MINUTES OF THE SECOND JAPAN-AUSTRALIA GEO-LEO APPLICATIONS

MINUTESOFTHESECONDJAPAN-AUSTRALIAGEO-LEOAPPLICATIONSWORKSHOP

1st–2ndSeptember2016

Tokyo,Japan

VERSION1.0

2ndJapan-AustraliaGEO-LEOApplicationsWorkshop1st–2ndSeptember2016Tokyo,JapanMinutesV1.0

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Session1:Introduction

Welcome

Masahiko Honzawa (JAXA) welcomed everyone to the meeting and led a tour-de-table.ParticipantsarelistedinAppendixA.

Process&Context

Matt Steventon presented some scene-setting information, noting the backgroundof theinitiative,thepurposeofthesecondworkshop,andthegoalof investigatingthepotentialfor focus demonstration projects for the GEO-LEO collaboration around hotspot/hazemonitoringandoceanparametermonitoring(seasurfacetemperatureandoceancolour).

HenotedthattheinitiativewasfoundedasaforumtofosterJapan-Australiacollaborationon the development of applications that benefit from the high temporal and spatialresolution of combined GEO and LEO observations – making the most of Japan’s datastreamsandAustralia’sapplicationcapabilities.

Thepotentialbenefitsofestablishingfocusprojectsinclude:

− Focusingourcollaborativeworktodevelopinnovativenewapplications;− Practically demonstrate the regional benefits of the Japan-Australia GEO-LEO

collaboration;− Demonstrate thesocietalbenefits thatcanberealised fromtheHimawariprogramme

andhighlighttheROIfortheJapanesetaxpayer;− Commercialandpublicgoodopportunities.

TeruyukiNakajima(JAXA)askedwhetherCSIROiscurrentlyplanninganyspecificfollowuptotheir2016CEOSChairinitiativeonNon-MeteorologicalApplicationsforNextGenerationGeostationary Satellites (NMA). Matt stated that he is unaware of any activities at thisstage,andheaddedthatanyfollowupintheframeofCEOSispendingthefinalisationoftheNMAadhocteam’sreportandrecommendations.

AdvancedPerformanceofHimawari-8inOperation

KazumiKamide (JMA)presentedanoverviewof theHimawariprogramme.Henoted thatthe spectral characteristics and spatial resolutions of new generation GEO imagers areapproaching that of their LEO counterparts, presenting opportunities to unlock newinformationanddevelop innovativeapplications.HenotedthetemporalcharacteristicsofHimawari-8 and the data dissemination methods, as well as the recent updates to thegroundprocessingsystemthat improve IRbandco-registration,coherentnoise reduction,andtheresamplingprocedure.Seethepresentationfileformoredetailsoftheupdatesandresults.

Himawari-8relatedactivitiesinCEReS,ChibaUniversity

The Chiba University Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS) performs dataarchiving for JMA, and alsomaintains copies of data from theGOES,Meteosat, and FY-2series of satellites. They currently have an archive spanning 10 years and distribute JMAdata(HS,NetCDF,PNG)aswellasafree-and-openCEReSgriddedproduct.Keyusersserved


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byCEReSincludeChibaUniversity,YamaguchiUniversity,JAXA,CSIRO,JAMSTEC,andKyotoUniversity.

AtsushiHiguchi(ChibaUniversity)showedavideothatdemonstratedthehaze/smokeeffectthatbiomassburninginChinahasonnorthernJapan.HealsodemonstratedhisresearchontheuseofHimawari-8 imagery to forecast rainoccurrenceandvolume– showingoverallgoodcorrelationwithradarinformation,despiteafewminorerrorssuspectedtobeduetoresampling.Henoted thatChibaUniversity researchersarealsousingHimawari-8 for theanalysisofshort-waveIR,whichhasapplicationsinagriculture.

ChibaUniversityisalsodevelopingcapabilitiesfornear-realtimemonitoringandforecasting(viamodelling).Higuchi-sanclosedbynoting thatCEReS isopen tocollaborative researchopportunities.

Session2:StatusReport–Land,Ocean,andAtmosphereDomainTeams

Land

Koji Kajiwara (Chiba University) spoke about two potential applications of combinedHimawari-8 and GCOM-C data. Firstly, he suggested a drought detection system using aWater Stress Index (WSI) derived using high-frequency Himawari-8 solar radiation timeseries (developed by Dr. Takenaka, JAXA/EORC) in combinationwith GCOM-C land coverdata. Such a system would support early warning of forest fires in the Asian region byobserving dry environmental conditions. The second potential application is hot spotdetectionusinghigh-frequencytimeseriesofthermalinfrareddata.Kajiwara-sanpresenteddemonstrationsoftheseapplications(seepresentationfile).

LuigiRenzullo(CSIRO)presentedanupdateonthelanddomainworkongoinginAustralia,including Land Surface Temperature (LST) retrieval investigations and CSIRO’s work withBeijing Normal University to explore the application of AHI visible channels to infer LeafAreaIndex(LAI)andLeafAngleDistribution(LAD).

AjointprojectbetweenCSIRO(LuigiRenzullo),BOM(LeonMajewski)andCurtinUniversity(PeterFearns)aimstoimplementandevaluateAHILSTretrievalsandassess:performanceagainst LEO instruments (e.g., MODIS, Landsat); and the accuracy required for surfaceenergybalancestudies.GiventhesimilaritybetweenAHIandABI,CSIROhasadoptedtheresearchofDr.YunYueYu(NOAA)andisapplyingrecommendedSplitWindowAlgorithms(SWAs) to Himawari-8 data to assess the required accuracy for generation of certainproducts, in particular evapotranspiration (ET). LST retrievals for Australia have beencomparedwith those fromMODIS, andwhile the results display varying degrees of bias,theyareoverallwellcorrelated.

