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Minnesota Plant PressThe Minnesota Native Plant Society Newsletter
Volume 24 Number 3 Spring 2005
Monthly meetingsMinnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge
Visitor Center, 3815 American Blvd. East
Bloomington, MN 55425-1600
952-854-5900
6:30 p.m. — Building east door opens6:30 p.m. — Refreshments,
information, Room A7 – 9 p.m — Program, society business7:30 p.m. — Building door is locked
9:00 p.m. — Building closes
ProgramsThe MNPS meets the first Thursday in
October, November, December, February,March, April, May, and June. Check theWeb site for more program information.
May 5: Native Grass IdentificationWorkshop, by Anita Cholewa, Ph.D,curator of temperate plants, J.F. BellMuseum of Natural History. Plant-of-theMonth: Bottle Grass (Elymus hystrix),presented by Erin Hynes, President of theOrnamental Grass Society of Minnesotaand author of Cold Climate OrnamentalGrasses.
June 2: “Forests, Logging and Plants:How forest management and naturalhistory interact to affect northern forestunderstory plant communities,” by DanielR. Dejoode, senior natural resourcesspecialist for Peterson EnvironmentalConsulting, Inc. Annual Plant Sale, opento the public.
In this issueMNPS plant sale...................2
Evelyn Moyle honored......... 2
Board changes...................... 3
Bioblitz................................. 3
Reed canary grass studies.....5
Review of Steiner book........ 6
Volunteer opportunities........ 6
Toothwort (Plant Lore)........ 7
Think Native Grants............ 7
Explore natural areasduring five field trips
MNPS members will lead five field trips to natural areas this springand summer. They are to the Falls Creek Scientific and Natural Area,Beaver Creek Wildlife Management Area, Hayden Prairie (Iowa) StatePreserve, Grey Cloud Dunes SNA, Boot Lake SNA, Helen AllisonSavanna SNA and Cedar Creek Bog.
Participation may be limited, so early registration is encouraged.Site directions and other information will be provided to registrants.Details and updates for upcoming field trips are available on theSociety’s Web site, www.mnnps.org
Sunday, May 15 — Falls Creek SNA Spring Wildflowers10 a.m. to 12 p.m. Arrive by 9:45 a.m.Northern Washington County, MinnesotaLed by Barb Delaney, professional botanistContact: Doug Mensing, [email protected] or 612-202-2252
This trip was planned as a follow-up to a wonderful winter foray.Please join us in exploring a truly unique plant community — virginwhite pine forest on the ravines of the St. Croix River. We will seeabundant spring wildflowers, such as trilliums, rue anemone, bellwort,and some rare species, such as kittentails.
Saturday, May 21 — Spring Flora at Beaver Creek WMA andHayden Prairie State Preserve10:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. (12:30 p.m. lunch at Hayden Prairie)Fillmore County, southeast Minnesota and Howard County, Iowa.Led by Mark Leoschke, IowaDNR state botanist, and PaulBockenstedt, Bonestroo naturalresources plant ecologistContact: Paul Bockenstedt,651-604-4812, [email protected]
Join members of the MinnesotaNative Plant Society, IowaNative Plant Society and IowaPrairie Network for a day afieldon the Iowan Surface as we
New MNPS Web sitewww.mnnps.orge-mail: [email protected]
MNPS ListserveSend a message that includes the word
“subscribe” or “unsubscribe” and yourname in the body of the message to:[email protected] Continued on page 4
3
ChangingFaces onMNPS boardby Karen Schik
While many of our members maynot be aware of the “inner workings”of the Society, a lot goes on behindthe scenes. There are nine boardmembers, who spend a considerableamount of time on the organizationand functions of the Society, plusquite a few members who alsovolunteer tremendous amounts oftime and talent. I want to recognizeour departing board members and saya huge “Thank You” to each of themfor their many contributions.
