/recovery was examined in youngmen and reported similar results in regard to the significantchange in fat percentage and anthropometric indices [19].

HIIT in a similar workload and comparatively estimatedenergy expenditure is a suitable replacement for aero-bic program. The mechanism of such training programincludes one stage of high-intensity activity that requiresATP replacement from each of the energy sets. For instance,Billaut and Bishop reported that the proportion of energyproduction needed in a 30 second high-intensity activityincludes 18 percent ATP, 2% phosphagen, 25% anaerobic gly-colysis, and 55% oxidation [20]. There are evidences thatshow if the recovery time to the resting state in high inten-sity is reduced, the glycolysis activity for rebuilding theenergy also decreases and, as result, aerobic metabolismfor energy replacement increases. Linossier et al. (1993)claimed that aerobic metabolism during the recovery periodafter a high-intensity activity for replacing phosphocrea-tine and lactic acid oxidation play an important role. Asa result of such condition, performing HIIT programs withshort recovery time result in increasing aerobic metabolism[21].

Considering the lack of research related to the differentrecovery periods from the high-intensity interval trainingprogram on the liver enzymes of overweight low activefemale subjects, this study was designed to examine if thereis any significant effect of participation in 4 weeks of HIITprogram on changes of liver enzymes and body compositionof overweight low active female subjects.

2. Methodology

In this quasi-experimental research, 24 overweight to obeselow active volunteer women with the mean age of34.42 ± 5.3 years old participated. The demographic infor-mation of the participants is presented in Table 1. Theparticipants’ activity habit was assessed by response of therespondents to a questionnaire. For the purpose of measur-ing physical activity level, RPAQ was employed. Researchersemploy individuals who claim they had 2 to 3 sessions ofphysical activity such as gardening, bicycling or walking,jogging, yoga or volleyball per month. The entire researchprotocol was approved by Research Ethic Committee ofthe Human Sciences College of Tarbiat Modares Univer-sity. In addition, health history questionnaire was employedto collect information in regard to medical history, drugconsumption, consuming food supplements including aminoacids, creatine, or vitamin that could influence the outcomeof the study during the last 6 months of study and any kindof activity during the last 2 months that may interfere with

the results. The BMI of the participants in this study rangedfrom 25 to 30 and aged from 30 to 42 years. In addition, theexercise program was conducted in a bodybuilding club. Allthe participants were followed and supervised during the

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tudy period. The subjects refrained from vigorous exer-ise 24 hours before testing and were tested after a 10-hourast. To reduce the influence of previous food consump-ion on the substrate response during exercise, the subjectsere instructed to maintain their normal diet throughout

he study.Potential subjects were excluded from the study if they

ad 2 or more risk factors on the health history question-aire, were using any medications that could affect exerciser metabolism, were a current smoker, or consumed a veg-tarian diet.

.1. Exercise protocol

he exercise protocol for this research was performed byreadmill. The speed of treadmill was determined based oneveral pilot trials prior to the start of main training proto-ol according to the reserve heart rate by using the Karninethod. The treadmill was Polar Electro Inc, Lake Success,Y brand. Before every training session, reserved heart rateas calculated and the activity intensity was determinedccordingly. Twelve sessions of intensive speedy intervalraining was performed for 4 weeks. The participants wereandomly assigned into two groups of training and one groupf control (n = 8, one group of 10 trails interspaced with oneinute of rest and 10 trials interspaced by 30 second rest).he training sessions started with 3 minutes of warm up and0 percent of reserved heart rate followed by 2 minutes ofool down. In the first week, there were 4 trials and weeklyt was increased by 2 bouts ending by 10 bouts. Maximumeart rate was determined based on the 220-age equation.

.2. Body composition

he height and weight of the participants was measure bytadiometer (with sensitivity of 1 mm) and digital scale,espectively. The waist and hip was measured by flexibleape placed around the waist at the umbilical cord and hip athe largest circumference in standing position. The body fatercent was measured by 7-point skinfold caliper [22,23].hese measures were performed twice, once before andgain at the end of the 4-week training protocol.

.3. Blood variables

or the purpose of blood analysis, 5 cc of left arm venouslood was drawn at 8 AM two days prior and after the termi-ation of the exercise protocol. By employing a questioner,egular menstruation period of 28 to 32 days was ensured andccordingly all the blood samples were collected during theollicle stage of menstruation period. All the collected sam-les were kept frozen at —80 ◦C. Blood components includingDL-C were measured by CV 0.73, Triglyceride 1.82, andholesterol with CV 0.61. The kits were prepared by Parszmon Co. of Iran.

.4. Statistical analysis

ll statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS ver-ion 16.0. The normality of data was confirmed by

150 S.J. Mirghani, M.S. Yousefi

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the participants.

