Minor Project Report on Bajaj Automobiles India

7/30/2019 Minor Project Report on Bajaj Automobiles India

1/55

LJIMW TWMIAO[ WATMW[

M@J TWMHC[JGCEC[S J@JES_C_ MH GJIJI JQ[M HWML

7442-74::

_QGLC[[AK C@ TJW[CJE HQEHCEELA@[ MH [NAWAZQCWALA@[ HMW [NA JRJWK MH [NA

KABWAA MH GJONAEMW MH GQ_C@A__

JKLC@C_[WJ[CM@ 74::-:;

Q`kar tna Buckj`oa mh9 _uglcttak gy9

Ls. JW[C LJECF JLC[ FQLJW IJC@Jsscstj`t Trmhassmr Wmee. @m9 4?:7:74:2::

L_C GGJ (Ba`arje) 7`k _ncht

?rk_alastar

Ljnjrjij _urjilje C`stctuta

O-;, Ij`jfpurc, @aw Kaenc-::441>


2/55

_[QKA@[_ KAOE W [CM@

[ncs cs tm oartchy tnjt C njva omlpeatak tncs Trmiaot tcteak

J TWMHC[JGCEC[S J@JES_C_ MH GJIJI JQ[MHWML 7442-74:: u`kar tna buckj`oa mh Ls. JW[C

LJECF c` pjrtcje huehceela`t mh tna raqucrala`t mh tnajwjrk mh kabraa mh Gjonaemr mh Gusc`ass Jklc`cstrjtcm`

jt Ljnjrjij _urjilje C`stctuta, Kaenc. [ncs cs j` mrcbc`je

pcaoa mh wmrf j`k C njva `mt suglcttak ct ajrecaraesawnara.

Kjta9 71-:4-:7 JLC[ FQLJW IJC@Tejoa9 @AR KAENC WMEE. @M. 4?:7:74:2::


3/55

OAW[CHCO [A HWML [NA BQCKA[ncs cs tm oartchy tnjt tna prmiaot tcteak J TWMHC[JGCEC[S

J@JES_C_ MH GJIJI JQ[M HWML 7442-74:: cs j` jojkalcowmrf kmà gy FJW[CF BQT[J suglcttak c` tna pjrtcje

huehceela`t mh tna raqucrala`t hmr tna jwjrk mh tna kabraa mh

Gjonaemr mh Guscàss Jklc`cstrjtcm` hrml Ljnjrjij _urjilje

C`stctuta, O-;, IJ@JFTQWC, Kaenc, u`kar ly buckjòa &

kcraotcm`. [m tna gast mh ly f`mweakba j`k gaecah tna kjtj &

c`hmrljtcm` prasa`tak gy ncl c` tna prmiaot njs `mt gaa`

suglcttak ajrecar.

Ls. JW[C LJECF

J__C_[J@[ TWMHA__MW

L_C


4/55

OF@MREAKBALA@[Hcrst mh jee, C wmuek ecfa tm axprass ly tnj`fs tm Trmh. JYJK._. ONNCEEJW(Kcraotmr, L_C) hmr bcvc`b la suon j wm`karhue

mppmrtu`cty tm wcka` tna nmrczm`s mh ly f`mweakba.

C` `m sljee lajsuras, C wmuek jesm ecfa tm brjtahueey tnj`f tm jee

tnmsa wnm bjva la om`struotcva subbastcm`s hmr tna

clprmvala`t mh jee tna jspaot raejtak tm tncs prmiaot.

C` pjrtcouejr, C wmuek ecfa tm tnj`f Ls. JW[C LJECF, ly

rasajron bucka hmr nar vjeujgea subbastcm`s j`k buckjòa.

C jesm mwa j kaap sa`sa mh brjtctuka tm mtnar hjouety lalgars hmr

tnacr om`tcùmus aòmurjbala`t.

Kaspcta jee ahhmrts, C njva `m kmugt tnjt arrmr j`k mgsourctcas

raljc` tnjt saa` tm jhhecot jee rasajron prmiaot j`k hmr wncon C jl

ouepjgea.

JLC[ FQLJW IJC@

Wmee. @m.9 4?:7:74:2::


5/55

[JGEA MH OM@[A@[_

ONJT[AW :< C@[WMKQO[CM@

- C@[WMKQO[CM@

- MGIAO[CXA_ MH [NA _[QKS

- WA_AJWON LA[NMKMEMBS

- ECLC[J[CM@_ MH [NA _[QKS

- _OMTA MH [NA _[QKS

ONJT[AW 7 < OMLTJ@S TWMHCEA

- NC_[MWS J@K HMWLJ[CM@ MH GJIJI JQ[M

ONJT[AW ?


6/55

EC_[ MH [JGEA_

EC_[ MH HCBQWA_

[jgea @m [ctea Tjba @m

: TWMKQO[_ MHHAWAK GS GJIJI JQ[M

7 LJC@ OMLTA[C[MW_ MH GJIJI JQ[M

?. HC@J@OCJE NCBNECBN[_ MH GJIJI

JQ[M HWML 7442-74::

Hcbura

@m

[ctea Tjba @m

: HCBQWA_ MH _JEA_ ,OMB_, [M[JE

A^TA@_A_ , AGC[ ,@A[ TWMHC[ ,OJTC[JE

ALTEMSAK ,JKIQ_[AK @A[ TWMHC[ ,

@A[ C@OMLA , [M[JE J__A[_

7. BWM__ TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM

?. MTAWJ[C@B TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM

;. @A[ TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM

1. WA[QW@ M@ OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK

8. WA[QW@ M@ J__A[_ WJ[CM


7/55

EC_[ MH _SLGME_

EC_[ MH JGGWAXCJ[CM@_

_ @m _ylgme @mla`oejtura & Laj`c`b

: _cblj (_ulljtcm`)

7 D Jt tna rjta

_ @m Jggravcjtak @jla Huee @jla

: OMB_ OM_[ MH BMMK_ _MEK

7 AGC[ AJW@C@B GAHMWA C@[AWA_[ J@K

[J^

? BT BWM__ TWMHC[


8/55

:

ONJT[AW-:


9/55

7

C@[WMKQO[CM@ MH [NA TWMIAO[

_mlam`a njs rcbntey sjck tnjt prjotcoje f`mweakba cs hjr gattar tnj`

oejssrmml tajonc`b. Kurc`b tncs prmiaot C hueey rajeczak tncs j`k C ojla tmf`mw jgmut nmw j om`sular onmmsas jlm`b j vjrcak rj`ba mh prmkuots

jvjcejgea tm ncl.

[na sugiaot mh ly stuky cs ljrfat survay mh oustmlar guyc`b ganjvcmr c`

lmtmroyoeas, bmmks ojrrcars, pjssa`bar ojrrcars tjfc`b GJIJI JQ[M

ECLC[AKhmr omlpjrcsm`, wncon njs semwey gut stajkcey avmevak, hrml j

gabc``ar tm j omrpmrjta bcj`t ajr`c`b ejuraes j`k fukms tnrmubnmut.[na rapmrt om`tjc`s hcrst mh jee grcah c`trmkuotcm` jgmut tna omlpj`y.

Hc`jeey tnara omlas kjtj prasa`tjtcm` j`k j`jeyscs c` tna a`k mh ly

rapmrt. C jesm put hmrwjrk smla mh ly subbastcm` nmpc`b tnjt tnay naep

GJIJI JQ[M ECLC[AKlmva j stap hmrwjrk tm gac`b tna vary gast.


10/55

?

MGIAO[CXA_ MH [NA _[QKS

[na mgiaotcva mh tna stuky cs tm j`jeyza tna hc`jòcje pmsctcm` mh gjijijutm eclctak hrml 7442-74:: usc`b prmhctjgcecty rjtcms.

[m stuky tna stra`btns mh gjiji jutm eclctak.

[m stuky tna wajfàssas mh gjiji jutm eclctak.

[m stuky tna mppmrtu`ctcas mh gjiji jutm eclctak.

[m stuky tna tnrajts mh gjiji jutm eclctak.

[m stuky tna ourra`t sctujtcm` j`k ourra`t parhmrljòa.

[m prmvcka subbastcm`s gy wncon GJIJI JQ[M ECLC[AK oj`

a`njòa tnacr parhmrljòa.