Luigi closed by outlining some next steps for the LST product development and desiredoutcomes fromtheJapan-Australiacollaboration.TheLSTteamwill investigate theuseofACCESS TCWV, explore alternatives for emissivity (including adapting dynamic land coverclassification approaches), evaluate the inclusion of flux tower data (potentially fromOzFlux,AsiaFlux,Fluxnet),andexplorefurtherapplicationofcloudmasking.Luigiiskeentoprogress collaboration with the Japanese team, noting that the collaboration presents agoodopportunitytocomparemethods,dataandresults.


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Shin-ichiSobue(JAXA)notedthesubstantialdifferenceintheHimawari-8andTerraLSTbiascompared to the Himawari-8 and Aqua LST bias. Luigi reported that the reason for thedifferenceisnotclearatthisstage.

Ocean

HiroshiMurakami(JAXA)presentedanupdateonocean-relatedEOresearchongoingwithinJapan.HenotedinparticularthatJAXAEORCareproducingavarietyofseaproductsfromAMSR-2,aswellasSea-SurfaceTemperatureandChlorophyll-adistributionsfromAHI.TheproductsderivedfromHimawari-8demonstrateavarietyofdynamicfeatures/phenomenathatarenotvisible inLEOresults.Murakami-sannotedthattheEORChasalsodevelopedmethods to estimate solar irradiance in the ocean at various depths using the opticalpropertiesofwater–facilitatingestimationofplantgrowthintheocean.

TimMalthus (CSIRO)presentedasummaryofAustralianoceandomainworkonbehalfofresearchers at Curtin University (ocean colour), CSIRO (ocean colour) and the AustralianBureauofMeteorology(SST).

CSIRO’swork is focusedon coastal atmospheric correctionbasedon inversemodellingofradiative transfer simulations using artificial neural networks, as well as extendingradiometric measurements and facilitating lab and field inter-comparisons under theIntegratedMarineObserving System (IMOS). CSIRO has identified the following potentialcollaborationopportunities:

− Thedevelopmentofocean/coastalmonitoringsolutionsfordevelopingAPECcountries/theCoralTriangle;

− SupportingfisheriesmanagementbysupplyingoceancolourandSSTproducts;− Advancing risk management tools for coral bleaching (e.g., the Australian ReefTemp

service) by supplying ocean colour/CDOM products as surrogates for salinitymeasurements;and,

− ExploringtheapplicationoftheAustralianGeoscienceDataCubetodeliverservices.


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The Remote Sensing and Satellite Research Group at Curtin University are looking at alldomains,butaremostlyfocusedontheenvironmentalimpactsofcoastalactivities,suchasdredge operations in north-westernWestern Australia; river outflows; and the impact ofseverestormsonthere-suspensionofsediments.CurtinUniversityisinvestigatingtheuseofHimawari-8/AHIforcoastalmonitoring,LSTretrievals,andturbideventcompliance.TheyhavereportedthattheTotalSuspendedSediment(TSS)resultsfromAHIappearconsistentwiththosefromMODIS.

CurtinUniversityhaveidentifiedcollaborationpotentialinthefollowingareas:

− Suspendedsedimentalgorithmdevelopmento HyperspectralmodelappliedtoMODIS,Landsat,WorldView-2,andAHIo Insituvalidation

− Applicationofchangedetectionalgorithmstocoastalmonitoringo Dredgemonitoring

§ Compliance§ Lightatdepth

o Riveroutflowsandtheirimpactonreefs,seagrass,etc.

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) relies heavily on satellites for imagery,meteorological products, and non-meteorological products (such as solar radiation,vegetation indices, andSST).BOMhasbeen investigating theapplicationofAHI for cloudmask/detection, SST, and combinationswith LEOobservations. Theyhave found thatAHISSTretrievalsdemonstrategoodperformanceandhighsensorstability/calibration.

BOMhasidentifiedthefollowingpotentialareasofcollaboration:

− Detectornoiseimprovement/correction(linedetection)− Navigationcorrection

o Auto-correlationtodetectchangeso Coastlinematch/affinetransformtocorrect

− TakingadvantageofthehightemporalresolutionofAHIo Incorporatetemporalchanges/trendso Cloudobjecttracking

− Improveuncertaintyestimateso Fastinter-sensorcomparisons

− Improvecompositingmethodologieso Uncertaintybasedo Tailoredforuserneeds

Atmosphere

TeruyukiNakajima (JAXA)presentedonbehalfof the Japaneseatmospheredomain team.HeopenedbypresentingJAXA’sportfolioofEarthobservationmissions(shownbelow).Henoted that the greatest uncertainty around the effect of radiative forcing is thedirect/indirectroleofthecloud-aerosolsystem,andGCOM-C/SGLIandEarthCARE/CPRarekeytofurtheringourunderstandingofthisrelationshipandfutureclimatescenarios.


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Nakajima-sanpresentedsomefurtherinformationrelatedtoSGLI(seeslidesfordetails)andclosed by summarising the Himawari-8 products being distributed by JAXA EORC (shownbelow; underlined products are produced regularly and starred productswill be releasedshortly). JAXA’s products can be obtained via FTP following a simple user registrationprocess,see:http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/

IanGrant(BOM)spokebrieflyaboutworkongoinginAustraliarelatedtosolarradiationandozone/UV (aerosols will be covered in a dedicated presentation during the hotspot andhaze/aerosol session). While the Bureau’s main focus is applying Himawari-8 data forweather forecasting, there are R&D activities around select non-meteorologicalapplications.

