BELLS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY KNOWLEDGE CITY MEHLI SHIMLA (H.P.)

A Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree ofBACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYOFCIVIL ENGINEERING OnWATER ANALYSIS: FOR DRINKING PURPOSE IN NAHAN TOWN

Submitted To: Submitted By:Er. Ratna Chauhan PUNEET KUMARCo-ordinate & Lecture, Civil Roll No.50026Civil Engineering Department, B.Tech 7th semesterB.I.M.T. Shimla Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project repot untitled WATER ANALYSIS FOR DRINKING PURPOSE IN NAHAN TOWN submitted by PUNEET KUMAR (Roll No. 50026) of B.tech. Civil VIIth semester in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree in B.Tech .of Bells Institute of Management & Technology, Shimla (H.P.) is record of their own work carried out under my supervision and guidance.

Er. Manjeet Singh Kanwar Er. Ratna Chauhan H.O.D. Co-ordinator & lecturer, CivilCivil Engineeing Civil Engineering DepartmentB.I.M.T. Shimla B.I.M.T. Shimla

EXAMINER. CONTENTS

S.No. TOPICS

1. Acknowledgement

2. Introduction about Nahan 2.1- Environment 2.2- Population Growth

3. Water 3.3- General Introduction 3.2- Hydrologic Cycle

4. Sources of water at Nahan 4.1- Quality of groundwater 4.2- Collection & Preservation of sample 5. Impurities in groundwater & their effects

6. Water Treatment Analysis 6.1- Physical Analysis 6.2- Chemcal Analysis

7. Tests Results

8. Significance of various tests

9. Parameter & Preservative used

10. Safety Limits & their effects

11. Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe many thanks to many great people who helped and supported me during this project.

My deepest thanks to Lecturer Er. Ratna Chauhan the Guide of the project for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. She has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary corrections as and when needed.

I express my thanks to the Principal of Bells Institute of Management & Technology Shimla, for her support.

My deep sense of gratitude to Er. Manjeet Singh Kanwar (H.O.D. of Civil Department), support and guidance. Thanks and appreciation to the helpful Students who worked under this project for their support.

I would also thank my Institution and all my faculty members without whom this project would have been a distent reality.

A Brief Introduction about Nahan Town

Nahan town is the Headquarter of distt. Sirmour in Himachal Pradesh, the town proper is situated at an altitude of 933 mts above mean see level .It is known for its ponds/Lake, underground sewerage system since imperial days and moderate climate located surrounded by rivers-markanda ji and talo rivulets runnig through and Lush green forest and amidst Ranital garden-Chowgan ground, Chamba-wala-ground and military ground/cantonment area.

ENVIRONMENT:-

The physical environment of Nahan planning area is undergoing rapid changes. During the last 5 year or so urban development has started spreading on the steep slopes, along Khads and in the surrounding area of Pucca Tank (Colony known as sunder Bag Colony)etc. Because of the population the surrounding are getting under new constructions and other commercial pursuits. Initially the area had various varities of vegetation and wild life which have now extinct. As regards physical environment, it is felt that climate is warming up in the Distt. Sirmour and there is less snow fall on-Shivalik mountains, causing less volume of water in the Khads passing in and around Nahan area. Three main components of physical environment namely mountains, rivers, vegetation and wild life are under threat. Natural resources are being exploited. There is an indifferent attitude of development agencies towards physical environment.

POPULATION GROWTH:-

The population of Nahan planning area increased from 21878 persons in 1991 to 26263 in 2001, recording a decadal growth rate of 20.04%.It is anticipated that population of planning area at rate of 20.04% and 19.96% during the decades of 2001-11 is likely to increase to 19.96% and 19.98% during 2011-21.

Growth of Population

Year Population% Growth Rate

19912187820.14

20012626320.14

20113150419.96

20213780019.98

Water

General:-

Water is the most common or major substance on earth, covering more than 70% of the planets surface. The total amount of earth remains constant.The primary needs human beings are air, water and food. A man can survive without food but he cannot survive without water. Water play vital role in making life comfortable and luxurious. Its role is undisputable. It is the natures gift and is available in various forms. The easy availability and abundance of water on earth decreases the value of water as a resource as compared with other resource, water is used in tremendous quantities, and because of its great abundance water is generally very inexpensive resource. With the increase in population our water resources are becoming polluted at an alarming rate which decreases the availability of fresh water. We are exploiting our water resources with great speed, which once seemed endlessly renewable when our population was limited.