Groups Variables

n Age (year) Height (cm) Weight (kg) BMI (kg/m2)

Experimental Group (60/60) 8 0.33 ± 5.377 15.158 ± 60.3 83.54 ± 12.15 32.18 ± 3.80Experimental Group (60/30) 8 0.32 ± 5.394 14.159 ± 50.4 70.84 ± 5.16 28.11 ± 3.34Control group 8 0.35 ± 5.311 13.160 ± 45.3 70.11 ± 2.61 28.15 ± 1.16

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olmogorov-Smirinov test. The difference between theretest-post-test of all the measured variables was used toest the hypothesis. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)as employed to compare the results and Tukey post-hoc

est was used to compare the means if a significant differ-nce was found. The association of liver enzymes with lipidrofile was tested by Pearson correlation coefficient. All theypotheses were examined at alpha level set to 0.05. Also,f for the ANOVA in all variables was 2.18.

. Results

.1. Liver enzymes

he level of changes in AST, ALT and ALP for the restatio of 60/60, 60/30 and control groups in pretest andost-test state are presented in Figs. 1—3. The result ofnalysis showed that there was no significant changes in ASTF(2,18) = 1.97, P = 0.168); ALT (F(2,18) = 1.97, P = 0.168); ALPF(2,18) = 0.256, P = 0.777) among the three groups.

.2. Blood lipids

he result of analysis showed that there were no significantifferences between the HDL-C (P = 0.644) among the exper-mental groups. In addition, there were also no significantifferences in the cholesterol and triglyceride level of thexperimental groups (P = 0.599, 541) after the completion ofhe exercise protocol (Table 2).

The correlation coefficients between the ALT and serumholesterol was not significant (r = 0.31, P = 0.46) nor theorrelation between the ALT and TG or ALT and LDL-Cere significant (r = 0.16, P = 0.48; r = 0.08, P = 0.705). Inddition, the correlation between the AST and serum choles-erol, TG and LDL-C were not significant (r = 0.20, P = 0.382;

= 0.11, P = 0.630, r = 0.15, P = 0.491). Finally, the correla-ion between the ALP and serum cholesterol, TG and LDL-Cere not significant (r = 0.19, P = 0.387; r = 0.08, P = 0.73,

= 16, P = 0.483).However, a negative significant correlation between the

LT and HDL-C and AST and HDL-C was found (r = —0.57, < 0.01; r = 0.49, P < 0.05) whereas the correlation betweenhe ALP and HDL-C was not significant (r = 0.18, P = 0.423).

.3. Anthropometric indices

he result of analysis indicated that there was a significanthanges in the level of fat mass of the experimental groups

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P < 0.05) following the completion of the exercise protocol.ukey post-hoc test indicated that there were no signifi-ant differences between the 60/60 and 60/30 activity-restnterval (P = 0.511) nor between the 60/60 ratio and theontrol group (P = 0.143) whereas there was a significant dif-erences between the 60/30 activity-rest interval and theontrol group (P < 0.05). The exercise program in this groupignificantly decreased the body fat mass. In addition, noignificant changes in waist to hip ratio (P = 0.134), weightP = 0.238), BMI (P = 0.564), systolic (P = 0.517) and diastoleP = 0.502) blood pressure was observed in the experimentalroups (see Table 3).

. Discussion

he effect of 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training onome of the liver enzymes and serum blood lipids of lowctive over weight females was examined in this research.he results indicated that there were no significant changes

n ALT, AST and ALP of the 60/60, 60/30 activity-rest inter-als and control group following the completion of thexercise protocol. The result of studies conducted by Rectornd associate [24], Ghorbani et al. [12], Thomas and Song25] and Kinoshitoo et al. [26] also indicated that there waso significant change in these enzymes following the par-icipation in exercise program. Cunha et al. [27] examinedhe effect of six weeks of swimming 5 days per week onransaminase of plasma and concluded that such programid not result in significant changes in this factor. Theseesults are in agreement with the results observed in theresent research. However, the result of research reportedy Mir and colleagues showed that participation in 8 weeks oferobic exercise decreased the level of ALT and AST enzymes7]. This is in contrary to the study of Smith et al. [28] thatlaim these changes may reveal the duration of exercise.