David Johnson served on the boardas treasurer and membershipdatabase manager this past year, buthis contributions far exceed one year.He has been providing his servicesas treasurer and data manager foralmost seven years. We hardlynoticed what he did because hequietly went about doing it so wellthat it just seemed to happen on itsown. In fact, he updated both thefinancial and membership databasesto more useful programs, and hasmonitored all that information allthese years. David produced themembership directories and all themonthly mailing labels, including thelittle “membership expired”reminders. David will be sorelymissed
Doug Mensing served on the boardfor the last three years. Doug wasthe one you could count on to helpout with everything, whether to speakat a conference or to help clean upafter it. A busy dad of two youngchildren and a professional ecologist,Doug somehow made the time tocontribute countless hours forcountless events, organizing fieldtrips, and working on thesymposium. There wasn’t much thatDoug didn’t do. We will miss his
enthusiasm, readiness, andcompetence serving on the board.
Dianne Plunkett Latham servednearly two years on the board,stepping down recently to pursue hermany other interests, includingtravel. But Dianne made up for hershortened term by her engagement inthe board and her manycontributions, which includedcoordination of the Think NativeProgram, chairing the ConservationCommittee, staffing the booth andgiving presentations at numerousevents. Perhaps her more corecontributions to the society, however,were the ways that she helped to steersome of the board policies andoperations. She repeatedly broughther expertise as an attorney and herexperience serving on other boardsto help guide our board. Herknowledge, thoughtfulness, andenthusiasm will be greatly missed.
On the flip side of these good-byes,the board is very pleased to welcomethree new members: Daniel Jones,ecologist at Barr Engineering (whohas already stepped in to fill Dianne’sterm), Mary Brown, a long-timemember and native plant enthusiast,and Sandy McCartney, St. Louis Parktree inspector (who will both starttheir terms in June 2005). Eachbrings talents and experiences thatwill help the Society to keep growingstrong.
Volunteers areneeded June 10,11 for BioBlitz
Minnesota’s second annual
BioBlitz will be from 5 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Friday and Saturday, June 10 and 11,
at the Minnesota Valley National
Wildlife Refuge. MNPS members
are invited to assist. The BioBlitz is
a festival, a contest, an educational
event for the public, and a scientific
endeavor. While scientists from
around the state are conducting an
intense biological survey, walks and
demonstrations will be held at the
MVNWR Visitor Center.
The scientific goal of a BioBlitz is
to count as many species of plants
and animals as possible during a 24-
hour biological survey of a natural
area. More than 750 species were
recorded during the first Minnesota
BioBlitz, which was held in 2004 at
Tamarack Nature Center in Ramsey
County.
Volunteers are needed to assist in
surveys and to help lead walks for
the general public. Survey subjects
include reptiles, amphibians, birds,
mammals, fish, butterflies, moths,
beetles, ants, flies, bugs, spiders,
mites, centipedes, worms, snails,
grasses, sedges, trees, flowers, and
mushrooms. To volunteer or for
more information, contact John
Moriarty at 651-748-2500, or Dr.
Susan Weller at 612-625-6253.
Additional information on the
BioBlitz is available at
www.bellmuseum.org
For information on the Saturday
morning, June 11, “Rally for the
Refuge” run, which is sponsored by
the Friends of the Minnesota Valley,
see www.friendsofmnvalley.org/
rally.htm
Treasurer’s Reportby David Johnson
In 2004 we had $13,548.35 ofincome and $9,074.54 of expenses.We increased our assets by$4,473.81, mostly because of the2004 symposium.
Our assets, as of Dec. 31, 2004,were: CD, $1,063.40; Checking,$11,279.51; Cash, $52.00.
MNPS maintains dedicated fundsin the checking account for thefollowing projects: Refuge AvianFeeder Project, $776.68; ThinkNative, $641.07.
Enthusiasticgroup enjoyswinter field tripby Ken Arndt
On Saturday, March 12, MNPSBoard Members Ken Arndt and ScottMilburn led over 25 enthusiasticwinter botanists to Falls CreekScientific and Natural Area to learnwinter woody plant identification.What started as a slightly chillymorning turned into a beautifulwinter day in northern WashingtonCounty.