Solar radiation products from Himawari-8 are under development by BOM. The solarradiationschemeimplementedbyBOMreliesontwoseparatesoftwarepackages:GEOCATtoprocessHimawari-8dataandderivecloudproperties(CloudOpticalDepth(COD) isthemost important cloud parameter for solar radiation); and Heliosat-4, which takes cloudpropertiesandancillarydatatomodelsolarradiationatthesurface.BOMhopestoderiveUVmapsfromHimawari-8/AHIdata,andthefollowingparametersarenecessary:

− TotalColumnOzoneo DerivefromAHIusingaregressionalgorithm

− Clear-skyUVo ModelledfromAHITotalColumnOzoneandotherconstituents

− Cloud-adjustedUVo Adjustclear-skyUVusingGEOCATcloudproperties(perhapsbasedonHeliosat-4)


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Session3:HotspotDetectionandHaze/AerosolMonitoring

FireMonitoringforAsiaUsingHimawari-8andGCOM-C

KojiKajiwara(ChibaUniversity)proposedthattheGEO-LEOinitiativecollaboratearoundfiremonitoringforAsia.HedemonstratedtheutilityofWaterStressIndex(WSI)foridentifyingareas at risk of fire, showing the correlation ofWSI with recent bushfire events in NewSouth Wales, Australia. Kajiwara-san presented some results for Java, Indonesia inSeptember2015;aTIRimagefromAHIclearlyrevealedhotspotsofburningfires.Henotedhoweverthatitissometimesdifficulttodetecthotspotsifaneventisshort-livedorsmallinspatialextent.

Ian Grant (BOM) noted that Australian fire managers tend to be very conservative andreluctant to change their procedures. If a parameter is to be considered (such asWSI) itwouldhavetobewellsupportedbyevidence.

HotspotDetectionandHazeMonitoring

KojiNakau(JAXA)presentedasummaryofsatellitesthatarerelevanttofiredetectionandsmoke/haze monitoring, as well as an overview of the products and services that JAXAprovide/willprovideinthisdomain.


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Nakau-san outlined the satellite data sets that JAXA uses/will use to derive fire-relatedproducts,notingthefollowingdependencies:

− Firelocation(CIRC,SGLI,Himawari-8/AHI)− Smoke(GOSAT,GCOM-C)− Firedanger(GSMaP,GCOM-C,GCOM-W)

GSMaP can be used as an input for fire risk index models, and soil water content fromAMSR-2 is also very useful. Modelling is used to derive fire smoke production, smoketransportation and fire danger metrics. CIRC is a key instrument for fire detection, andNakau-sanpresentedsomeresultsandmethodologies.

AfirelocationproductfromHimawari-8isbeingdeveloped,andshouldbereleasedviatheJAXAHimawariMonitorinthenextJapanesefinancialyear.Nakau-sanalsonotedtheonlineplatform: JAXASatelliteMonitoring forEnvironmental Studies (JASMES),whichprovidesasuiteofglobalandregionalenvironmentalproducts.

Ian Grant (BOM) reported that the Australian Bureau ofMeteorology is also working tointegratesoilmoisturemeasurementsintotheirfiredangerprocesses.

AerosolProductsfromHimawari-8andtheHealthImpactsofSmokeinAustralia

Ian Grant (BOM) reported that there are two approaches used to derive Aerosol OpticalDepth(AOD)inAustralia.AODresultsareverifiedusingBOMandCSIROgroundstations.

AHI-MODIS/VIIRSaerosolandsurfaceBRDFretrievalscanbeachievedusingtheCSIRODual-View Algorithm (originally developed for AATSR). The algorithm provides aerosolclassifications,andradiativetransfermodellingprovidesadirectlinkbetweensurfaceBRDFandTopofAtmosphere(TOA)reflectance.Thealgorithmrequirescross-calibrationbetweenAHIandMODIS/VIIRS(spectralbandconversionandradiometriccalibration).Theplanistoextend thealgorithm forapplication toHimawari-8/AHI+GCOM-C/SGLI throughaCSIRO-JAXAcollaboration.

Multi Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC), developed by AlexeiLyapustin(NASA/GSFC)isanothermethod.MAIACsimultaneouslyretrievesaerosolopticalthicknessandtype,surfacereflectance,andcloudmasks,andhasbeenappliedtoMODIS,


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VIIRS,DSCOVR/EPIC,andGOES-Rdata.ABOM-NASAcollaboration isplannedtoapplythealgorithmtoHimawari-8/AHI.

Iannotedthesignificanthealthimpactscausedbysmokefromfiresandotherparticulates,reportingforexamplethatoneparticularstudyshowedthatannuallyinAustralia,upto430prematuredeaths–equivalentto5800YearsLifeLost(YLL)–canbelinkedtoexposuretoanthropogenic particulatematter. Smoke source and transportmodelling/forecasting is akeypotentialapplicationofHimawaridata.TheCentreforAirqualityandhealthResearchandevaluation(CAR)isakeystakeholder.TheUniversityofNewSouthWalesisalsoheavilyinvolved, with their Asia Initiative for Research on Climate and Air Pollution (AIRCAP)project, which aims to investigate the short- and long-term effects of air pollution andclimate changeonhumanhealth inAsia. IanalsonotedanAustralian-Malaysian researchprojectonforestfiresmokeeffects,whichhasfundingforapilotprojectandwillkick-offinlate2016/early2017.

IanclosedbynotingsomepotentialopportunitiesfortheGEO-LEOinitiative:

Teruyuki Nakajima (JAXA) noted that JAXA contributes to the Asia Pacific Clean AirPartnership (APCAP) by supporting smoke estimation and modelling. Ian noted thatconnectingwith initiativessuchasAPCAPiskeytorealisingsignificantoutcomesfromtheJapan-AustraliaGEO-LEOinitiative.

AerosolMonitoring

Maki Kikuchi (JAXA) presented on Himawari-8 aerosol product development at the JAXAEORC. JAXA’s Himawari Monitor launched in August 2015 and is the platform used fordisseminatingimagesanddata.

Twoaerosolproductsaretargeted:Level2aerosolproperties(snapshotevery10minutes,alreadyreleased–updateplannedforautumn2016)andLevel3aerosolproperties(hourlycombinedproduct,alsoplannedfor release inautumnthisyear).TheLevel2algorithm isconsistentwithJAXA’salgorithmsforGCOM-C/SGLI,GOSAT-2/CAI-2,andEarthCARE/MSI.

Kikuchi-sandetailed the specificsof the Level 2 snapshotalgorithmandalso spokeabouttheupdateplannedforautumnrelease.Theupdatedalgorithmwilluseanimprovedcloudflag; a common algorithm for ocean and land; aerosol absorption information from


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observations, rather than assumptions; andwill applymore channels. These changeswillresultinfewercloudcontaminationsandincreasethevalidareaofobservation.