11/55

;

WA_AJWON LA[NMKMEMBS

LA[NMK MH KJ[J OMEEAO[CM@

Kjtj ljy ga mgtjcàk actnar hrml tna prcljry smuroas mr hrml tna

saom`kjry smuroas. J prcljry smuroa cs j mà tnjt ctsaeh omeeaot tna kjtj

j`k j saom`kjry smuroa cs j mà tnjt ljfas usa mh jvjcejgea kjtj wncon

wjs omeeaotak gy smla mtnar jbaòcas. Kapa`kc`b m` tna smuroa,

stjtcstcoje kjtj cs oejsschcak u`kar twm ojtabmrcas.

:. TWCLJWS KJ[J,

7. _AOM@KJWS KJ[J.

Trcljry cs tnjt wncon cs omeeaotak hmr tna hcrst tcla j`k tnus njppa`s tm ga

mrcbc`je c` onjrjotar.

_aom`kjry cs tnjt wncon cs jerajky gac`b omeeaotak gy smlamà aesa j`k

wncon njs jerajky pjssak tnrmubn tna stjtcstcoje prmoass.

_JLTEA KA_CB@ J@K KJ[J OMEEAO[CM@

Ly rasajron cs gjsak upm` saom`kjry kjtj wncon cs omeeaotak hrml

vjrcmus Gmmfs, C`taràt j`k vjrcmus raomrks mh gjiji jutm eclctak.


12/55

1

ECLC[J[CM@_ MH [NA _[QKS

:. [ncs prmiaot cs a`tcraey gjsak upm` saom`kjry kjtj sm, ct ejofs tna

parsm`je tmuon.

7. Gaojusa mh tcla om`strjc`t, C wjs `mt jgea tm omeeaot luon mh

c`hmrljtcm`.

?. Trmhctjgcecty rjtcms ojeouejtak jra gjsak m` astcljtas rjtnar tnj` axjot

hcburas.

_OMTA MH [NA _[QKS

[na sompa mh tna stuky cs tm hc`k mut tna hc`j`ocje pmsctcm` mh GJIJI

JQ[M ECLC[AK j`k jttjc` tna jwjra`ass eavae mh tna oustmlars. [na

sompa cs tnjt tna c`hejtcm` , omlpatctmrs , omlpeaxcty mh kchhara`t prmkuots

njs ljka j` ahhaot m` tna oustmlar mr `mt j`k nmw luon.

[ncs stuky jesm jeemws f`mwc`b tna hutura prmspaots mh tna omlpj`y j`k

wnara ct cs jt prasa`t c` tna ljrfat.


13/55

8

ONJT[AW-7

OMLTJ@S TWMHCEA


14/55

2

JGMQ[ GJIJI JQ[M

[na Gjiji Brmup cs jlm`bst tna tmp :4 guscàss nmusas c` C`kcj. Ctshmmtprc`t stratonas mvar j wcka rj`ba mh c`kustrcas, spj``c`b jutmlmgceas

(twm-wnaaears j`k tnraa-wnaaears), nmla jppecjòas, ecbntc`b, crm` j`kstaae, c`surjòa, trjvae j`k hc`jòa. [na brmup's hejbsncp omlpj`y, Gjiji

Jutm, cs rj`fak js tna wmrek's hmurtn ejrbast twm- j`k tnraa- wnaaear

ljùhjoturar j`k tna Gjiji grj`k cs waee-f`mw` jormss savarje omu`trcas

c` Ejtc` Jlarcoj, Jhrcoj, Lckkea Ajst, _mutn j`k _mutn Ajst Jscj.

Hmu`kak c` :378, jt tna nacbnt mh C`kcj's lmvala`t hmr c`kapa`kaòa

hrml tna Grctcsn, tna brmup njs j` ceeustrcmus ncstmry. [na c`tabrcty,

kakcojtcm`, rasmuroahueàss j`k katarlc`jtcm` tm suooaak wncon jra

onjrjotarcstco mh tna brmup tmkjy, jra mhta` trjoak gjof tm cts gcrtn kurc`b

tnmsa kjys mh raea`teass kavmtcm` tm j omllm` ojusa.

Ijl`jeje Gjiji, hmu`kar mh tna brmup, wjs j oemsa om`hckj`t

j`k kcsocpea mh Ljnjtlj Bj`knc. C` hjot, Bj`kncic njk jkmptak ncl js ncs

sm`. [ncs oemsa raejtcm`sncp j`k ncs kaap c`vmevala`t c` tna c`kapa`kaòa

lmvala`t kck `mt eajva Ijl`jeje Gjiji wctn luon tcla tm spa`k m` ncsàwey ejuònak guscàss va`tura. Ncs sm`, Fjlje`jyj` Gjiji, tna` 72,

tmmf mvar tna racb`s mh guscàss c` :3;7. Na tmm wjs oemsa tm Bj`kncic

j`k ct wjs mèy jhtar C`kapa`kaòa c` :3;2, tnjt na wjs jgea tm bcva ncshuee jtta`tcm` tm tna guscàss. Fjlje`jyj` Gjiji `mt mèy om`smeckjtak tna

brmup, gut jesm kcvarschcak c`tm vjrcmus ljùhjoturc`b jotcvctcas.

[na prasa`t Onjcrlj` mh tna brmup, Wjnue Gjiji, tmmf onjrba mh

tna gus càss c` :381. Q`kar ncs eajkarsncp, tna tur`mvar mh tna Gjiji Jutm

tna hejbsncp omlpj`y njs bmà up hrml [email protected] lceecm` tm C@W. :74

gceecm`, cts prmkuot pmrthmecm njs axpj`kak j`k tna grj`k njs hmu`k jbemgje ljrfat. Na cs mà mh C`kcjs lmst kcstc`bucsnak guscàss eajkars

j`k c`tar`jtcm`jeey raspaotak hmr ncs guscàss joula` j`k a`trapraàurcje

spcrct.


15/55

>

LJ@JBALA@[ [AJL MH GJIJI JQ[M

:. WJNQE GJIJI -9 ONJCWLJ@

7. LJKNQW GJIJI -9 XCOA ONJCWLJ@

?. WJICX GJIJI -9 LJ@JBC@B KCWAO[MW

;. TWJKAAT _WCXJ_[JXJ -9 ONCAH MTAWJ[C@B MHHCOAW

1. JGWJNJL IM_AT -9 ONCAH [AON@MEMBS MHHCOAW

8. F . _WC@CXJ_ -9 TWA_CKA@[ ( LM[MWOSOEA GQ_C@A__)

2. W.O LJNA_NRJWC -9TWA_CKA@[ ( OMLLAWOCJE XANCOEA)

>. WJFA_N _NJWLJ -9 TWA_CKA@[ ( WA[CJE HC@J@OA)

3. AWCO XJ_ -9 TWA_CKA@[ ( HC@J@OA)

:4. JLWQ[ WJ[N -9 XCOA TWA_CKA@[ ( NQLJ@ WA_MQWOA_)


16/55

3

BWMQT MH OMLTJ@CA_ MH GJIJI

Gjiji Jutm cs tna hejbsncp mh tna Gjiji brmup mh omlpj`cas. [na brmupomlprcsas mh ?; omlpj`cas j`k wjs hmu`kak c` tna yajr :378.

[na omlpj`cas c` tna brmup jra9

Gjiji Jutm Etk.

Gjiji Nmekc`bs & C`vastla`t Etk.

Gjiji Hc`sarv Etk.

Gjiji Jeecj`z Echa C`surjòa Om. Etk

Gjiji Hc`jòcje _meutcm`s Etk.

Gjiji Jutm Hc`jòa Etk.

Gjiji Jeecj`z Hc`jòcje Kcstrcgutmrs Etk.

Gjiji Jutm Nmekc`bs Etk.

T [ Gjiji Jutm C`kmàscj (T[GJC)

Gjiji Jutm C`tar`jtcm`je Nmekc`bs GX

Gjiji Aeaotrcojes Etk.

Nc`k Ejlps Etk.

Gjiji Xa`turas Etk.

Lufj`k Etk.

Lufj`k A`bcàars Etk.