The rapid growth in population together with the extension of irrigated agriculture and industrial development, are putting stress on the natural ecosystems. In the face of growing problems, society has begun to realize that it can no longer subscribe to a use and discard philosophy with any natural resource. One such resource is WATER.

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

The never-ending exchange of water from the atmosphere to the oceans and back is known as the hydrologic cycle. This cycle is the source of all forms of precipitation (Hail, rain, sleet and snow) and thus of all the water. Precipitation stored in streams, lakes and soil evaporates while water stored in plants transpires to form clouds which store the water in the atmosphere. Currently, about 75% to 80% of conventional water supply is from lakes, rivers and wells.

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY AT NAHANEarlier the spring source of saber was the only source of water supply for Nahan town .Nowthere is a scheme functioning for the town .Additional water is coming from tube wells dug atvillage Khairi near Kala-Amb.Total water supply per day to the town is 8,32,888 gallons .Water is supplied for 4 hours daily .There are 4065 Nos.private water connections and 130 Nos water stand posts in the planning area. Out of total families 90% depends on private water connections , 8% on public taps and 2% on other sources like spring , hand pumps etc. Quality of ground water :-

Where available and of good quality, ground water is usually the most acceptable source for drinking water supply. Due to the natural filtering of aquifer materials, and long underground retention times , groundwater typically has very little pathogenic contamination , and requires little or no disinfection .In contrast , surface water is often heavily polluted with fecal material as a result of poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Surface water is also more susceptible to chemical contamination from industrial or agricultural runoff, such as heavy metals, pesticides , or nitrate. However, groundwater quality should not be taken for granted . In very shallow aquifers, bacterial contamination is possible , and even likely if the wellhead is poorly protected .In addition to arsenic , other inorganic constituents in groundwater can cause health or aesthetic problems , notably iron , manganese , nitrate , chloride , and fluoride.

Collection and preservation of sample:-

To analyse various parameters samples are collected under different conditions , the collection, handling and preservation of sample is most important factor related to sampling .The main objective of sampling is to collect , transport it carefully to laboratory to analyse without effecting its quality , in other words we can say that the sample that the we brought to the laboratory must represents the materials being sampled.

The presentation of samples is very important because preservative used must be quantitative so that this will not affect the characteristic of sample .Various preservatives are recommended should not affect other constituent.

It is advisable to analyse the parameters as soon as possible because as soon as the sample analysed the results will be more satisfactory. Most of the parameters such as dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand , free CO2, temperature , pH etc changes immediately therefore it is advised to analyse it on spot , if not possible preserve it in suitable preservative prior to analysis .No single method of preservation is satisfactory, so the preservative should be chosen according to determination that is to be made.

LOCATION FROM WHER SAMPLE COLLECTED:-

Khari (Near Trilokpur): 22km from Nahan.

a) Tube well no. 1b) Tube well no. 2 c) Tube well no. 3 d) Tube well no. 4

(Tube well at Khari near trilokpur)

Impurities in Groundwater And Their Effects:-

AluminumAluminum, the most abundant metal on Earth, is found in soil, in water and in air. Its chemical and physical properties make it ideal for a wide variety of uses. For example, aluminum and its compounds are often used in food as additives, in drugs (e.g., antacids), in consumer products (e.g., cooking utensils, anti-perspirant and aluminum foil) and in the treatment of drinkingwater (e.g., coagulants).Because aluminum is so pervasive in the environment, to the point of being unavoidable, researchers have long been studying its effects on humans. This research has revealed a link between aluminum intake and neurological dementia in kidney dialysis patients (dialysis encephalopathy). In recentyears, the public and the media have become concerned about other possible adverse effects of aluminum on human health, including its role in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease). In addition, questions have been raised about the potential risks to infants who drink baby formula containing aluminum

Arsenic Most arsenic enters water supplies either from natural deposits in the earth or from industrial and agricultural pollution. Arsenic is a natural element of the earth's crust. It is used in industry and agriculture, and for other purposes. It also is a byproduct ofcopper smelting, mining and coal burning. U.S. industries release thousands of poundsof arsenic into the environment every year. According to a 1999 study by the National Academy of Sciences, arsenic in drinking water causes bladder, lung and skin cancer, and may cause kidney and liver cancer. The study also found that arsenic harms the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as heart and blood vessels, and causes serious skin problems. It also may cause birth defects and reproductive problems.