The group started out in thenorthern part of the SNA, where welearned about the forest restorationthat is taking place. From there wehiked down the first of two forestedravines, identifying trees and shrubsalong the way. At a lower terracealong this first hike, we came acrossan area where we observed severallarge white pines that were over 26inches in trunk diameter. Havingobtained a special permit from thedirector of the SNA program, wewere allowed to take incrementborings of a few of these trees todetermine their ages.
The second part of the morning, wehiked, slipped and slid down thesteep ravine in the southern part ofthe SNA. A high diversity of plantsoccurs where one of the creeks flowspast. Trees such as butternut,bitternut hickory, yellow and paperbirch, blue beech, sugar and redmaple, pagoda dogwood, red and buroak, black cherry, and red and whitepine were encountered along the wayto the east property line. It was herewhere we came across severalpopulations of downy rattlesnakeplantain orchid (Goodyerapubescens). By the time we made itback up the ravine to the parkingarea, many of us had shed themultiple layers of clothing we started
out the day with.
4
explore the prairie, wet meadow, and low oak savannas of Beaver CreekWMA in Fillmore County, and then drive six miles to Iowa to spend anafternoon on the internationally renowned Hayden Prairie. See Beaver CreekWMA and Hayden Prairie in full spring regalia.
Tuesday, June 7 — Grey Cloud Dunes SNA Prairie Hike6 to 8 p.m., Cottage Grove, southern Washington County, MinnesotaLed by Karen Schik, Friends of the Mississippi River restorationecologist and MNPS board memberContact: Doug Mensing, [email protected] or 612-202-2252
Join members of the Minnesota Native Plant Society for a hike throughone of the metro area’s natural gems — the dry prairies of Grey CloudDunes SNA. Participants will explore this beautiful remnant native prairieand learn about restoration efforts underway. This SNA was “adopted” bythe MNPS in 2004, and the Society has intermittent events at the site.
Saturday, July 9 — Bogs and Fens Field Trip9 a.m. to 2 p.m, East Bethel, Anoka County, MinnesotaBoot Lake SNA and other nearby bogs and fensLed by Jason Husveth, MNPS president, botanistContact: Jason Husveth at [email protected] or 651-433-4410.
Boot Lake SNA contains a continuum of plant community types includingoak forest, aspen-shrub thickets, and prominent old white pine stands; thewetland contains wooded bog, wet meadows, floating mats, emergent aquaticplants, duckweed, and algal communities. Rare plant species (water willow,sea-beach needle grass, and long-bearded hawkweed) are present, alongwith occasional sandhill cranes and Blanding’s turtles. Red-shoulderedhawks, pine warblers, Louisiana waterthrush and other bird species nest onthe site. Woodland wildflowers make a late spring visit memorable. A long-term research project is studying the effects of deer in forest succession.Sunday, Sept. 18 — Helen Allison Savanna SNA, Cedar Creek Bog2 to 5 p.m., Bethel, Anoka County, MinnesotaLed by Hannah Texler, Minnesota DNR regional plant ecologistContact: Doug Mensing, [email protected] or 612-202-2252.
Helen Allison Savanna SNA is a prairie and oak savanna. It was namedfor Helen Allison Irvine, “Minnesota’s grass lady,” who wrote a text on the180 grasses of Minnesota. This SNA lies within the Anoka sand plain,providing an excellent example of sand dune plant succession, with blowoutsand dunes in various stages of stabilization by pioneer species. Communitytypes found on the site include oak sand savanna, dry prairie with bur oakand pin oak, thickets of willow and aspen, and sedge marshes in scattereddepressions. Trees and shrubs include pin oak, bur oak, American hazelnut,chokecherry, willow, and quaking aspen. Other savanna species includelead plant, smooth sumac, slender willow, steeplebush, aster, and goldenrod.Look on the dunes for pioneer sand plants such as sea-beach, needle grassand hairy panic grass. Sedge meadows contain tussocks of Hayden’s sedge,along with marsh fern and blue-joint grass. Other rare species include long-bearded hawkweed, rhombic-petaled evening primrose, and tall nut-rush.