TheLevel3hourlycombinedproductremovescontaminationsduetoedgeeffects,sunglintandcloudeffects.Spatiotemporalvariabilitycharacteristicsofaerosolopticalthicknessareevaluated using data from the surrounding 12.5km and past 1 hour. The resultantcharacteristicsareusedtoeliminatecloudcontaminatedpixelsandderiveahighlyaccurateaerosol dataset. Aerosol transport dynamics are captured much better than with polarorbitingsatellites.

JAXAEORCisworkingwithJMA/MRI,theNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies(NIES)and Kyushu University on data assimilation and aerosol prediction using modelling. Thefollowing image shows the potential benefits of data assimilation. An underestimation ofanthropogenicairpollutionoverwesternJapanandanoverestimationofalargeduststormoverinnerMongolia/central-eastChinawereimprovedbyusingbothGEOandLEOdata.

LuigiRenzullo (CSIRO)askedwhyAustralia couldn’t justuse JAXAEORCproducts that areavailableviatheHimawariMonitorratherthandevelopproductsindependently.IanGrant(BOM) acknowledged the suggestion and stated that Australia could investigate theseproducts.

Action01MakiKikuchi,IanGrantandLuigiRenzullotoinitiateadialoguearoundtheopportunitiesforvalidationofJAXA’sAOTproductsusingAustraliangroundvalidationsites.

December2016


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JMAAsianDustMonitoringUsingHimawari-8Products

Daisaku Uesawa (JMA) noted some of the Himawari-8 products that are produced byJMA/MSCandprovidedtotheJMAAtmosphericEnvironmentDivision(AED)formonitoringdust,including:VIS,IRbrightnesstemperaturedifference,AOD,andRGBs(truecolouranddust).Uesawa-sannotedthattherearemanyadditionalRGBsavailableviatheJMAwebsitein real time. JMA has been providing aeolian asian dust information based on numericalforecasts and surface observations since January 2004, and satellite observations providekeysupportinginformation.

A new type of true colour RGB (TCR – True Colour Reproduction) has been developedthrough a collaboration between JMA/MSC and the NOAA/NESDIS GOES-R AlgorithmWorking Group Imagery Team. TCR features improved atmospheric correction (Rayleighscatteringcorrection)tomaketheimagerymorevivid,optimallyadjustedgreencorrection,andRGBchromaticityconversiontosRGBforoutputdevices(i.e.computerdisplays),amongother enhancements. More information is available at:http://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/data/himawari/index.html

An AOD algorithm for Himawari-8 was developed by JMA’s Meteorological ResearchInstitute (MRI) and introduced into the Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC) of JMA.Uesawa-sannotedsomeofthetechnicaldetailsoftheAODproduct(seeslidesfordetails).

Integrating Hotspot Measurements from Himawari-8 into the Sentinel BushfireMonitoringSystem

MedhavyThankappan(GA)introducedtheAustralianSentinelBushfireMonitoringSystem,which has been operating since 2005 using data fromAqua, Terra, NOAA-19 and Suomi-NPP.GAhas receiveda government grant to introduce10-minutedata fromHimawari-8,andareworkingwiththeUniversityofWisconsintocustomiseanexistinghotspotalgorithm(WildFire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm,WFABBA) for application toHimawari-8(deliveredinMay2016,performanceevaluationiscurrentlyongoing).

TheWFABBAprocessingtimeandaccuracyhavebeenevaluatedacrossthreedifferenttimeperiodsandcomparedtoresultsfromMODIS.Mostcommissionerrors(i.e.falsepositives)occurred in day time; with night time images showing good correlation with MODIShotspots.ManyHimawari-8hotspotcommissionerrorsoccurred intheNorthernTerritoryduringJanuary.MedhavyreportedthateventswithalowFireRadiativePower(FRP)weremostlikelytomismatchtheresultsfromMODIS.


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National-scale hotspots support Federal Government information needs; aid fire-relatedlandmanagementinremoteareas(e.g.,NorthAustralianFireInformation);actasadditionaldatasourcesforstatesystems(e.g.,Emap-Victoria);andprovideredundancyforfiretowers,air observations and community reports. The inclusion of Himawari-8 data will enablecharacterisationforactivefiresandpre-andpost-firemonitoringapplications.

Medhavyclosedbynotingthathotspotinformationisreleasedtofiremanagersviasecureaccess to the Sentinel server.Matt Steventonnoted a previous comment from IanGrant(BOM)whichsuggestedthatfiremanagersarereluctanttousenewtoolsandservicesfortheirwork.Medhavyacknowledged the issue,noting that thedata isbeing releasedwithheavycaveatsandprimarilyasasecondarydatasourcetosupportothertools/information.

Medhavy noted that GA will be happy to share outputs with the Japanese team ifrequested.

DynamicEcologicalObservationsfromSatellitestoInformAerobiologyofAllergenicGrassPollen

AlfredoHuete(UTS)introducedhisresearchonthepotentialroleofGEOandLEOsatelliteobservationstotrackpollenaeroallergensforpublichealthapplicationsandforecasts.TheprojectisledbytheAustralianNationalHealthandMedicalResearchCouncil(NHMRC).

Alfredonotedthatgrasspollensarethemostwidespreadsourceofaeroallergensglobally,inducingallergicasthmaandrhinitis– increasinglysosincethe1960’s,althoughthecausefortheincreaseisunknown.

Conventionalmethodsformonitoringairbornepollenrequireadequatesamplingsites,andare based upon site-specific empiricalmeteorological relationships. In situmeasurementsarealso timeandcostprohibitive.Satellite remotesensingofpollen-conducive landscapeconditions, in combinationwith transportmodelling, is apotential alternativemethod forpollen forecasting. Alfredo showed some examples that demonstrated the correlationbetweengrowthstagesofknownaeroallergenicpollensourcesandpollenexposure.