BariumBarium is a lustrous, machinable metal which exists in nature only in ores containing mixtures of elements. It is used in making a wide variety of electronic components, in metal alloys, bleaches, dyes, fireworks, ceramics and glass. In particular, it is used inwell drilling operations where it is directly released into the ground. Short-term: EPAhas found barium to potentially cause the following health effects when people are exposed to it at levels above 2 ppm for relatively short periods of time: gastro-intestinal disturbances and muscular weakness. Long-term: Barium has the potentialto cause high blood pressure from a lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL.

BoronBoron is a naturally occurring element. In the environment, boron is combined with oxygen and other elements in compounds called borates. Borates are widely found in nature, and are present in oceans, sedimentary rocks, coal, shale and some soils. There are several commercially important borates, including borax, and boric acid, and have many industrial uses in glass making, leather preservation, in welding and fertilizers . Children and infants on which boron compounds are used for medication can become acutely ill with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, circulatory collapse, skin rash and confusion. Fatal poisonings often involve kidney failure.

Cadmium Cadmium is released into the environment from mining and metal processing operations, burning fuels, making and using phosphate fertilizers, and disposing of metal products. Cadmium is not mined, but it is a by-product of the smelting of other metals such as zinc, lead, and copper. Cadmium is used in nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries and for metal plating. It also is used in some paints, plastics, and metal solders.Cadmium can enter the body from smoking tobacco, eating food and drinking water containing cadmium, and inhaling it from the air. If you eat food or drink water that contains large amounts of cadmium, stomach irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea may result. Smallamounts of cadmium taken in over many years may cause kidney damage and fragile bones.

ChlorineThe experimental use of chlorine began in the 1890's to combat water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid. It quickly gained wide acceptance because of low cost and high efficiency in killing just about everything hazardous in the water. Chlorine allowed population centers to spring up and thrive without any epidemic outbreaks.The problem with chlorine is that it is a known poison and the safety of drinking this poison over the long term (i.e. your lifetime) is highly uncertain. Also, chlorine reacts with water-borne decaying organic matter like leaves, bark, sediment, etc. to create a family of chemicals called trihalomethanes and other highly toxic substances.

CopperCopper rarely occurs naturally in water. Most copper contamination in drinking water happens in the water delivery system, as a result of corrosion of the copper pipes or fittings. Copper piping and fittings are widely used in household plumbing. Generally, naturally soft water is more corrosive than hard water because it is more acidic and has low TDS. At high levels, copper in drinking water may cause symptoms easily mistaken as flu or other illnesses.

FluorideWaters with high fluoride content are found mostly in calcium-deficient waters in many basement aquifers, such as granite and gneiss, in geothermal waters and in some sedimentary basins. Fluorides in water can be detrimental or beneficial. It all depends on the concentration. Surface water supplies are normally low in fluorides (less than 0.5 ppm). Some have no fluoride at all.Well waters may contain excessive amounts of fluoride. There are some wells which contain the recommended amount (1 mg/L) for drinking water. Exposure to drinking water levels above 4 mg/L for many years may result in cases of crippling skeletal fluorosis, which is a serious bone disorder.

LeadLead rarely occurs naturally in water. Most lead contamination takes place at some point in the water delivery system. Lead pipes and lead solder in the distribution system are the main sources of lead pollution. Exposure to low levels of lead over an extended period of time can have severe health effects. Too much lead can damage your brain, kidneys, nervous system, and red blood cells. Those at the greatest risk, even with short-term exposure, are young children and pregnant women.

Magnesium Magnesium is present in all natural waters and enters the groundwater the same way as calcium by contact with rock formations. Magnesium is associated with calcium and is also a major contributor to hardness. As well, magnesium may contribute to undesirable tastes in your water if the concentration is high. When present in water with sulfates, magnesium may have a laxative effect or cause gastrointestinal irritation.

ManganeseManganese is a mineral that naturally occurs in rocks and soil and is a normal constituent of the human diet. It exists in well water as a groundwater mineral, but may also be present due to underground pollution sources. You may suspect that manganese is in your water if the water is discolored (brownish-red), causes staining of plumbing fixtures or clothing or has an off-taste or odor.