A side trip will take participants on a short boardwalk through the nearbyCedar Creek Bog, which is located at the University of Minnesota CedarCreek Research Center. This is one of the most interesting bogs in theAnoka sand plain. Common plant species include leatherleaf, cottongrass,three-way sedge, and bog cranberry.
Continued from page 1Field trips
5
by Craig A. Annen, ecologist,Michler & Brown, LLC. This is asummary of his Dec. 17, 2004,presentation to the Army Corps of
Engineers.
Can reed canary grass be
selectively controlled?Reed canary grass abatement and
subsequent native species restorationare challenging tasks, for manyreasons. One reason is a lack oftreatments that selectively target reedcanary grass with minimal collateraldamage to non-target species. Thisis usually not a problem during theearly stages of restoration when reedcanary grass is dominant, but canbecome a problem as the restorationprogresses and native species beginto return from the seed bank or activeplanting.
I have been exploring selectivecontrol options for use in transitionalareas where reed canary grass ispresent, but not the dominant species.I began by conducting a feasibilitystudy to determine if Vantage™
(sethoxydim), a grass-specificherbicide, would reduce seedproduction and above-groundbiomass of reed canary grass withoutharming native species.
Early summer (May 29)sethoxydim application reduced seedhead production 98 percent and totalseasonal above-ground biomassproduction 56 percent. A latesummer follow-up application (Aug.2) failed to improve biomasssuppression, possibly because thelitter that resulted from the initialapplication intercepted spray duringthe subsequent application.
Sethoxydim application had noeffect on native species abundance,indicating that it may possess a usefullevel of species selectivity.Herbicidal effects on reed canarygrass did not carry over into thesecond growing season. Reed canary
grass often recolonizes treated areasfrom its seed bank and rhizomeswhen treatments are discontinued.As a consequence, maintainingsuppression of growth and seedproduction requires multiple-yearherbicide applications.
Why are multiple-year herbicide
applications necessary to control
reed canary grass?
My next objective was to look atreasons why reed canary grass is ableto quickly recolonize treated areas.One reason may have to do withrhizome apical dominance. Apicaldominance is the promotion of apicalgrowth with corresponding inhibitionof lateral growth, and is caused byinteractions among limiting factorsand plant hormones. Apicaldominance results in both activelygrowing and dormant rhizome budsin perennial grass stands.
When herbicides are applied toreed canary grass top growth, theymove throughout the plant along withcarbohydrates. Studies withradioactively labeled herbicidesshow that both glyphosate andsethoxydim translocate to andaccumulate within the apical portionsof rhizomes because the apex hasgreater sink strength for carbohydratewhen apical dominance is in place.As a result, lateral rhizome buds arenot affected by herbicideapplications, and reed canarygrass isable to resprout (resurge) from theselateral buds.
Rhizome apical dominance is welldocumented in the scientificliterature, and rhizome buddormancy has been reported in reedcanary grass stands. The end resultof resurgence is that multiple-yearherbicide applications are necessaryto sustain the suppressive effects ofchemical treatments and deplete thedormant bud bank.
Can we enhance herbicide
effectiveness?I am currently investigating
whether short-circuiting apicaldominance will enhance theeffectiveness of herbicide treatments.Tillage and plant growth regulator(PGR) applications are known toreduce the effects of apicaldominance and promote lateralgrowth in perennial grass rhizomes.Tillage overcomes apical dominanceby decapitating rhizomes andbreaking them into isolatedfragments. PGRs mimic planthormones, and “trick” the plant’smolecular signal system intopromoting lateral growth. Oncedormant lateral buds become active,they are able to receivecarbohydrates (and herbicides) fromthe rhizome assimilate stream.
I want to find out if either tillageor PGR pretreatments followed byherbicide application will suppressreed canary grass to a greater extentthan herbicide application alone. Inthe first field season, PGRpretreatments failed to improve reedcanary grass suppression, whilecoupling tillage (June 2) tosethoxydim application (June 23)reduced reed canary grass stemdensity 35 percent greater thanherbicide application alone, andimproved native species richness andabundance.