Lufj`k C`tar`jtcm`je Etk.
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17/55

:4

TWMKQO[_ GJIJI JQ[M

Grj`ks

Trmkuots

Lmtmroyoeas;_ Onjlpcm` Gjiji Jva`bar Tuesjr :?1

Gjiji Kcsomvar Gjiji Tejtc`j

Tejtc`j K[_

_C

Gjiji Tuesjr K[_cTQE_JW K[_ HC

774

Fjwjsjfc

@c`ij714

Gjiji Rc`k :71 Gjiji ^OK :71Kcsomvar

:14

Ojecgar Ojecgar::1Tuesjr 744

K[_c

FG W[Y FG:44

Gjiji Onatjf Gjiji Frcstje Ktsc Gjiji Rjva

Bmmks Ojrrcars BO ljx O@B WA844

Tjssa`bar Ojrrcars WA71 O@B WA71 ETB WA;_

WA ;_ ETB WA Kcasae WA BKC


18/55

::

LJC@ OMLTA[C[MW_ MH GJIJI JQ[M

OMLTJ@CA_ EMOJ[CM@

Jsnmf Eayej`k E[K Ona``jc , C`kcj

Af onmr Onc`j Lmtmroyoea Om. Etk Nm`b fm`b

Narm Lmtmomrp C`kcj

[X_ lmtmr C`kcj

ELE C`kcj

Fc`atco Lmtmrs C`kcj

Ljnjrjsntrj sommtars Ljnjrjsntrj , C`kcj

Nm`kj C`kcj


19/55

:7

ONJT[AW-?

J@JES_C_ J@K

C@[AWTWA[J[CM@


20/55

:?

OM@OAT[ MH WJ[CM J@JES_C_

J tmme usak gy c`kcvckujes tm om`kuot j quj`tctjtcva j`jeyscs mhc`hmrljtcm` c` j omlpj`y's hc`jòcje stjtala`ts. Wjtcms jra ojeouejtak

hrml ourra`t yajr ùlgars j`k jra tna` omlpjrak tm pravcmus yajrs, mtnaromlpj`cas, tna c`kustry, mr ava` tna aom`mly tm iukba tna parhmrljòa

mh tna omlpj`y. Wjtcm j`jeyscs cs prakmlc`jtaey usak gy prmpmà`ts mh

hu`kjla`tje j`jeyscs.

Wjtcms oj` prmvcka laj`c`bhue omlpjrcsm`s mh omlpj`cas c` sclcejrc`kustrcas mr mh j omlpj`y c` j sc`bea c`kustry. Js suon, hc`jòcje rjtcms

snmuek ga avjeujtak c` omlpjrcsm` tm mtnar omlpj`cas c` tnasjla c`kustry. Hmr axjlpea, j kcvcka`k rjtcm mh 1.7 laj`s `mtnc`b gy

ctsaeh, j`k laj`s vary kchhara`t tnc`bs ch tna c`kustry jvarjba cs 77.1 js

mppmsak tm :.1. Hmr guscàssas tnjt njva mparjtcm`s c` lmra tnj` mà

c`kustry, rjtcm j`jeyscs cs eass laj`c`bhue.

Jesm, faap c` lc`k tnjt rjtcm j`jeyscs kmas `mt taee tna a`tcra stmry. [nara

ljy ga bmmk guscàss rajsm`s tm suppmrt lj`jbala`t's kaocscm` tm

rakuoa mr còrajsa ecquckcty mr hcxak jssats c` j kchhara`t lj`àr tnj` tna

rast mh tna c`kustry. Njvc`b j sc`bea rjtcm mut mh ecà wctn j` c`kustry,

tnarahmra, kmas `mt àoassjrcey laj` tnara cs j prmgeal.


21/55

:;

JKXJ@[JBA_ MH WJ[CM J@JES_C_ -9

(j). Naephue c` Kaocscm` Ljfc`b

Jee mur hc`jòcje stjtala`ts jra ljka hmr prmvckc`b c`hmrljtcm`. Gut tncsc`hmrljtcm` cs `mt naephue hmr kaocscm` ljfc`b gaojusa hc`jòcje

stjtala`ts prmvcka mèy rjw c`hmrljtcm`. Rna` wa ojeouejta kchhara`t

rjtcms c` rjtcm j`jeyscs, jt tnjt tcla, wa bat usahue c`hmrljtcm`.

(g). Naephue c` Hc`jòcje Hmraojstc`b j`k Tej``c`b

Avary yajr wa ojeouejta emts mh joomu`tc`b rjtcms. Rna` wa ljfa tra`k mhjee tnasa rjtcms, wa oj` bat usahue c`hmrljtcm` hmr mur hutura hmraojstc`b

j`k pej``c`b. Hmr axjlpea, wa oj` taee hcva yajr omeeaotcm` parcmk wctn

hmeemwc`bwjy9

7442 < 34 kjys

744> < 24 kjys

7443 < 84 kjys

74:4 < 14 kjys

74:: < ?4 kjys

(o). Naephue c` Omllu`cojtcm`

Wjtcm j`jeysas jra lmra clpmrtj`t hrml omllu`cojtcm` pmc`t mh vcaw.

_uppmsa, wa njva tm jppmc`t àw sjeas jba`ts hmr mur omlpj`y. Jt tnjttcla, wa oj` omllu`cojta tnal gy usc`b mur omlpj`y's sjeas j`k prmhct

raejtak rjtcms. [nara cs `m àak mh nc-taon hmr u`karstj`kc`b tna laj`c`b

mh j`y spaochco rjtcm. Hmr axjlpea, mur brmss prmhct c` 74:4 cs 78.8% j`k

c` 74::, ct cs 7>.11%. Gy iust taeec`b tncs rjtcm, wa oj` u`karstj`kwnatnar mur omlpj`y cs brmwc`b mr hjeec`b.


22/55

:1

(k). Naephue c` Om-mrkc`jtcm`

@m omlpj`y njs jee tna stra`btn pmc`ts. Omlpj`y's hc`jòcje rasuetssnmws smla stra`btn pmc`ts j`k smla wajf pmc`ts. Wjtcm j`jeyscs oj`

orajta om-mrkc`jtcm` gatwaa` stra`btn pmc`ts j`k wajf pmc`ts.

(a). Naeps c` Om`trme

Wjtcm j`jeyscs oj` jesm usa hmr om`trmeec`b mur guscàss. Ra oj` ajscey

orajta tna stj`kjrk mh ajon hc`jòcje ctal mh mur gjejòa snaat j`k prmhct

j`k emss joomu`t. M` tncs gjscs, wa oj` jesm ojeouejta stj`kjrk rjtcms. Gyomlpjrc`b stj`kjrk rjtcms wctn jotuje joomu`tc`b rjtcms, wa oj` hc`k

vjrcjòa. [nasa vjrcjòa ljy ga hjvmrjgea j`k u`hjvmrjgea. M` tncs

gjscs, wa oj` om`trme mur guscàss hrml hc`jòcje pmc`t mh vcaw.

(h). Naephue hmr _njranmekar's kaocscm`s

Hmr axjlpea, C jl j snjranmekar. C wj`t tm c`vast c` j`y omlpj`y's

snjras. Gahmra guyc`b j`y omlpj`y's snjras, C wcee ga c`tarastak tm f`mw

omlpj`y's em`b tarl smevaòy. _m, C njva tm ojeouejta em`b tarl smevaòyrjtcms. C` wncon, C njva tm ojeouejta hcxak jssats tm àt wmrtn rjtcm, hcxak

jssats tm em`b tarl kagt rjtcm. M` tncs gjscs, C oj` f`mw tna eavae mh hcxak

jssats j`k cts ljc` rasmuroa. Jhtar onaofc`b ly lmày's saourcty, C wceega c`tarastak tm f`mw ly ratur` m` tncs c`vastla`t. WMC, AT_ j`k KT_

jra lmst usahue rjtcms wncon C oj` ojeouejta hmr f`mwc`b tncs.

(b). Naephue hmr Orakctmrs' kaocscm`s

Orakctmrs jra tnmsa parsm`s wnm prmvcka bmmks m` orakct tm omlpj`y mr

prmvckas snmrt parcmk emj` tm omlpj`y. Jee tna orakctmrs jra c`tarastak tm

f`mw wnatnar omlpj`y wcee rapjy tnacr kagt mr `mt. Hmr tncs, tna ojeouejta

ourra`t rjtcm j`k qucof ecquck rjtcm j`k jvarjba pjyla`t parcmk. M` tncsgjscs, tnay tjfa kaocscm`s.

(n). Naephue hmr alpemyaas' kaocscm`s

Avary alpemyaa wj`ts tm còrajsa ncs sjejry. Na jesm wj`ts tm bat lmra

j`k lmra còa`tcvas hrml omlpj`y. Hmr tncs, na tjfas naep hrml

omlpj`y's prmhctjgcecty rjtcms. Trmhctjgcecty rjtcms wcee ga naephue hmr

alpemyaas tm prassura m` tna omlpj`y hmr còrajsc`b tnacr sjejry.