Alfredo closed by noting that the increased temporal resolution of GEO imagers such asHimawari-8willbeparticularlyusefulforshort-termforecasting.


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Session4:OceanColourandSeaSurfaceTemperatureMonitoring

OceanColourProductsfromSatelliteData

HiroshiMurakami(JAXA)spokeaboutsomeoftheoceancolourproductsbeingdevelopedbytheJAXAEORCusingHimawari-8/AHIandsomesimulatedGCOM-C/SGLI250mresults.

Substantialcollaborations–bothdomesticandinternational–havebeenestablishedwithresearcherstodevelopproductsthatintegrateGCOM-Cwithinsituandmodelleddata.Theresultswill enablemonitoringandpredictionof theoceancarbonbudgetand thecoastalenvironment.

Murakami-sanclosedbydetailingthespecificsofthechlorophyll-aresultsfromHimawari-8/AHI, noting that theyarewell correlatedwith in situ results from JMA research vesselsand the AERONET-OC Lucinda site (see slides for details). Some other summarisingstatementsarepresentedbelow.

SeaSurfaceTemperatureProductsfromSatelliteData

MisakoKachi(JAXA)notedthatJAXAdevelopsanddistributesvarioussatelliteSSTproductsasacontributiontotheGHRSST(GrouponHighResolutionSST)andtheCEOSSST-VC.SSTproducts aredistributed inNetCDF format through the JAXA server. Kachi-san alsonotedthat7GHzpassivemicrowavechannelsare indispensable for retrievingglobalSSTandsoilmoisture measurements. All-weather, frequent measurements enable analyses of rapidchanges of SST; and time-proven infrared measurements and passive microwaveobservationsarecomplementaryintermsofspatialresolutionanderrorsources.

An impressive Himawari-8 SST demonstrationwas presented. The animation showed thecooling of the sea surface in the wake of a typhoon passing overhead. Himawari-8 SSTproductsareavailableviatheJAXAHimawariMonitorandtheyhavebeendevelopedusingtheGCOM-C/SGLISSTalgorithmasabasis.Somespecifictechnicaldetailswerepresentedand improvements between version 1.1 and 1.2 of the algorithms were presented (see


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slides).Himawari-8SSTresultsarebeingintegratedintooceanforecastmodelsoperatedbyJAMSTEC.

TeruyukiNakajima(JAXA)askedwhetherAMSR-2SSTdataisalsobeingintegratedintothemodelsoperatedbyJAMSTEC.Kachi-sanreportedthatthisisnotyetdone,butitisplannedfor2016.

SeaSurfaceTemperatureMonitoringfortheWesternNorthPacificatJMA

Toshiyuki Sakurai (JMA) reported that JMA’s Office of Marine Prediction (OMP) isresponsible for providing oceanographic information in the western North Pacific. SSTanalyses/forecastsareoneofthekeyOMPproducts,supportingfisheriesandothermarineindustries (ship routing, tourism,etc.); recreation;oceanographicenvironmentmonitoring(coralbleaching,etc.);oceandataassimilation;andprovidingboundaryconditions for theweatherforecastingsystem.TheSSTsourcesusedbyOMParenotedinthefigurebelow.

JMA’sMeteorologicalSatelliteCenter(MSC)producesHimawari-8Level3SSTdatausingthesame retrieval algorithm as used by JAXA (based on a quasi-physical algorithm) and thecloudmask isbasedon JMA’s fundamental cloudproduct forHimawari-8.The resultsare


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verifiedusingbuoynetworks,andtheyhavebeenshowntobeasignificant improvementoverthosederivedfromMTSAT-2.

OMPprovidesthreeSSTproducts:Himawari-8SST imagery(operational),Mergedsatelliteand in situ data Global Daily Sea Surface Temperature (MGDSST, operational) and High-resolutionMGDSST(HIMSST,experimental).

MGDSST is OMP’s standard SST product, which uses AVHRR (NOAA-18, 19, MetOp-A),AMSR-2,Windsat,and insitudata.Thebiasesofsatellites’dataarecorrectedusing insitumeasurements.MGDSSTisusedasalowerboundaryconditionforNWPmodelsandalsoasobservationaldataforoceanassimilationsystems.Additionally,MGDSSTcontributestotheGHRSST Multi-Product Ensemble (GMPE) system. HIMSST is a high-resolution MGDSSTexperimentalproductusingAVHRR,AMSR-2,Himawari-8,andinsitusources.

Sakurai-sanclosedwiththefollowingsummary:

CoastalApplicationsandIMOSValidationSupportforHimawari-8

TimMalthus (CSIRO) reviewed some of the reasonswhy CSIRO is applying GEO data foroceancolourmonitoring.Henotedthatcoastalwatersarehighlydynamicandrequiremorefrequentsampling/observations.Geostationaryimagersfacilitatethestudyofdiurnalcycles,monitoring and forecasting of the dispersal of flood plumes and harmful algal blooms toimprove environmental risk assessment and management, and provide key data forassimilation into biogeochemical models. LEO observations occur during different tidalcycles,makingitdifficulttoperformaccuratecomparisons.

TimnotedtheSchroederetal.(2007)MERISatmosphericcorrectionalgorithmthatisbeingadaptedtoHimawari-8imagesbyCSIRO(seeslidesforfurtherdetails).Thefirstresultswereproducedin2015,andTimnotedthatthespatialfeatureswereasexpected–withhigherreflectanceinturbidcoastalregions–andgoodde-correlationofatmosphericandoceanicsignals over turbid waters (no oceanic features in AOD results). Further development isplanned, specifically around accounting for ozone and surface pressure variability duringinversion;performingconsistencyanalysisofthediurnalreflectancecycle;inter-comparingresults with LEO (MODIS, VIIRS, OLCI); and validation with IMOS ground observations.CollaborationwithJAXAisdesiredforalgorithmevaluationanddatasharing.


