P-2025, P-2026

Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Tasks P-2025, P-2026

Search Terms

Disaster Assessment

P-2025, P-2026

Search Terms

P-2025, P-2026

Meteorological visibility is the maximum distance at which large objects (e.g., a mountain) can be seen Ground track is an imaginary line on the ground that is made by an aircraft’s flight path over the ground

Maximum Area of Possibility is normally a circular area centered at the search objective’s last know position, with certain corrections

Probability Area is a smaller area, within the maximum area of possibility, where there is an increased likelihood of locating the search objective

Probability of Detection (POD) is the likelihood, expressed in percent, that a search airplane might locate the objective

Search Terms

P-2025, P-2026

Scanning range is the lateral distance from a scanner’s aircraft to an imaginary line on the ground, parallel to the ground track, that a scanner is expected to have a good chance at spotting the search objective

Search Altitude is the altitude the aircraft will fly above the ground (AGL)

Search track is an imaginary swath across the surface formed by the scanning range and the length of the aircraft’s ground track

Search visibility is the distance at which an object on the ground can be seen and recognized from a particular height

Track Spacing (S) is the distance between adjacent visual or electronic search legs

Search Terms

P-2025, P-2026

Definitions Search Involves

– Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors– Determining the area to be searched– Selecting the search techniques to be used

Last Known Point– Critical Information– A newly learned LKP can completely reshape a search

Possibility Area (Theoretical)– Circle around the Last Known Position (LKP)– The radius is equal to the endurance of the aircraft– Correct for wind

Probability Area (Statistical)– Where is the aircraft likely to be

P-2025, P-2026

Determining the Possibility Area

LKP

Corrected for wind

Wind vector

No wind endurance

Maximum possibility area

Flight level winds: 330/20

Aircraft Speed: 100 Kts

Endurance: 2 Hours

Therefore, range of aircraft =200 miles = radius of circle

Winds cause circle to be offset by 40 miles

200 NM

40NM

P-2025, P-2026

Probability Area

Based on past searches CSAD: Canadian

Search Area Definition 77% Probability of Area

(POA) within 10 NM of intended track

83% POA within 15NM

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Probability Area (cont.)

Concentration of cases near LKP and destination

Slightly more in last half, especially last quarter

P-2025, P-2026

Disaster Assessment

P-2025, P-2026

Natural and man-made Examples of CAP services:

– Air and ground SAR services– Air and ground visual and/or video imaging– Flood boundary determination– Air and ground transportation– Courier flights– Radio communications support

Disaster Assessment

P-2025, P-2026

Effects of extreme weather Physical landscape may be so altered as to

make maps obsolete or make navigation difficult

Damage or destruction of area infrastructure Effects of biological, chemical or radiological

terrorism (or accidental release)

How Disasters Can Effect CAP Operations

P-2025, P-2026

Flying damage assessment sorties is not much different from our SAR search patterns

The big difference is what you look for Should be asking questions such as:

– What is the geographical extent and severity of the damage?– Is the damage spreading? If so, how far and how fast?– How has access/egress been affected?– What are the primary and secondary hazards?– Is the disaster threatening critical structures or areas?– Have utilities been affected or are they threatened?– Can you see alternatives to problems?

Assessment

P-2025, P-2026

Some specific things to be looking for are:– Breaks in pavement, railways, bridges, dams,

levees, pipelines, runways and structures– Roads/streets blocked by water, debris or landslide– Downed power lines– Ruptured water lines– Motorists in distress or major accidents– Alternate routes for emergency vehicles or

evacuation– Distress signals from survivors

Assessment

P-2025, P-2026

At each site, besides sketching or highlighting the extent of the damage and identifying access and egress routes, you should record:– Latitude and longitude– Description– Type and extent of damage– Photo number, or time reference for videotape– Status and trends

Assessment

P-2025, P-2026

Aerial survey of WTC

P-2025, P-2026

Aerial survey of WTC

P-2025, P-2026

Aerial survey of WTC

P-2025, P-2026

Aerial survey of WTC

P-2025, P-2026

Aerial survey of WTC

P-2025, P-2026

Aerial survey of WTC

P-2025, P-2026

Aerial survey of WTC

P-2025, P-2026

Flooding over levee

P-2025, P-2026

Seeping behind levee

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Flooded approach

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Bridge damage

P-2025, P-2026

Tornado

Iowa tornado DR picture taken by CAP over Easter 2006

P-2025, P-2026

Tornado

P-2025, P-2026

Tornado

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Tornado leaves slabs

P-2025, P-2026

Close-up of tornado damage

P-2025, P-2026

Wide image of train wreck

ChemicaChemical spill l spill

(hazmat(hazmat))

P-2025, P-2026

Close image of train wreck

P-2025, P-2026

Close image of train wreck

P-2025, P-2026

Infrared image of train wreck

P-2025, P-2026

Plume from train wreck

P-2025, P-2026

A person is very difficult to spot from the air if they are not actively trying to be spotted

Lost children and people with diminished capacity can be especially difficult to spot from the air; often they will hide from searchers

Lost people often fight topography; children under five years frequently travel uphill

Important to know what color clothes they were wearing (not just the outer clothes) and their habits

Missing Person Search

P-2025, P-2026

Person on the GroundPLAIN SHIRT, 1000

AGL

P-2025, P-2026

Person on the GroundPLAIN SHIRT, 500

AGL

P-2025, P-2026

Person on the GroundCAMO SHIRT, 500

AGL

P-2025, P-2026

Person on the GroundYELLOW SHIRT, 500

AGL

P-2025, P-2026

Person on the GroundBLUE SHIRT, 500 AGL

P-2025, P-2026

Person on the GroundORANGE SHIRT, 500

AGL

P-2025, P-2026

Person on the GroundSIGNAL MIRROR, 500

AGL