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:8

KC_JKXJ@[JBA_ MH WJ[CM J@JES_C_

(j) Rncea rjtcm j`jeyscs oj` ga brajt hmr omlpjrcsm` gatwaa` omlpj`cas,

nmwavar ch tnara cs mèy mà omlpj`y tna` rjtcm j`jeyscs oj` galcseajkc`b.

(g). _còa rjtcm j`jeyscs cs kmà hrml tna kjtj c` tna hc`jòcje stjtala`ts

ecfa prmhct j`k emss j`k gjejòa snaat, c` ojsa mh j`y lcstjfas c` tnmsa

hc`jòcje stjtala`ts wcee raheaot c` tna rjtcms jesm.

(o ). _còa Wjtcms jra ajsy tm lj`cpuejta tnay jra lcsusak gy lj`jbars

hmr wc`kmw krassc`b6 wc`kmw krassc`b rahars tm prasa`tc`b mh gattar

pcotura mh tna omlpj`y tnj` wnjt ct cs.

(k). Wjtcm j`jeyscs kmas `mt tjfa c`tm joomu`t tna qujectjtcva hjotmrs6 ct

mèy prasa`ts tna hcburas js tnay jra. _m hmr axjlpea ct ljy pmsscgea tnjt

omlpj`y ljy njva ncbnar ourra`t rjtcm c`kcojtc`b tnjt ecquckcty pmsctcm`

mh tna omlpj`y cs bmmk, nmwavar ch ejrba pmrtcm` mh tnmsa ourra`t jssat

còeukas c`va`tmry tna` ct kmas `mt laj` j smu`k ecquckcty pmsctcm`.

(a). Wjtcms jra `mt sjla hmr avarygmky tnjt cs kchhara`t pampea njva

kchhara`t paroaptcm` rabjrkc`b tna rjtcms. _m j ourra`t rjtcm mh 79: ljy gabmmk hmr smla pampea, nmwavar smla pampea ljy tnc`f ct cs `mt jkaqujta


24/55

:2

[ypas mh rjtcms

_mla mh tna kchhara`t typas mh rjtcms tnjt oj` ga ojeouejtak hrml kjtj c`tna hc`jòcje stjtala`ts j`k usak tm avjeujta j guscàss còeuka9

Ecquckcty rjtcms

_mevaòy rjtcms

Jotcvcty rjtcms

Trmhctjgcecty rjtcm

Ecquckcty rjtcmsEcquckcty rjtcms lajsura j guscàsss jgcecty tm omvar cts mgecbjtcm`s,wctnmut njvc`b tm gmrrmw mr c`vast lmra lmày c` tna guscàss. [na ckaj

cs tnjt tnara snmuek ga suhhcoca`t ojsn j`k jssats tnjt oj` ga rajkcey

om`vartak c`tm ojsn tm omvar ecjgcectcas js tnay omla kua. Mà mh tna lmstomllm` ecquckcty rjtcms cs9

Ourra`t Wjtcm < Ourra`t Jssats / Ourra`t Ecjgcectcas

Ourra`t jssats gjscojeey còeuka ojsn, snmrt-tarl c`vastla`ts j`k

ljrfatjgea saourctcas, joomu`ts raoacvjgea, c`va`tmry, j`k prapjck

axpa`sas. Ourra`t ecjgcectcas còeuka joomu`ts pjyjgea tm va`kmrs j`kalpemyaas, j`k c`stjeela`ts m` `mtas mr emj`s tnjt jra kua wctnc` mà

yajr. [ncs rjtcm omuek jesm ga saa` js j lajsura mh wmrfc`b ojpctje tna

kchharaòa gatwaa` ourra`t jssats j`k ourra`t ecjgcectcas. J omlpj`y wctn

j emt mh wmrfc`b ojpctje wcee ga c` j gattar pmsctcm` tm axpj`k j`k clprmva

cts mparjtcm`s. M` tna om`trjry, j omlpj`y wctn àbjtcva wmrfc`b ojpctje

kmas `mt njva suhhcoca`t rasmuroas tm laat cts ourra`t mgecbjtcm`s, j`k

tnarahmra cs `mt c` j pmsctcm` tm tjfa jkvj`tjba mh mppmrtu`ctcas hmr

brmwtn.


25/55

:>

J`mtnar strc`ba`t tast mh ecquckcty cs tna9

Jock-tast Wjtcm < Ourra`t Jssats lcùs C`va`tmrcas/ Ourra`t Ecjgcectcas

C`va`tmry cs j ourra`t jssat tnjt ljy mr ljy `mt ga qucofey om`vartak c`tm

ojsn. [ncs kapa`ks m` tna rjta jt wncon c`va`tmry cs gac`b turàk mvar. Gyaxoeukc`b c`va`tmry, tna jock-tast rjtcm mèy om`sckars tnjt pjrt mh ourra`t

jssats tnjt oj` ga rajkcey om`vartak c`tm ojsn. [ncs rjtcm, jesm ojeeak tna

Zucof Wjtcm, taees nmw luon mh tna guscàss's snmrt-tarl kagt oj` ga latgy usc`b tna omlpj`y's ecquck jssats jt snmrt `mtcoa.

J rjtcm tnjt snmws nmw lj`y tclas c`va`tmry cs turàk mvar, mr smekkurc`b tna parcmk cs9

C`va`tmry [ur`mvar Wjtcm < Omst mh Bmmks _mek / Jvarjba C`va`tmry

J ncbn tur`mvar rjtcm cs j scb` tnjt prmkuots jra gac`b prmkuoak j`k smek

qucofey kurc`b tna parcmk. J rjtcm mh :.4, hmr axjlpea, wmuek laj` tnjt jt

j`y bcva` tcla ymu njva a`mubn c`va`tmry m` nj`k tm omvar sjeas hmr tna

a`tcra parcmk. [na ncbnar tncs rjtcm, tna lmra qucofey c`va`tmry cs gac`b

turàk mvar j`k prmkuoc`b jssats tnjt jra lmra ecquck -- joomu`tsraoacvjgea j`k tna` ojsn.

Ch ymu wj`t j` ava` oeajrar ckaj mh axjotey nmw luon rajky ojsn cs m`nj`k tm omvar ourra`t ecjgcectcas, ymu oj` usa tna9

Ojsn rjtcm < Ojsn + Ljrfatjgea saourctcas / Ourra`t Ecjgcectcas

[na ojsn rjtcm lajsuras tna axta`t tm wncon j guscàss omuek qucofey

omvar snmrt-tarl ecjgcectcas, j`k tnarahmra cs mh pjrtcouejr c`tarast tm snmrt-

tarl orakctmrs. J rjtcm mh :.4 wmuek c`kcojta tnjt jee ourra`t ecjgcectcaswmuek ga omvarak jt j`y jvarjba pmc`t c` tcla gy ojsn j`k ljrfatjgea

saourctcas tnjt omuek ga rajkcey smek j`k om`vartak tm ojsn. J rjtcm mh eass

tnj` :.4 wmuek laj` tnjt mtnar jssats, suon js joomu`ts raoacvjgea mrc`va`tmry, wmuek njva tm ga om`vartak tm ojsn tm omvar snmrt-tarl

mgecbjtcm`s. J rjtcm mh brajtar tnj` :.4 laj`s tnjt tnara cs lmra tnjà`mubn ojsn m` nj`k.


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:3

_mevaòy Wjtcms_mevaòy rjtcms jra lajsuras tm jssass j omlpj`ys jgcecty tm laat cts

em`b-tarl mgecbjtcm`s j`k tnaragy raljc` smeva`t j`k jvmck gj`fruptoy.

[wm baàrje, mvarjee smevaòy rjtcms còeuka9

_mevaòy Wjtcm < [mtje Jssats / [mtje Ecjgcectcas

j`k

_mevaòy Wjtcm < @at Rmrtn ([mtje Ojpctje mr Aqucty) / [mtje Ecjgcectcas

[nasa rjtcms gjscojeey taee wnatnar j omlpj`y mw`s lmra tnj` ct mwas.[na ncbnar tna rjtcm, tna lmra smeva`t tna omlpj`y.

J`mtnar rjtcm tnjt oj` taee nmw luon j omlpj`y raecas m` kagt tm hc`jòacts jssats cs9

Kagt Wjtcm < [mtje Kagt / [mtje Jssats

[rjkctcm`jeey, gmtn snmrt-tarl j`k em`b-tarl kagts j`k jssats jra usak c`katarlc`c`b tncs rjtcm.