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Level 2 validation is performed at the Lucinda Jetty validation site, aswell as using ship-borne above-water radiometry. The Lucinda site offers continuous above and in-wateroptical measurements, as well as fortnightly water quality sampling. A hyperspectralinstrument(DALEC)wasaddedtotheLucindasiteinMay2016.Allopticaldataisavailablehere:https://portal.aodn.org.au/

AustralianBOMSSTProductsfromHimawari-8andLEOMissions

Ian Grant (BOM) noted that the Australian Bureau ofMeteorology uses SST for its NWPschemes, forecasting of typhoon intensity, and fog forecasting. Long SST records are alsousefulclimatedatarecords.BOMusesrealtimeAVHRRat1kmresolution;receiveddirectlybyregionalgroundstations(seebelow).4kmglobaldataisalsoavailablewithadelay.TheAntarcticisalsocoveredforshippingpurposes.Manydifferentproducttypesareproducedby the Bureau (swath, map, composites) and uncertainties aremeasured by comparisonwithfloatingbuoys.

Ian presented the eReefs service – a six-year 30 million AUD collaborative project thatcombinesgovernmentcommitmenttoreefprotection,world-classscientificinnovationandcontributionsfromleadingAustralianbusinesses.CommencedinJanuary2012,theprojectisfocusedontheprotectionandpreservationoftheGreatBarrierReef,andformsthefirststepinbuildingacomprehensivecoastalinformationsystemforAustralia.SatelliteremotesensingprovidesSSTandoceancolourinputsviathemarinewaterqualitydashboard,whichenables access to near real-time data on sea surface temperatures, chlorophyll levels,sedimentsandlightfortheentireGreatBarrierReef.


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Ian closed by summarising the approach used for the Bureau’s real-timeHimawari-8/AHISSTproduct.Aregression-basedapproachwasselectedasitisfastandstandalone,howeverit requires training data, which is provided by NOAA-ACSPO VIIRS SST L2P. A number ofmodels/bandshavebeen trialled,andBOMfound thatperformance isonlyweakly linkedto complexity. As such, a simpler model using only the LWIR bands was selected –facilitating day andnight acquisitionswithout discontinuities. Furtherwork is planned, asoutlinedbelow.

DredgeandFloodPlumeRemoteSensing

PeterFearns(CurtinUniversity)reportedonsomeoftheworkongoingatCurtinUniversityto helpmanage andmonitor sensitive coastal environments, comprisingmultidisciplinarystudies of coastal processes, ecosystems and models. Curtin University researchers are


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usingcurrentlyunder-utilisedremotesensingtechnologiestoaidregulatoryauthoritiesthatmanage coastal developments (such as dredging of ports/harbours) across regions ofinterestthatarevast,remote,hostile,andexpensivetoworkin.

AsdoneattheCSIROLucindasite,CurtinisusingtheDALEChyperspectralinstrumentforinsitu measurements. The measurements are used to validate atmospheric correctionalgorithms.

Peter demonstrated some results derived from MODIS data that show the effects ofdredgingandsedimentdumpingoffthecoastofWesternAustralia.Long-termtimeserieswereusedtoderivebackgroundTSSlevels,forcomparisonwithknowndredgingevents.AnanalysishasalsobeenperformedtojudgetheaccuracyofvariousLandsatandMODISTSSalgorithms.

TherearedramaticchangestothepercentageandcharacteristicsofthelightthatreachestheseafloorwithsmallvariationsinTSSconcentrationanddepth.Therelationshipbetweenlight,TSSanddepthcanbeappliedtoanyoftheTSSmetricstoshowtheexpectedchangeinlightavailableatthesubstrate.Thisisanimportantmetrictohavetoestimateplant/seagrassgrowthintheocean.

Himawari-8/AHIhasbeenapplied toderiveaTSSproduct, andhas thepotential fornearreal-timemonitoringof sedimentplumedispersals, however, unfortunately there is no insitu validation data available, as the field campaign ended just prior to the operation ofHimawari-8.

PeterclosedwiththefollowingsummaryofCurtinUniversity’scapabilitiesandfindings:

TeruyukiNakajima (JAXA)askedwhether themethodspresentedcouldalsobeapplied toinlandwaterbodiessuchasfreshwater lakesetc.Peterreportedthatthereshouldbenoissuesaslongastherearenosubstantialedgeeffectsandthewaterbodyislargeenough.


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Session5&6:BreakoutSessionsFollowingtheplenarysession,twogroupswereformedtodiscussthefocustopics:

1. Hotspotdetectionandhaze/aerosolmonitoring;and,2. Oceancolourandseasurfacetemperaturemonitoring.

Summaries of the two breakout sessions, as presented during theworkshop by Shin-ichiSobue (JAXA) and TimMalthus (CSIRO), are attached in Appendix B and C. The resultingactionsarerecordedinAppendixD,alongwiththosefromtheplenarysession.

Session7:WrapUpShin-ichi Sobue (JAXA) presented a brief summary of the workshop. He noted that bothbreakoutgroups:

− Identifiedgoodopportunitiesforcross-validationofwork;− Notedtheneedtoestablishrelationshipswithusergroups;and,− Shouldassesspotentialcontributionstoexistingframeworks.

Shin-ichinotedthatthehotspotdetectionandhaze/aerosolgrouptookanactiontowriteupasummaryofproductsof interest forcomparison/validation– includingPOCs,targets,etc.andheproposed that theoceancolourandseasurface temperature teamshoulddothesame.

Shin-ichi noted that we will share our progress and a summary of the workshop at theupcoming CEOS SIT Technical Workshop for information. We would like to be able topresent case studies (using existing systems) at the upcoming APRSAF-23 (Manila,November) to report progress and contact stakeholders (for example, the AsianDevelopmentBank, Indonesianauthorities,etc.)andthenfollowupatAPRSAF-24 in2017withspecificdemonstrationsofthesocietalbenefitsofthecollaborationfocusprojects.

We will aim to establish quarterly catch-up teleconferences to keep the communicationlinesopenandtrackprogresswhileweworktowardsthenextGEO-LEOmeeting,tobeheldinAustraliain2017.