SodiumSodium is a naturally occurring mineral which is found in water sources. While sodium is not regulated as a contaminant in drinking water, it may have an effect on the consumer's health. In general, the sodium contributed to an individual's diet from drinking water is a small part of overall dietary intake. The American Heart Association's recommended standard for daily sodium intake.

ZincAlthough zinc occurs naturally, most zinc finds its way into the environment because of human activities. Mining, smelting metals (like zinc, lead and cadmium) and steel production, as well as burning coal and certain wastes can release zinc into the environment. Zinc is frequently used as a protection to galvanize steel. When high levels of zinc are present in soils, such as at a hazardous waste site, the metal can seep into the groundwater. Zinc is an essential nutrient needed by the body for growth, development of bones, metabolism and wound-healing. Too little zinc in the diet also can cause adverse health effects such as loss of appetite, decreased sense of taste and smell,lowered ability to fight off infections, slow growth, slowwound-healing and skin sores.

WATER TREATMENT ANALYSIS:-

Physical Analysis:-1. pH2. Colour3. Turbidity4. Odour5. Temperature

Chemical Analysis:-1. B.O.D.2. C.O.D.3. Hardness4. Nitrite5. Nitrate6. Chloride7. Alkalinity8. Fluoridity9. Iron

PHYSICAL ANALYSIS :-

1. pH TestingpH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. pH is a convenient way of expressing a very small number. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral. pH values of less than 7 are considered acid, or acidic, while values greater than 7 are considered basic or alkaline. pH greatly affects biological activity. Extremes of pH may injure or kill many bacteria and even cause a halt to all biological activity. Most bacteria perform best at pHs between 6.5 to 8.0. pH also affects digester performance, sludge dewatering, chemical treatment, and disinfection processes. In the laboratory, pH is determined using a pH meter. The meter is standardized by using 2 buffer solutions approximately 4 units apart which will bracket the pH of the sample. Buffers are specially prepared solutions which resist any pH change. They are available commercially at practically any pH value either as a liquid ready to use or as a dry powder needing dilution with distilled water. To buffers are used to standardize a pH meter to be certain the meter is working correctly. In measuring pH, only a grab sample should be used and the analysis must be performed immediately. If at all possible, the analysis should be done on site.

Result:-Sample from Khairi (Trilokpdr) = 7.1Sample from Nahar Sawar = 7.8Acceptable Limits :- 7.0 - 8.5

pH of various samples :- SamplespH

Tape water7

Sea waterVaries from 7.5 - 8.4

Wall waterVaries from 6.5 -8.5

Distilled water5.8

2. COLOURThe method is useful in the field by comparing the colour of sample with a comparator. When viewed by transmitted light through a depth of several feet, pure water exhibits a light blue colour which may be altered by the presence of organic matter to greenish blue, green, greenish yellow, yellow or brown. Colour is removed to make water suitable for general and industrial applications. Coloured industrial wastewater may require colour removal before discharge into water sources. The visual comparison method is applicable to nearly all samples of potable water. Pollution by certain industrial wastes may produce unusual colours that cannot be matched. In such a case, an instrumental method is useful. Colour expressed in terms of Pt/Co standard unit.

Result:-Sample from Khairi = Normal water colourSample from Nahar Sawar = Normal water colour

3. Turbidity

Principle

Turbidity can be measured by its effect on the scattering light, which is termed as Nephelometry.Turbidimeter can be used for sample with moderate turbidity and nepelometer for sample with lowturbidity. Higher the intensity of scattered lights higher the turbidity. Turbidity is an expression of the optical property that causes light to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines through the sample. The standard method for the determination of turbidity has been based on the Jackson candle turbidity meter. However, the lowest turbidity value that can be measured directly on this instrument is 25 units. An indirect method is necessary to estimate the turbidity in the range of 0-5 units; the turbidities of treated water generally fall in this range. Most commercial turbidimeters available for measuring low turbidities give comparatively good indicators of the intensity of light scattered in one particular direction, predominantly at right angle to the incident light. These nephelometers are relatively unaffected by small changes in design parameters and are therefore specified as the standard instrument for measurement lowturbidities. Results from nephelometric measurements are expressed as nepholometric turbidity units (NTU).