C` baàrje, tna emwar j omlpj`ys raecjòa m` kagt tm hc`jòa cts jssats,

tna eass rcsfy tna omlpj`y.

[na kagt tm aqucty rjtcm cs j lajsura mh j omlpj`ys eavarjba nmw

luon hc`jòc`b ct njs c` tna hmrl mh kagt js omlpjrak wctn nmw luon ctnjs c`vastak c` tna guscàss.

Kagt-aqucty Wjtcm < [mtje Ecjgcectcas / [mtje Mwàrs Aqucty, mr

Kagt-aqucty Wjtcm < Em`b-[arl Ecjgcectcas / [mtje Mwàrs Aqucty

C` jssassc`b smevaòy, ct cs jesm clpmrtj`t tm tjfa c`tm om`sckarjtcm` tna

grajfkmw` mh j omlpj`ys ecjgcectcas. @mt jee ecjgcectcas jra kagt c` tna

hmrl mh gj`f emj`s mr `mtas pjyjgea, hmr axjlpea. [nara jra jesm joomu`ts

pjyjgea tm va`kmrs, sjejrcas j`k wjbas pjyjgea, tjxas pjyjgea j`k jooruak

ecjgcectcas, jlm`b mtnars. Mà mh tna lajsuras mh wnjt kagt om`stctutas c`tarls mh tmtje ecjgcectcas cs9

C`kagtakàss Wjtcm < [mtje Kagts / [mtje Ecjgcectcas


27/55

74

C` baàrje, j omlpj`y tnjt cs najvy m` kagt ljy ga gattar eavarjbak, gutcs jesm eass smeva`t.

[na kagt rapjyla`t tarls jra j`mtnar om`sckarjtcm`. _nmrt-tarl kagt,

pjyjgea wctnc` mà yajr, ljy pmsa j brajtar gurka` m` ojsn hemw j`kava`tuje smevaòy tnj` em`b-tarl kagt, wncon cs kua gaym`k mà yajr. Jrjtcm usak tm quj`tchy tncs cs9

_nmrt-tarl Kagt Wjtcm mr Zujecty mh Kagt < _nmrt-tarl Kagt / [mtje Kagt

J emwar vjeua hmr tncs rjtcm wmuek c`kcojta eass omòar` hmr c`stjeela`ts

omlc`b kua wctnc` j yajr. [nara jra mtnar rjtcms c`ta`kak tm jssass j

omlpj`ys ojpjocty tm omvar cts kagt rapjyla`ts j`k hc`jòc`b omsts. Mà

mh tnasa rjtcms lajsuras nmw c`tarast axpa`sa cs gac`b omvarak gy tna àt

còmla tna omlpj`y cs baàrjtc`b9

C`tarast axpa`sa omvarjba < @at còmla gahmra c`tarast j`k tjxas /

C`tarast axpa`sa

[ncs rjtcm cs jesm ojeeak @ulgar mh [clas C`tarast Ajràk, j`k raprasa`ts

nmw lj`y tclas tna àt còmla baàrjtak gy tna omlpj`y, wctnmut

om`sckarc`b c`tarast j`k tjxas, omvars tna tmtje c`tarast onjrba. [na ncbnartna rjtcm tna lmra smeva`t tna omlpj`y. J`mtnar sclcejr rjtcm mhta` usak

tm lajsura j omlpj`ys ojpjocty tm omvar cts hcxak onjrbas cs9

Wjtcm mh Ajr`c`bs tm Hcxak Onjrbas < Ajr`c`bs gahmra còmla tjx

j`k hcxak onjrbas / C`tarast axpa`sa (còeukc`b ojpctjeczak c`tarast)

j`k jlmrtczjtcm` mh gm`k kcsomu`t j`k cssua omsts

Ojpctjeczak c`tarast cs tna jlmu`t mh c`tarast m` j emj` tm hc`jòa j prmiaot

mr joqucsctcm` mh hcxak jssats, tnjt njs gaa` ojpctjeczak j`k còeukak js

pjrt mh tna omst mh tna prmiaot mr jssat m` tna gjejòa snaat. Smu wcee

prmgjgey àak tm saa tna `mtas tm tna hc`jòcje stjtala`ts tm hc`k tncs

hcbura.

Jotcvcty Wjtcms

Lj`y usahue bjubas mh mparjtcm`s oj` ga ojeouejtak hrml kjtj rapmrtak c`

tna hc`jòcje stjtala`ts. Hmr axjlpea, ymu oj` katarlcà tna jvarjba

ùlgar mh kjys ct tjfas tm omeeaot m` oustmlar joomu`ts, tna jvarjba

ùlgar mh kjys tm pjy va`kmrs, j`k nmw luon mh tna mparjtcm`csahhaotcvaey gac`b hc`jòak wctn pjyla`t tarls axta`kak gy va`kmrs.


28/55

7:

Joomu`ts Waoacvjgea [ur`mvar < [mtje Orakct _jeas / Jvarjba

Joomu`ts Waoacvjgea

[ncs taees ymu tna jvarjba kurjtcm` mh joomu`ts raoacvjgea hmr orakct sjeas

tm oustmlars. [ncs c` tur` oj` ga axprassak c` tarls mh tna omeeaotcm`parcmk, js hmeemws9

Jvarjba Omeeaotcm` Tarcmk < Kjys c` Sajr / Joomu`ts Waoacvjgea

[ur`mvar

mr

Kjys tm Omeeaot < [rjka Joomu`ts Waoacvjgea / Orakct _jeas x ?81

J sclcejr ojeouejtcm` oj` ga ljka m` tna ecjgcectcas scka, wctn joomu`tspjyjgea tm va`kmrs9

Kjys tm Tjy < [rjka Joomu`ts Tjyjgea / Turonjsas x ?81

[m katarlcà nmw luon mh j omlpj`ys joomu`ts raoacvjgea j`k

c`va`tmry jra ahhaotcvaey gac`b hc`jòak gy tna orakct axta`kak tm tnaomlpj`y gy cts va`kmrs9

Hc`jòc`b mh [rjka Joomu`ts Waoacvjgea c` tarls mh [rjka Joomu`ts

Tjyjgea < [rjka Joomu`ts

Tjyjgea / [rjka Joomu`ts Waoacvjgea

Hc`jòc`b mh C`va`tmry c` tarls mh [rjka Joomu`ts Tjyjgea < [rjka

Joomu`ts Tjyjgea / C`va`tmry

Ahhaotcvaey lj`jbc`b tna orakct axta`kak gy va`kmrs oj` naep j

omlpj`ys ojsn hemw j`k tnarahmra cts ecquckcty j`k smevaòy.

Hrml kjtj rapmrtak m` tna còmla stjtala`t, vjrcmus raejtcm`sncps oj` ga

ojeouejtak gatwaa` kchhara`t axpa`sas j`k ravaùas, mr j oartjc` typa mhaxpa`sa js j paroa`tjba mh tmtje axpa`sas.

Ejgmr Omst Taroa`tjba < Tjyrmee j`k Waejtak Axpa`sas / [mtje

Wavaùa mr [mtje Axpa`sas

C`tarast Axpa`sa Taroa`tjba < C`tarast Axpa`sa / [mtje Wavaùa mr

[mtje Axpa`sas


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[nasa typas mh rjtcms mr paroa`tjbas oj` ga ojeouejtak hmr j`y ctal m` tnacòmla stjtala`t.

Rncon joomu`ts jra lmra clpmrtj`t wcee kapa`k m` tna `jtura mh tna

guscàss. Hmr axjlpea, smla mparjtcm`s jra lmra ejgmr c`ta`scva j`ksmla jra lmra ojpctje c`ta`scva. C` j ejgmr c`ta`scva mparjtcm`, tna

paroa`tjba tnjt alpemyaa-raejtak axpa`sas, còeukc`b wjbas, sjejrcas j`k

gaàhcts, raprasa`t c` tarls mh tmtje mparjtc`b axpa`sa cs raeavj`t. C` j

ojpctje c`ta`scva mparjtcm`, rapjcrs j`k ljc`ta`jòa ljy tjfa m` lmraclpmrtjòa.