ClosingRemarks

Shin-ichi Sobue (JAXA) thanked everyone for their attendance and noted the excellentprogressthathasbeenmade.OnbehalfoftheAustralianteam, IanGrant(BOM)thankedthe Japanese team for their hospitality and organisation of a very productive workshop.Shin-ichiwishedeverybodysafetravelsandadjournedthemeeting.


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APPENDIXA–Attendees

Organisation Name Organisation NameAustralianBOM IanGrant JAXA Shin-ichiSobueChibaUniversity AtsushiHiguchi JAXA ShizuYabe

ChibaUniversity KojiKajiwara JAXA TeruyukiNakajimaCSIRO LuigiRenzullo JAXA YoshiakiKinoshitaCSIRO TimMalthus JAXA YoshinoriYoshimuraCurtinUniversity PeterFearns JMA HiroshiKunimatsuGA MedhavyThankappan JMA HitomiMiyamotoJAXA ChuIshida JMA ShiroOhmoriJAXA DaisukeTajiri JMA ToshinoriAoyagiJAXA HiroshiMurakami JMA ToshiyukiSakuraiJAXA KoHamamoto JMA/MSC DaisakuUesawaJAXA KojiNakau JMA/MSC KazumiKamideJAXA MakiKikuchi JMA/MSC MasayaTakahashiJAXA MasahikoHonzawa RESTEC KojiAkiyamaJAXA MatthewSteventon RESTEC TsugitoNaganoJAXA MisakoKachi RESTEC YukioHaruyamaJAXA NozomiTomizawa UTS AlfredoHueteJAXA RikoOki


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APPENDIX B – Ocean Colour and Sea Surface Temperature MonitoringBreakoutSessionSummaryOverall Goal: Support fisheries,navigationandconservation relatedactivitiesinthe‘CoralTriangle’.Fisheriesrelatedaspects:− Fishinggrounddetection(SST,

oceancolour,currents)− Copingwith

overfishing/sustainability,illegalandunregulatedfishing

Safetyofnavigation(currents,etc.)− AssimilationwithmodelsConservationrelated− Preservingcoralecosystems(developmentimpacts,bleaching)− Mangrovesystems− Harmfulalgalblooms− Tourism(waterquality,biodiversity,aesthetics)Many of these aspects require high-resolution data, however there is the potential forblendedGEO-LEOproductsthatovercomethetemporallimitationsofLEOsensors.ThereisalsothepotentialtoexploithightemporalresolutionHimawari-8databyassimilatingitwithmodels toprovide forecastsof, forexample,algalbloomsandstress relatedtobleaching.Thereisalsothepotentialtodevelopaprototypeofaproductdistributionsystemforthedeliveryofdataoverlargeregionalareas.

RelevantExistingProgrammesandSystems

− CoralTriangleinitiativehttp://www.coraltriangleinitiative.org/− INDESO–Indonesiahttp://www.indeso.web.id(showninterestinHimawari-8data)− SEAFDEC–SoutheastAsianFisheriesDevelopmentCenter

http://www.seafdec.org/about/

Activities

− Engagewiththeidentifiedbodiestodiscusskeythemes,theirneeds,interestinremotesensingdata,potentialsocietalbenefits,relevantusergroups,potentialdemonstrationprojects(max.two),andvalidationdataneeds.

− Identifyfundingsources(e.g.,WorldBank,AsianDevelopmentBank,UNEP,DFAT/JICA,USAID)andpossiblyengagewithagenciesofregionalcountries(Indonesia,Philippines,Brunei,SolomonIslands,PapuaNewGuinea,Malaysia,Borneo,Timor-Leste).

− UndertakethefollowingR&Dactivities:o Continue to advance product generation from GEO sensors: SST, Chl-a, TSM,

attenuation, coral bleaching products (based on ReefTemp, possiblyincorporatingwaterqualitydata).

o ProgressblendedGEO-LEOproducts.o AssimilateGEO-LEOdatawithbiogeochemicalmodels.


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o Advanceatmosphericcorrectionalgorithms.o Better understand optical complexities/optical properties related to ocean

monitoringfromGEO.o Engagewithscientistsonlocalresearchvessels/supplyinstrumentationtoobtain

validationdata(e.g.,fromDALECs).Aimtocollectmorevalidationdata.

Japan-AustraliaCooperationOpportunitiesThefollowingactivitiesweresuggested:− Joint Japan-Australia teams will work on the same products, independently deriving

productsusingdifferentalgorithmsforcomparison.− Australiawill supply insitudata forparameterizationandvalidation.Sourcesof insitu

datafortheregionofinterestneedtobeidentified.

Milestones− Sharestatusatthe2016CEOSSITTechnicalWorkshopsidemeeting.− APRSAF-23 (November 2016): initiate the development of awork plan for the overall

goal,inconsultationwithcountriesanddonorbodies.o Giveasummarypresentation

− Clarifyuserneedsandpotentialdemonstrationprojects,aswellastheroleofGEOdata(December2016).

− NextGEO-LEOworkshopin2017–locationisTBCinAustralia.− APRSAF-24(November2017):reportthecasestudiesandworkplanprogress.


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APPENDIX C – Hotspot Detection and Haze/Aerosol Monitoring BreakoutSessionSummaryOverall Goal: Provide hotspot and haze/aerosol information derived using GEO and LEOsatellitestousersintheAsia-Pacificregion.It was agreed that the best approach to achieving the overall goal is to identify someachievablefirststepsthatwill:i. Help improve the independent systems being developed on both the Japanese and

Australiansides;and,ii. Facilitatethegenerationofcompellingcasestudiesandexamples,includingofexisting

systems,thatcanbepresentedtootherAsia-Pacificcountriesanddonorbodies(ADB,UNEP,JICA,WorldBank,ASEANFund,AustralianDFAT,APEC)togenerateinterestandinvolvement.