Craig A. Annen is a practicingrestorationist and researcher.Contact him at 608-424-6997 [email protected], or write to 228South Park Street, Belleville, WI
53508.
Reed canary grass treatments studied
Thicket! - A Voice forIntegrated Weed Management
This newsletter is produced twicea year by the Integrated WeedManagement Group, which includesthe MDA. For current and pastissues, see: www.mda.state.mn.us/ipm/thicket/default.htm
by Karen SchikLynn Steiner has filled a void with
a comprehensive and beautifullywritten book, Landscaping WithNative Plants of Minnesota. Whilemany books exist on native plantlandscaping, most are general andapply to very large regions of theUnited States. A person interestedin landscaping with Minnesota nativeplants has had to hunt for informationfrom multiple resources.
Steiner’s book has a strongecological basis, providingbackground information aboutMinnesota biomes, and emphasizingthe importance of referring to naturalareas for gardening inspiration andinsight. Steiner defines native plantsbased on The Vascular Plants ofMinnesota, the accepted reference byOwnbey and Morley. She describesthe types of habitats where they grow,their ecological benefits andmisconceptions about them. She alsowarns the reader about plantconservation issues, such as illegallyharvested plants and endangeredspecies. She strongly encouragesunderstanding and acceptance of theuniqueness of native plants, anddiscourages the use of insecticidesand other non-ecological practices.
The layout of the book is easy tofollow. The first half leads the readerfrom an overview of native plantcommunities, to evaluating a gardensite, to selecting plants and designingand installing a garden. Sidebarsprovide tips, including lists of deer-resistant plants, and plants forbutterflies, hummingbirds, andspecific conditions. An abundance ofhigh quality color photographsbeautifully illustrate the text. Thesecond half of the book is devoted tocomprehensive descriptions andphotographs for 350 species of nativeflowering plants, grasses, trees,shrubs, evergreens, ferns, and vines.
Overall, I found her plant lists fordifferent conditions to be fairlyaccurate, though some designationsseemed incomplete. Little bluestem,for instance, is listed as a savannaspecies, and not listed for mesicprairie and dry prairie, when clearlyit is a significant species of dryprairies. The lists provide a goodbasis, but a gardener should consultother reputable lists as well. Giventhe strong ecological nature of thebook, a reference to the presettlementvegetation map created byMarschner would also have beenhelpful.
Steiner has produced a beautifulbook that clearly demonstrates herknowledge and passion forMinnesota native plants. I was,however, disappointed by theauthor’s ready acceptance of non-native cultivars. While I have noissue, per se, with the use of cultivars,the title of the book impliesdedication to natives. Novices whodon’t understand the difference mayhave little incentive to choose nativesover cultivars. Given the facts thatless than one percent of native prairie(for example) is left in the state, andthat cultivars generally provide lessnectar and other wildlife benefits, Iwould have expected cultivars wouldbe mentioned only as an aside.
Furthermore, she did not explainthe importance of local genotype, northe fact that nursery location does notconnote seed source location. Thisbook far exceeds most I have seen inregards to plant community ecology,but in my opinion, it fell short ofeducating readers about these issuesand the uniqueness of Minnesota’snatural heritage. The book is not the“one reference” that I had hoped itwould be, but it is nonetheless anexcellent resource and I would nothesitate to recommend it as asupplemental resource.
Get involvedby Karen Schik
Have you noticed new activities atthe Society? Things are happening— more field trips, a new Web site,new opportunities as land stewardsat Grey Cloud, more Society-associated events, like the BioBlitzand the State Fair. Are youwondering how you can be a part ofall this fun? Scan the list below andlet us know what you are interestedin. Contact Karen Schik([email protected] or 651-433-5254)for more information or to sign up.