Trmhctjgcecty WjtcmsMà mh tna lmst omllm` prmhctjgcecty rjtcms cs tna prmhct ljrbc`. [ncs oj`

ga axprassak js tna brmss prmhct ljrbc` mr àt prmhct ljrbc`, j`k ct oj` ga

axprassak gy omlpj`y, gy saotmr, gyprmkuot, mr gy c`kcvckuje u`ct. [na

c`hmrljtcm` rapmrtak m` tna còmla stjtala`t wcee a`jgea ymu tm

katarlcà tna mvarjee prmhct ljrbc`. Ch jkkctcm`je grajfkmw`s jraprmvckak, lmra katjceak ljrbc`s oj` ga ojeouejtak.

Brmss Trmhct Ljrbc` < Brmss Còmla / [mtje Wavaùa

@at Trmhct Ljrbc` < @at Còmla / [mtje Wavaùa

Mtnar omllmèy usak rjtcms jra ratur`s, axprassak js ratur` m`

c`vastla`t mr aqucty, ratur` m` jssats, j`k ratur` m` ojpctje alpemyak.

[nasa rjtcms lajsura j omlpj`ys jgcecty tm usa cts ojpctje, mr cts jssats, tmbaàrjta jkkctcm`je vjeua.

Watur` m` C`vastla`t (WMC) mr Watur` m` Mwàrs Aqucty < @at

Còmla / Jvarjba Mwàrs Aqucty

Watur` m` Jssats (WMJ) < @at Còmla / Jvarjba [mtje Jssats

Watur` m` Ojpctje Alpemyak (WMOA) < @at Còmla Gahmra C`tarast

j`k [jx / Ojpctje Alpemyak ([mtje Jssats lcùs Ourra`t Ecjgcectcas)

Rna` avjeujtc`b c`vastla`t mppmrtu`ctcas, prmhcts jra mhta` lajsurak parsnjra9

Ajr`c`bs par _njra < @at Trmhct Jhtar [jx j`k Kcvcka`ks / Mrkc`jry

_njranmekars' Aqucty


30/55

7?

J`mtnar omllm`ey usak rjtcm tm snmw tna ycaek m` j` c`vastla`t cs9

Kcvcka`k Scaek Wjtcm < Kcvcka`ks par _njra / Ljrfat Xjeua par

_njra

J`k, tm lajsura nmw tna prcoa mh j` c`vastla`t omrraejtas wctn tnaajr`c`bs m` tnjt c`vastla`t, ymu oj` usa tna9

Trcoa tm Ajr`c`bs Wjtcm < Ljrfat Xjeua par _njra / Jhtar-[jx

Ajr`c`bspar _njra


31/55

7;

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32/55

71

OJEOQEJ[CM@ MH [NA TWMHC[JGCEC[S

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[M[JE A^TA@_A_ C@ 744> < 2>43.23 OWMWA

_M BWM__ TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 744>

RCEE GA (BWM__ TWMHC[) / _JEA_ * :44

RNAWA BWM__ TWMHC[ < _JEA_[M[JE A^TA@_A_

< >>72.:12>43.23

< :4:2.?8

< :4:2.?8 / >>72.:1 * :44


33/55

78

7443

_JEA_ C@ 7443 < >244.:2 OWMWA

O.M.B._. C@ 7443 < 8874.42 OWMW

_M BWM__ TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM HMW 7443 RCEE GA

(_JEA_tmtje axpa`sas) / _JEA_ *:44

< >244.:22123.8: / >244.:2 *:44

< :7.34

74:4_JEA_ C@ 74:4 < ::>:?.71 OWMWA

O.M.B._. C@ 74:4 < >?:1 OWMWA

_M BWM__ TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 74:4 RCEE

GA

(_JEA_tmtje axpa`sas) / _JEA_*:44

< ::>:?.713?;4.8; / ::>:?.71 *:44

< 74.8:7

74::

_JEA_ C@ 74:: < :8;1:.>4 OWMWA

O.M.B._. C@ 74:: < :7::?.8> OWMWA

_M BWM__ TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 74:: RCEE

GA

(_JEA_tmtje axpa`sas) / _JEA_ *:44

< :8;1:.>4:?722.:1 / :8;1:.>4 *:44

< :3.?8>


34/55

72

WATWA_A@[J[CM@ J@K C@[AWTWA[J[CM@ MH

[NA BWM__ TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM RC[N

[NA NAET MH GJWONJW[

4

1

:4

:1

74

71

BWM__ TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM

7442

744>

7443

74:4

74::


35/55

7>

7 . MTAWJ[C@B TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM 9- ( A.G.C.[.) / _JEA_

WAXA@QA *:44

7442

- A.G.C.[. C@ 7442 < :248.23 OWMWA

- _JEA_ WAXA@QA C@ 7442 < 3;74.7;

_M MTAWJ[C@B TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM C@ 7442 RCEE GA

(A.G.C.[.) / _JEA_ WAXA@QA * :44

< :248.23 / 3;74.7; * :44

< :>.:7

744>

- A.G.C.[. C@ 744> < :4>:.17 OWMWA

- _JEA_ WAXA@QA C@ 744> < >>72.:1 OWMWA

_M MTAWJ[C@B TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM C@ 744> RCEE GA

(A.G.C.[.) / _JEA_ WAXA@QA *:44

< :4>:.17 / >>72.:1 *:44

< :7.717

7443

- A.G.C.[. C@ 7443 < 384.4> OWMWA

- _JEA_ WAXA@QA C@ 7443 < >244.:2 OWMWA

_M MTAWJ[C@B TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM C@ 7443 RCEE GA

(A.G.C.[.) / _JEA_ WAXA@QA * :44

< 384.4> / >244.:2 * :44

< ::.4?1


36/55

73

74:4

- A.G.C.[. C@ 74:4 < 7;48.78 OWMWA

- _JEA_ WAXA@QA C@ 74:4 < ::>:?.71 OWMWA

_M MTAWJ[C@B TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM C@ 74:4 RCEE GA

(A.G.C.[.) / _JEA_ WAXA@QA * :44

< 7;48.71 / ::>:?.71 * :44

< 74.?8

74::

- A.G.C.[. C@ 74:: < ;?:4.8 OWMWA

- _JEA_ WAXA@QA C@ 74:: < :8;1:.>4 OWMWA

_M MTAWJ[C@B TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM C@ 74:: RCEE GA

(A.G.C.[.) / _JEA_ WAXA@QA * :44

< ;?:4.8 / :8;1:.>4 * :44

< 78.74:


37/55

?4


[NA MTAWJ[C@B TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM

RC[N [NA NAET MH GJWONJW[

4

1

:4

:1

74

71

?4

MTAWJ[C@B TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM

7442

744>

7443

74:4

74::


38/55

?:

?. @A[ TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM 9 - (@A[ TWMHC[) / [M[JE

WAXA@QA*:44

7442

- @A[ TWMHC[ HMW [NA SAJW 7442 < :7?2.38 OWMWA-- [M[JE WAXA@QA HMW [NA SAJW 7442 < 33>8.14 OWMWA-

_M [NA @A[ TWMHCW LJWBC@ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 7442

RCEE GA

( @A[ TWMHC[ ) / [M[JE WAXA@QA * :44

< :7?2.38 / 33>8.14 * :44

< :7.;4

744>

- @A[ TWMHC[ HMW [NA SAJW 744> < 211.31 OWMWA-- [M[JE WAXA@QA HMW [NA SAJW 744> < 3481.72 OWMWA-

_M [NA @A[ TWMHCW LJWBC@ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 744>

RCEE GA

( @A[ TWMHC[ ) / [M[JE WAXA@QA *:44

< 211.31 / 3481.72 *:44

< >.??>


39/55

?7

7443

- @A[ TWMHC[ HMW [NA SAJW 7443 < 818.;> OWMWA-

- [M[JE WAXA@QA HMW [NA SAJW 7443 < >883.;>OWMWA-_M [NA @A[ TWMHCW LJWBC@ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 7443

RCEE GA


< 818.;> / >883.;> *:44

< 2.127

74:4

- @A[ TWMHC[ HMW [NA SAJW 74:4 < :247.2?OWMWA-- [M[JE WAXA@QA HMW [NA SAJW 74:4 < ::>>?.?1OWMWA-_M [NA @A[ TWMHCW LJWBC@ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 74:4

RCEE GA


< :247.2? / ::>>?.?1 *:44

< :;.?7>

74::- @A[ TWMHC[ HMW [NA SAJW 74:: < ???3.2? OWMWA-

- [M[JE WAXA@QA HMW [NA SAJW 74:: < :22:4.13 OWMWA-_M [NA @A[ TWMHCW LJWBC@ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 74::

RCEE GA


< ???3.2? / :22:4.13 *:44

< :>.>127


40/55

??