Japan-AustraliaCooperationOpportunitiesThefollowingactivitiesweresuggestedinlightoftheaboveagreement:− Establishadialogueandprocedurearoundtheexchangeofproducts (incl.cloudmask

algorithms,etc.)andinformationforthepurposeofsystemvalidation.Itwassuggestedthatastandardiseddataformatformatchinghotspotsbeestablishedinsupport.

− Worktogetherto identifya targetareaforvalidationactivities–preferablywithinthecoverage of AustralianMODIS ground stations. It was suggested thatMODIS hotspotproductsbecomparedwiththosefromHimawari-8(Australianteamtolead)andCIRC(Japaneseteamtolead).

− Identify potential user groups/end users and possible contributions to existingframeworks(inparticularthoserelatedtopublichealth,firemanagement,aviation,etc.)such as AIRCAP (Australian BOM to lead the follow up), UNEP ABC (JAXA to lead thefollowup),andtheAsia-PacificCleanAirPartnership.

− Prepare case studies that demonstrate the potential societal benefits of GEO andintegratedGEO-LEOproducts–incoordinationwithusergroups(e.g.,firemanagersandpublichealthbodies).

− Investigate (together) the integration of local hotspot products into existing smoketransportationmodels(e.g.,fromKyushuUniversity,CSIRO/BOM(MartinCope’swork)).

− Collaborators will communicate their independent validation of aerosol products anddiscussacommonvalidationprotocol(sites,dates,metrics).

− ALOS-2/ISS CIRC data is available for hotspot measurements (however ISS CIRCobservation opportunities are limited). The Australian teamwill provide the Japaneseteamwith advancednoticeof prescribedburnevents (at least 3daysbeforehand) sothatacquisitionscanbecoordinated.

RelevantExistingProgrammesandSystems− Hotspot detection systems (Australian Sentinel Bushfire Monitor, CIRC/GCOM-

C/Himawari-8system(expectedinDecember2016),Indonesiansystems).− AERONET (includes CSIRO AOD data), JAXA Himawari Monitor (aerosol products),

SKYNET,WMOGAW(expectedtoincludeBOMAODdata).


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Milestones− Sharestatusatthe2016CEOSSITTechnicalWorkshopsidemeeting.− APRSAF-23 (November 2016): initiate the development of awork plan for the overall

goal,inconsultationwithcountriesanddonorbodies.o Giveasummarypresentation

− Clarifyuserneedsandpotentialdemonstrationprojects,aswellastheroleofGEOdata(December2016).

− NextGEO-LEOworkshopin2017–locationisTBCinAustralia.− APRSAF-24(November2017):reportthecasestudiesandworkplanprogress.


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APPENDIXD–ActionSummary

PlenarySession

No. Action Duedate

Action01Maki Kikuchi, Ian Grant and Luigi Renzullo to initiate a dialogue aroundtheopportunities for validationof JAXA’sAOTproducts usingAustraliangroundvalidationsites.

December2016

OceanColourandSeaSurfaceTemperatureMonitoring

No. Action Duedate

OC&SSTAction01

Contact identified bodies and agencies of regional countries (Indonesia,Philippines, Brunei, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia,Borneo, Timor-Leste) to discuss key themes, their needs, interest inremote sensing data, potential societal benefits, relevant user groups,potentialdemonstrationprojects(max.two),andvalidationdataneeds.

December2016

OC&SSTAction02

Identify funding sources for the projects of interest (e.g., World Bank,Asian Development Bank, UNEP, DFAT / JICA, USAID) and initiate thenecessarycontact.

TBD

DependsontheresultofOC&SST

Action01

OC&SSTAction03

JapaneseandAustralianteamstoeachdevelopandshareaprogrammeofR&Dbasedontheprioritytopicsnotedabove. TBD

OC&SSTAction04

Domain Leads to prepare a statement of products of interest for cross-comparison/validation,includingPOCsandtargetsforeach. December2016

OC&SSTAction05

Australianteamtoidentifyallsourcesofinsitudatathattheyhavefortheregion and to initiate a dialogue with the Japanese team on validationdataneedsanddatasharing.

December2016

HotspotDetectionandHaze/AerosolMonitoring

No. Action Duedate

HD&H/AAction01 Shin-ichiSobuetocontactUNEPABCregardingouractivities. December2016

HD&H/AAction02 IanGranttocontactAIRCAPregardingouractivities. December2016

HD&H/AAction03

Medhavy Thankappan and Koji Nakau to compare hotspot results fromCIRCandHimawariwiththeGASentinelsystem. December2016

HD&H/AAction04

Medhavy/Ian to follow up the sharing of prescribed burninformation/schedules (a week in advance is ideal) and investigatewhethersuggesteddatescanbepassedtofiremanagementauthorities.

December2016


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HD&H/AAction05

Koji Nakau to share ALOS-2/ISS CIRC orbit/image parameters and therequired fire size for detection, so that the Australian side can considernegotiatingprescribedburndateswithfireagencies.

December2016

HD&H/AAction06

Ian to notify the Japanese team when BOM sun photometer data isavailableviaWMOGlobalAtmosphereWatch. ASAP

HD&H/AAction07

Ian to suggest to Martin Cope that he integrate JAXA/Australia localhotspotproductsand/or locallyproducedaerosolproducts fromJAXA inCSIRO’ssmoketransportationmodelforvalidationpurposes. IantokeeptheJapaneseteaminformed.

December2016

HD&H/AAction08 IantosharethenamesoftheJapaneseAIRCAPparticipants. December2016

HD&H/AAction09

Ian/Medhavy, Nakau-san, and Kikuchi-san to prepare a statement ofproducts of interest for cross-comparison/validation (hotspots, aerosolincl.cloudmask)aswellasPOCsandtargetareasforeach.

December2016

HD&H/AAction10

Nakau-san and Hamamoto-san to contact their Indonesian counterpartsatLAPANandBMKGtoinformthemofouractivity. December2016

Documents

MINUTES OF THE SECOND JAPAN-AUSTRALIA GEO-LEO APPLICATIONS