One of the consequences of participation in exercise pro-rams is acute liver damage that is associated with increasen liver enzymes [29]. Pettersson et al. [6] examined theffect of intensive physical training (weight-lifting) on liverunctions of healthy men and concluded that the level of ALTnd AST was significantly increased whereas the level of ALPid not change significantly. Ghorbani et al. [12] reported noignificant changes in ALT following one intensive HIIT simi-ar to the result of the present research while they found aignificant change in AST and ALP following the exercise pro-

ram. In addition, Thomas and Song stated that performingxhaustive exercise on treadmill at the speed of 10.30 km/hy men and 6.52 km/h by women had no effect on the levelf AST [25]. Kinoshitoo et al. also showed that participation

High-intensity interval training and lipid profile in overweight women 151

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Figure 1 Comparing the pre- and post-level of AST (e.g., asptransaminase) in the 60/60 to 60/30 activity-rest interval group

in exercise programs of different intensity did not result insignificant change in liver enzymes [26].

Some of the research reports show significant associationbetween the liver enzymes and anthropometric variables[3]. The result of the present research indicated that therewas a significant negative association between ALT andHDFL-C and between AST and HDL-C. Other research resultshave shown a significant association between BMI, bodyweight and visceral fat with liver enzymes [27,28]. How-ever, no significant relationships between the other body

fat indices and liver have been reported. Nah et al. reportedthat there was no significant association between HDL-C andTG with liver enzymes whereas they found a significant rela-tionship between HDL-C and liver enzymes [29]. On the other

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Figure 2 Comparing the pre- and post-level of ALT (e.g., alanitransaminase) in the 60/60 to 60/30 activity-rest interval groups.

e aminotransferase) or SGOT(e.g., serum glutamic-oxaloacetic

and, Wisniewska et al. reported that there was a signifi-ant positive relationship between HDL-C and TG with somef the liver enzymes including ALT and negative significantssociation with HDL-C in subjects who were suffering fromon-alcoholic fat liver syndrome (NAFLD) [30]; this findinghat is similar to the findings of the present research. Consid-ring these contradictory findings, it seems necessary toonduct more studies in regard to the relationship betweenhe serum lipids and liver enzymes.

In addition, among the changes related to obesity in

he present research, no significant difference in the levelf blood lipids, weight, and indices of measuring fat leveln overweight women was not found. These findings aren agreement with the findings of Olson et al. [31], Zois

ne aminotransferase) or SGPT (e.g., serum glutamic pyruvic

152 S.J. Mirghani, M.S. Yousefi

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t al. [32], Manning et al. [33], Johnson et al. [34] andoudou et al. [35]. More research conducted by King et al.36] showed that 8 weeks of walking had no significantffect on body fat mass of fat women. These authors con-luded that no significant change occurred in blood lipids,ody composition of obese women following the partic-pation in exercise training. Contrary to the findings ofhe present research are the findings of Trapp et al. [17]ho examined the effect of 15 weeks of HIIT program on

nactive young women. They reported that participationn HIIT did result in significant decrease in body mass, fatass, trunk fat and lipid concentration of blood in inactive

oung women. The possible explanation for such contra-ictory finding may be attributed to the different durationf the training programs. It need to be mentioned that inhe present research significant decrease in body fat per-ent occurred in 60-30 second training group compared to

he control group. The results of studies show that theecovery period following the termination of high-intensityxercise program influences the substrate change and theontribution of fat oxidation in metabolism highly increases

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Table 2 Lipid profile of 60/60 to 60/30 activity-rest interval and

Variables Group Pretest Post-tes

HDL-C (�g/dL) 60.60 46.28 ± 11.04 46.28 ±60.30 46.00 ± 11.04 47.57 ±Control 44.28 ± 3.8 44.00 ±

HDL/LDL 60.60 0.424 ± 0.11 0.450 ±60.30 0.483 ± 0.15 0.525 ±Control 0.495 ± 0.19 0.506 ±

Cholesterol (�g/dL) 60.60 17.7 ± 18.2 173.0 ±60.30 167.2 ± 33.5 169.7 ±Control 162.2 ± 22.6 167.5 ±

Triglyceride (�g/dL) 60.60 103.4 ± 50.5 113.2 ±60.30 106 ± 46.6 137.1 ±Control 109 ± 7.47 146.7 ±

Significant difference from baseline values (p, 0.05)

hosphatase) in the 60/60 to 60/30 activity-rest interval groups.

37,38]. Heydari et al. [19] showed that 12 weeks of HIITrogram including high-intensity bout of running interspacedy 8 second of rest interval followed by 12 second of recov-ry in young men led to significant decrease in total bodyat, abdomen and trunk fat, visceral fat and body weightn one hand and increase in lead body mass in other hand.hese findings pinpoint to the significance of recovery inost exercise metabolism. Thus, researchers believe thaterobic metabolism during the recovery period from High-ntensity exercise for replenishment of phosphocreatine andactic acid oxidation play significant role [21].