[NA @A[ TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM RC[N [NA

NAET MH GJWONJW[

4

7

;

8

>

:4

:7

:;

:8

:>

74

@A[ TWMHC[ LJWBC@ WJ[CM

7442

744>

7443

74:4

74::


41/55

?;

;. WA[QW@ M@ OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK WJ[CM 9- Agct/(tmtje

jssats-ourra`t ecjgcectcas) *:44

7442

- A.G.C.[. HMW [NA SAJW 7442 < :248.23 OWMWA

- [M[JE J__A[_OQWWA@[ ECJGCEC[CA_ HMW [NA SAJW 7442

< 241: OWMWA

_M WA[QW@ M@ OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK HMW [NA SAJW 7442RCEE GA

(( A.G.C.[. / OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK )) * :44

< :248.23 / 241:*:44

< 7;.??

744>

- JKIQ_[AK @A[ TWMHC[ HMW [NA SAJW 744> < :4>:.17OWMWA

- OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK < 7>>2.:3 OWMWA

_M WA[QW@ M@ OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK HMW [NA SAJW 744>

RCEE GA

(( (JKIQ_[AK @A[ TWMHC[) / OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK )) * :44

< :4>:.17/ 7>>2.:3 * :44

< ?2.2:


42/55

?1

7443

- JKIQ_[AK @A[ TWMHC[ HMW [NA SAJW 7443 < 384.4> OWMWA

- OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK < ?:;3.3:OWMWA

_M WA[QW@ M@ OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK HMW [NA SAJW 7443

RCEE GA


< 384.4> / ?:;3.3: * :44

< ?4.>4

74:4

- JKIQ_[AK @A[ TWMHC[ HMW [NA SAJW 74:4 < 7;48.78OWMWA

- OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK < ;:;8.4> OWMWA

_M WA[QW@ M@ OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK HMW [NA SAJW 74:4

RCEE GA

(((JKIQ_[AK @A[ TWMHC[) / OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK)) * :44

< 7;48.78 / ;:;8.4> * :44

< 1>.4?


43/55

?8

74::

- JKIQ_[AK @A[ TWMHC[ HMW [NA SAJW 74:: < ;?:4.48 OWMWA

- OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK < 14>8.4? OWMWA

_M WA[QW@ M@ OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK HMW [NA SAJW 74::

RCEE GA


< ;?:4.48 / 14>8.4? *:44

< 2;.12



NAET MH GJWONJW[

4

:4

74

?4

;4

14

84

24

>4

WA[QW@ M@ OJTC[JE ALTEMSAK WJ[CM

7442

744>

7443

74:4

74::


44/55

?2

1. WA[QW@ M@ J__A[_ WJ[CM 9 - @A[ C@OMLA / [M[JE

J__A[_ * :44

7442

- @A[ C@OMLA C@ 7442 < :7?2.38 OWMWA-- [M[JE J__A[_ C@ 7442 < 2:13.21 OWMWA-_M [NA WA[QW@ M@ J__A[_ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 7442 RCEE GA

( @A[ C@OMLA) /[M[JE J__A[_ * :44

< :7?2.38 / 2:13.21 * :44

< :2.73

744>

- @A[ C@OMLA C@ 744> < 211.31 OWMWA-

- [M[JE J__A[_ C@ 744> < 737:.3? OWMWA-_M [NA WA[QW@ M@ J__A[_ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 744> RCEE GA

( @A[ C@OMLA) /[M[JE J__A[_ *:44

< 211.31 / 737:.3? *:44

< 71.>2


45/55

?>

7443

- @A[ C@OMLA C@ 7443 < 818.;> OWMWA-- [M[JE J__A[_ C@ 7443 < ?;?3.83 OWMWA-_M [NA WA[QW@ M@ J__A[_ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 7443 RCEE GA

( @A[ C@OMLA) /[M[JE J__A[_ *:44

< 818.;> / ?;?3.83 *:44

< :3.4>1

74:4

- @A[ C@OMLA C@ 74:4 < :247.2? OWMWA-- [M[JE J__A[_ C@ 74:4 < ;788.37 OWMWA-_M [NA WA[QW@ M@ J__A[_ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 74:4 RCEE GA

( @A[ C@OMLA) /[M[JE J__A[_ *:44

< :247.2? / ;788.37 *:44

< :?.341

74::

- @A[ C@OMLA C@ 74:: < ???3.2? OWMWA-- [M[JE J__A[_ C@ 74:: < 17?1.?2 OWMWA-

_M [NA WA[QW@ M@ J__A[_ WJ[CM HMW [NA SAJW 74:: RCEE GA

( @A[ C@OMLA) /[M[JE J__A[_ *:44

< ???3.2? / 17?1.?2 *:44

< 8?.23


46/55

?3



NAET MH GJWONJW[

4

:4

74

?4

;4

14

84

24

WA[QW@ M@ J__A[_ WJ[CM

7442

744>

7443

74:4

74::


47/55

;4

_RM[ J@JES_C_ MH GJIJI JQ[M

_[WA@B[N_ -9

[na omlpj`y njs ncbney axparcaòak lj`jbala`t

[na omlpj`y njs ncbn axpmrt tm kmlastco sjeas rjtcm

[na omlpj`y njs brajt hc`jòcje suppmrt àtwmrf

[na omlpj`y njs brajt prmkuot kascb` j`k kavaempla`t jotcvctcas

Axoaeea`t grj`k prasaòa j`k ljrfatc`b c` c`kcj

. Axta`scva rasajron j`k kavaempla`t hmous j`k ncbney

Axparcaòak pejyar c` lmtmroyoea sabla`t

Rckasprajk kcstrcgutcm` àtwmrf jormss c`kcj

Rcka prmkuot rj`ba c` tarls mh prcoa , qujecty j`k ojtabmrcas

Hajturak c` tna hmrgas bemgje grj`ks ecst


48/55

;:

RAJF@A__ -9

@mt j bemgje grj`k kaspcta ncbn vmeulas mh prmkuotcm`

Ejof mh parhmrlj`oa gcfas ecfa ljimr c`tar`jtcm`je grj`ks j`kspmrts gcfas j`k orucsars

Lust alpemy tna ojsn c` prmkuotcm` j`k prmkuot ojpjgcectcas

[m ljton tna omlpatctmrs j`k hmr om`tcm`us axpmrt brmwtn

Njs`t alpemyak tna axoass ojsn hmr j em`btcla

@m omeejgmrjtcm` wctn j`y mh tna hmracb` pejyars

Oa`trjeczak pjtar`jecstco lj`jbala`t styea `mt j bemgje

Tejyar kaspcta mh nuba vmeulas

_emw tm ljfa kaocscm`s j`k jkjpt tm onj`bas tnjt jhhaots tnaTrmhasscm`

Km `mt njva tna rasmuroas tm rasajron tna ljrfat j`k prmlmta tnakascb`jtcm`

Mvarey kapa`ka`t m` fay vmeu`taars wnm kavaempak j`k tmubnttnacr oartchcojtcm` omursas


49/55

;7

MTTMW[Q@C[CA_ -9

[na brmwc`b bajreass tra`ky sommtar j`k sommtaratta ljrfat

Oj` usa tna axcstc`b r&k ojpjgcectcas hmr `aw lmkaes

Oj` c`vast j`k brmw tna echastyea sabla`ts

Gjiji oj` axpj`k cts mparjtcm`s c` hmracb` omu`tcras

Gjiji oj` njva kmugea kcbct brmwtn c` tna twm wnaaear ljrfat

Gjiji oj` tjfa jkvj`tjba mh u`tjppak ljrfat jgmva :>4oo c`lmtmroyoea ljrfat

Gjiji oj` njva lmra ljturcty j`k lmvala`t tmwjrks ncbnar a`klmtmroyoeas

Gjiji oj` tjfa jkvj`tjba mh tna brmwc`b wmrek kalj`k hmr a`tryeavae lmtmroyoeas


50/55

;?