Result:-Sample from Khairi = clearSample from nahar sawar = clearAcceptable limits 2.5 NTU

4. Taste and OdourGuideline

The taste and odour of drinking water should not be offensive to most consumersGeneral Description

Taste and odour are two of the primary criteria consumers use to judge the quality and acceptability of drinking water. Peoples sense of taste and smell tends to vary, and so the acceptability of the same water can vary from person to person and from day to day for the same person. Similarly, one individual within a group may be more or less sensitive to a particular substance than the group as a whole. Whilst taste and odour present in water does not generally have a health impact, the presence of tastes and odours may raise consumer concern with regard to water quality. Sources of Taste and Odour

Taste and odour in drinking water can result from naturally occurring inorganic chemicals; from biological activity, either in the source, treatment process or distribution system; as abyproduct of water treatment processes; or from chemical contamination at any point from source to tap. Inorganic compounds are generally present in water in substantially higher concentrationsthan organic compounds. Taste thresholds for some commonly occurring inorganic ions are about 0.1mg/L for manganese, 0.3mg/L for iron, 3mg/L for copper, 3mg/L for zinc, 250mg/L for chloride, and 250500mg/L for sulphate. Most of these ions have health guidelines at concentrations higher than their taste thresholds (except copper at 2mg/L). In most cases the customer would reject the water for aesthetic reasons before it would be of health concern.Contamination of source water from spills, discharges or leaks of organic compounds can result in unpleasant taste and odours. Diesel fuel, for example, has a taste and odour threshold of 0.0005mg/L. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is the most commonly used fuel oxygenate added to reduce atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide and other aromatics. MTBE has frequently been detected in samples of shallow groundwaters, particularly in the USA. It affects the taste/odour of water at concentrations below 0.030mg/L (Young et al 1996). One of the most common odours in water is described as earthy, musty or woody. Compounds most often linked to these odours are geosmin and 2 methyl isoborneol (MIB), which have similar low odour threshold concentrations of 0.00001mg/L (10 ng/L) (Young et al 1996). Cyanobacteria that produce these compounds include taxa representing the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, Oscillatoria and Phormidium in either planktonic and benthic habitats. Actinomycetes grow preferably in terrestrial habitats such as exposed sediments and vegetative debris, and are considered to enter aquatic habitats mainly in run-off from the shoreline.Production of odorous compounds has been reported for most of the major algal classes and other odours produced by particular algae have been described as sweet, aromatic, cucumber, flowery, geranium, nasturtium, violets, fishy, peaty, grassy, mouldy, and vegetable. These odours originate from a variety of odorous compounds produced by the algae including aldehydes, ketones, alkenes, alcohols, terpenes, sulphides, amines, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, esters, carbonyl and aromatics. Cell concentrations as low as 500 cells/mL for some cyanobacteria and for a range of other algae are sufficient to taint a water supply. Disinfection chemicals can contribute taste or odour to water. The odour threshold for free chlorine varies with pH, but is generally considered to be between 0.1and 0.4mg/L, whilst monochloramine and dichloramine odour thresholds are considered to be 0.5mg/L and 0.15mg/L respectively. A study by Piriou et al (2004) has determined taste thresholds of 0.05mg/L for free chlorine, 0.1mg/L for monochloramine and 0.2mg/L for chlorine dioxide using trained French panellists with flavour profile analysis. Untrained panellists were around 2-4 times less sensitive and the US consumer panel was 5-10 times less sensitive than the French consumer panel. This result can be linked to the different chlorination practices in the two countries (residuals are around 0.1-0.2mg/L in France compared with 1.0-3.0mg/L in the USA). A number of organic compounds produced as byproducts of disinfection, particularly chlorination, can cause tastes and odours. Some chlorinated phenols, for example, have an antiseptic smell and a very low taste and odour threshold, varying from 0.002to 0.0001mg/L, whilst some brominated phenols have a threshold as low as 0.0000005mg/L (0.5 ng/L) (Mackey et al 2004).A range of chloroanisoles can result in earthy/musty odours (Young et al 1996). For example 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) is produced from the action of biofilms in distribution systems on the disinfection byproduct 2,4,6 trichlorophenol. TCA is detected at lower concentrations (typically