It is important to mention that the participants in thisesearch during one month were involved in 3 to 4 sessionsf recreational activity. This in turn may be one of the causeshat no significant changes in liver indices and blood fat levelere observed.

Manning et al. claimed that the initial level of blood lipid

evel might have some influence on the level of changes ofhese substrates due to the participation in exercise pro-ram [33]. Therefore, the starting level of HDL-C and LDL-C33] in addition to the normal level of weight (non-obese)

control groups.

t Pre-post-test differences F Sig.

7.9 0.00 ± 6.3 0.201 0.82 8.10 1.57 ± 19.4 8.5 —0.28 ± 8.5 0.11 0.026 ± 0.03 0.45 0.644 0.16 0.042 ± 0.07 0.17 0.010 ± 0.06 14.8 —4.71 ± 11.1 0.52 0.599 36.2 2.57 ± 18.6 43.2 5.28 ± 14.4 47.3 9.85 ± 17.66 0.63 0.541 92.08 31.1 ± 56.8

90.03 37.7 ± 58.9

High-intensity interval training and lipid profile in overweight women 153

Table 3 Anthropometric indices of 60/60 to 60/30 activity-rest interval and control groups.

Variables Group Pretest Post-test Pre-post-test differences F Sig.

Fat mass 60.60 40.90 ± 0.81 40.44 ± 0.91 —0.455 ± 0.43 4.98 a0.01960.30 41.82 ± 0.73 41.17 ± 0.17 —0.65 ± 0.32Control 41.17 ± 1.14 41.06 ± 1.10 —0.102 ± 0.19

Waist/hip ratio 60.60 0.872 ± 0.10 0.877 ± 1.10 —1.15 ± 0.87 2.25 0.14360.30 0.897 ± 0.05 0.811 ± 0.06 —0.0628 ± 0.41Control 0.818 ± 0.06 0.814 ± 0.07 —0.457 ± 0.92

Weight (kg) 60.60 83.54 ± 12.15 82.38 ± 12.13 —1.15 ± 0.87 1.55 0.23860.30 70.84 ± 5.16 70.21 ± 5.08 —0.628 ± 0.41Control 70.11 ± 2.61 69.65 ± 2.07 —0.457 ± 0.92

Systolic bloodpressure (mmHg)

60.60 12.11 ± 0.65 12.14 ± 0.37 0.028 ± 0.5260.30 11.57 ± 0.60 11.57 ± 0.78 0.00 ± 0.86Control 12.07 ± 0.18 11.71 ± 0.48 —0.357 ± 0.62 0.658 0.517

Diastolic bloodpressure (mmHg)

60.60 8.35 ± 0.62 8.28 ± 0.75 —0.07 ± 0.44 0.716 0.50260.30 8.14 ± 0.24 8.00 ± 0.57 —0.142 ± 0.74Control 8.57 ± 078 8.14 ± 0.37 —0.428 ± 0.53

BMI (body mass index,weight/height2)

60.60 32.18 ± 3.80 31.74 ± 3.44 —0.442 ± 0.75 0.590 0.56460.30 28.11 ± 3.34 27.70 ± 3.57 —0.407 ± 0.50Control 28.15 ± 1.16 28.02 ± 1.05 —0.133 ± 0.44

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of the participants [39] may have determining effect on thechanges of these factors. In addition, the types of sportsdepending on the gender but not the fitness level of theperson may also contribute to the level of changes in theseparameters [30]. Careful examination of research reportsreveal that many factors including the time of blood samp-ling and laboratory methods may also contribute to thecontradictory findings in this regard [31]. In addition, thereare even reports that show the role of individual differences[40] and sex [28] in regard to the fat level changes that mayalso be the reasons for contradictory findings of the presentresearch.

5. Conclusion

The result of the present research showed that 4 weeks ofHIIT program did not result in significant change in the levelof liver enzymes, blood lipid profiles, and fat indices in over-weight lightly active women. However, the result showedthat 60 to 30 activity-rest interval was more effective thanthe 60 to 60 activity-rest interval for compensating energythrough energy shift from glycolysis toward aerobic pathwayhas been effective in reducing fat percent. In addition to thefactors such as primary stage of physical fitness, not beingfat, starting level of blood lipids, the duration of trainingis an important factor in lack of significant adjustment invariables. In other hand, it was found that there is a sig-nificant correlation between some of the liver enzymes andHDL-C. It was concluded that more research is needed tocontrol factors such as sex, age, type of activity and exerciseprotocols.

Disclosure of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interestconcerning this article.

cknowledgement

he researcher wishes to express their appreciation to sin-ere contribution of Nosrati, the trainer and coach of thearticipants. In addition, many thanks to Dr. Hossein Nasehi,he Sepid lab director, for the lab analysis.

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