[NWAJ[_-9

[na omlpatctcm` ojtonas up tm j`y àw c``mvjtcm` c` `m tcla

[nrajts mh onajp clpmrtak lmtmroyoeas hrml onc`j

Ljrbc`s battc`b squaazak hrml gmtn tna kcraotcm`s (prcoa js waee jsomst)

[jtj joa cs j sarcmus omlpatctcm` c` tna tnraa wnaaear ojrbmsabla`t

J rjpck còrajsa c` tna a`try mh c`tar`jtcm`je grj`ks c` tna kmlastcoljrfat

Mtnar lmtmroyoea pejyars njva j rajeey strm`b grj`k prasaòa

J sljee onj`ba c` hmous mh j ejrba omlpatctmr lcbnt wcpa mut j`yljrfat pmsctcm` gjiji joncavas

Mtnar lmtmroyoea pejyars wmuek kmlc`jta tna kmlastco ljrfat c`tna omlc`b yajrs outtc`b tna snjra mh gjiji tm vary emw eavae


51/55

;;

J@JES_C_ MH GJIJI JQ[M E[K

Gjiji Jutm Etk. (GJE) cs mà mh tna mekast j`k tna ejrbast ljùhjoturar

mh jutmlmgceas c` C`kcj j`k njs gaa` tna ljrfat eajkar c` sommtars. C`:334s, tna àjr lm`mpmecstco ljrfat struotura, parnjps, eueeak tna

omlpj`y c`tm gac`b omlpejoa`t j`k tnay bjva wjy tm tna omlpatctmrs

ecfa Narm Nm`kj j`k [X_. Narm Nm`kj j`k [X_ _uzufc tcak up wctn

hmracb` ljimrs tm grc`b c` tna ejtast c` tarls mh jastnatcos j`k taon`memby,

j`k Gjiji hjceak tm bjuba tna onj`bc`b tjstas mh om`sulars. C` :334s,

tnara wjs j ljrfak sncht c` oustmlar praharaòa hrml sommtars tm

lmtmroyoeas. Gjiji hmu`k ctsaeh jt j emss nara, js tncs wjs ejrbaey j`

uònjrtarak tarrctmry.

[NA OMLTJ@S

Gjiji Jutm cs tna hejbsncp mh tna Gjiji Brmup mh Omlpj`cas. Gjiji csourra`tey C`kcj's ejrbast twm- j`k tnraa-wnaaear ljùhjoturar j`k mà mh

tna gcbbast c` tna wmrek. Gjiji njs em`b eaht ganc`k cts j`ùje tur`mvar mh

Ws. 27 lceecm` (:38>), tm ourra`tey rabcstar j` clprasscva hcbura mh Ws.

>:.48 gceecm`.

OQWWA@[ _C[JQ[CM@ J@K OQWWA@[

TAWHMWLJ@OA

GJE cs ourra`tey mutparhmrlc`b tna c`kustry brmwtn rjta c` twm-wnaaear

sabla`t wctn ?7 brmwtn c` yajr 744;-41 v/s c`kustry brmwtn mh :3%.

Ljrfat snjra c` Lmtmroyoeas cs clprmvc`b wctn avary pjssc`b yajr. Ct njs

jesm còrajsak hrml 7>% c` 744;-41 tm ?:% c` 7441-48. J`ùje tur`mvar

hmr tna yajr 7441-48 cs Ws. >:.48 gceecm` v/s Ws. 8?.7? gceecm` j yajr

gahmra - j` còrajsa mh 7>% wncon cs vary najetny.GJE njs scb`chcoj`t prasaòa c` jee tna tnraa gjsco sabla`ts - Trcoa

_abla`t, Xjeua _abla`t j`k Tarhmrljòa _abla`t - j`k njs gaa`

snmwc`b còrajsak sjeas c` jee tna sabla`ts mvar yajrs.

Gasckas tncs, GJE cs j ljrfat eajkar c` twm-wnaaear axpmrts j`k ct

om`scsts j brajt onu`f mh tnara mvarjee ravaùas. Ourra`tey, GJE cs saeec`b

mvar : ejo lmtmroyoeas j`ùjeey c` _rc Ej`fj, hurtnar, tnay jraomllj`kc`b 14% ljrfat snjra c` Oa`trje Jlarcoj.


52/55

;1

ONJT[AW -;

WAOMLLA@KJ[CM@_

J@K

OM@OEQ_CM@


53/55

;8

OM@OEQ_CM@ M@ GJIJI JQ[M

- Gjiji jutm cs j ljimr c`kcj` jutmlmgcea ljùhjoturar ct cs C`kcjsejrbastj`k wmreks ;tngcbbast twm wnaaear prmkuoc`b hcrl

-G.j.e. cs omllcttak tm prava`tcm` mh pmeeutcm`, om`tcùje clprmvala`t mh

a`vcrm`la`t om`kctcm` j`k omlpecjòa wctn jee a`vcrm`la`tje

eabcsejtcm`s j`k rabuejtcm`s.

-[nay jewjys gaecava c` prmvc`b omstular vjeua hmr tnacr lmày j`k

faaps j` spaocje aya m` qujecty j`k sjhaty

- Gjiji snmuek njva kcsojrkak tna `mtcm` mh gac`b ùlarm u`m j`k snmuek

njva lmvak wctn tclas

- C`vastla`ts snmuek njva gaa` ljka c` ncbn ycaekc`b jvaùas gy gjiji.

-[na omlpj`y snmuek njva sustjcàk tnacr ivs hmr em`b tarl syàrbcas.

-[na omlpj`y snmuek km lmkchcojtcm` c` cts prmkuots spaocjeey twmwnaaears.

- [na omlpj`y snmuek còrajsa cts prmkuotcm`

-[na omlpj`y snmuek saee cts prmkuots jt omlpjrtctcvaey emw prcoas.

-[na omlpj`y snmuek clprmva cts jhtar sjea sarvcoas tm oartjc` axta`t.

- [na omlpj`y snmuek njva lmra prmkuots tm mhhar tm tna omstulars

c` omlpjrjtcvaey eassar tcla.


54/55

;2

_QBBA_[CM@_ HMW GJIJI JQ[M E[K

:. [na omlpj`y snmuek faap hmousc`b m` tna hjst brmwc`b lmtmroyoea

sabla`t

7. [na omlpj`y snmuek stra`btna` cts pmsctcm` c` tna bajreass sabla`t

?. [na omlpj`y snmuek omòa`trjta m` ivs hmr taon`memby àaks

;. [na omlpj`y snmuek emmf tm axpj`k cts gjsa mutscka hurtnar

1. [na omlpj`y snmuek omòa`trjta m` Geua Moaj` hmr saom`k nj`k gcfa

ljrfat.

8. [na omlpj`y snmuek jbbrasscvaey ejuòn cts àw emw omst ojrs.

2. [na omlpj`y snmuek hmous m` ajsy orakct ea`kc`b c` tna prasa`t

Aom`mlcoje orcscs gjiji oj` utcecza cts sugsckcjry gjiji c`surjòa c`

Omlc`b up wctn sonalas tnjt wcee naep tna om`sulars guy twm wnaaears

m` hrca`key tarls

>. [na omlpj`y àaks tm ravcaw ct prmkuot ecà up j`k emmf tm ejuòn àw

prmkuots tm ojtar tna onj`bc`b kalj`ks

3. Gjiji àaks tm jkjpt tm tna ejtast tra`ks tna omlpj`y àaks tm [jp tnaaxpmrt ljrfat lmra ahhcoca`tey js tnara cs j brajt pmta`tcje tm ljfa c`kcj

js tna wmreks twm wnaaear prmkuotcm` gjsa.

:4. Gjiji àaks tm emmf hmr njvc`b imc`t va`turas jgrmjk j`k ct snmuek

emmf hmr tjrbattc`b tna ymu`b jba brmup lmra ahhcoca`tey

::. [na omlpj`y snmuek omòa`trjta lmra m` sjeas j`k ljrfatc`b sm tnjt

lmra j`k lmra prmkuots oj` ga smek.

:7. Jkvartcsala`ts snmuek ga tna gast latnmk tm pmpuejrcza tna prmkuots

jlm`b tna pampea

:?. Onajpar prmkuots snmuek ga prmkuoak lmra sm tnjt tna omlpj`y

oj` rajon tna lckkea oejss sabla`t.

:;. [rj`spjraòy snmuek ga ljc`tjcàk gatwaa` tna prmkuots snmw`

j`k smek tm tna om`sulars


55/55

GCGECMBWJTNS

GMMF_

Ljnasnwjrc _@, Hc`jòcje Joomu`tc`b, vcfjs pugecojtcm`s @K ,74:4

[uescyj` TO , Ogsa Joo. :7 (hc`jòcje) Tjrt G , Wjt`j _jbjr

(T) Etk. 7443

Iarry Raybj`k , Km`jek A. Oacsm, Tjue K. Fcllae, Hc`jòcje

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Documents

Minor Project Report on Bajaj Automobiles India