Occasional activities — Sign up; wewill contact you as the need arises.• MNPS Booth. Bring the displayboard to one or more events.• State Fair. MNPS may againparticipate at another organization’sfair booth. Visit with fairgoers.• Presentations. Organizationsoccasionally request presentations onplant-related topics. Let us know ifyou have a presentation you can give.
Regular Needs — May be onlyonce.• Field trips. Lead a field trip to yourfavorite place, solicit others to leadtrips, or help organize trips.• Submit an article to the Plant Press.
Long-term tasks — Firmcommitment needed.• Database manager. Receive andenter new or renewing members,generate mailing labels, etc. Thecomputer (laptop) and program areprovided, as well as training.• Annual symposium. Help plan andorganize the 2006 symposium.Planning will start this summer.• Coordinate the Think Nativeprogram, a winter activity. Solicitparticipants, go through a selectionprocess, and follow up on results.• MNPS historian. Compile thehistory of the society to post on theWeb site before the Society’s 25thanniversary in 2007.• Postcard mailer: Produce and mailmeeting announcements and annual“We want you back” postcards.
Book tells how to landscapewith Minnesota native plants
6
7
Plant Loreby Thor KommedahlWhat is toothwort?
Toothwort is a common name forDentaria laciniata and D. diphyllain the mustard family. Somebotanists include Dentaria in thegenus Cardamine. Both species arenative to Minnesota.
What do these names mean?Dentaria refers to the toothed
rhizomes of some species, whereasCardamine comes from Dioscordes’Greek name for cress. In fact,toothwort is also called spring cressbecause it has been eaten as analternate to watercress (Nasturtiumofficinale).
What does toothwort look like?Toothwort (Cardamine diphylla /
Dentaria diphylla) is a perennial witha creeping rootstock (rhizome).Leaves are divided into three-toothedleaflets, and the flowers have fourpetals, usually white or pale pink.Cut-leaved toothwort (Dentarialaciniata) also has three leaflets perleaf, but the leaflets are narrower andmore sharply toothed; this is calledCardamine concatenata by Gleasonand Gronquist. Moreover, the petalsare pale lavender, and the rhizomesare segmented.
Where do toothworts grow?Most are found in moist woods or
river bottoms and bloom about thetime that hepatica, bloodroot, andDutchman’s breeches bloom, that is,in early spring before shade blanketsthe forest floor.
Are toothworts medicinal or
edible?Toothwort rhizomes have been
used as a folk remedy for toothaches,and the American Indians chewedrhizomes for colds. A poltice wasmade to treat headaches. MenomineeIndians piled masses of rhizomesunder a blanket for three to four daysto induce fermentation to make themsweet, then cooked them with corn.They said this was good to eat and
also was good medicine for thestomach. Rootstocks are peppery,and when mixed with vinegar andsalt are substituted for horseradish,or chopped up are used in salads.
Does it have economic value?Not really. It is sometimes
cultivated in wild or rock gardens.
by Dianne Plunkett LathamFive 2005 Think Native Grant
recipients have been approved by theMNPS Board of Directors. If you arenear any of the winners, see howthe grants are making a difference.
MinneapolisAnna Dvorak, on behalf of the
McKinley Community Garden, inpartnership with the FellowshipMissionary Baptist Church and theCamden Garden Club, accepted the$200 grant to create a rain garden atCityview School, 3350 Fourth St. N.,Minneapolis. Students will help plantand maintain the garden, which is onthe border of Perkins Hill Park.
MarshallDiane Gunvalson, on behalf of the
Community Action Partnership inMarshall, accepted the grant ofprairie seeds remaining from lastfall’s MNPS seed exchange. Theseeds will be used for the wildflowerhill in Independence Park inMarshall. They also received a smallgrant to purchase native plants fromPrairie Restoration, which they putalong a path. They hope to createinformational markers. They alsopartnered with the Biology Club andDr. Desy at Southwest MinnesotaState University to collect seedsfrom the native prairie at theuniversity. They planted the seedsin the university greenhouse forplanting on the hillside. The MNPSseed will be germinated in theuniversity greenhouse as well.
BrainerdTheri Wasniewski, on behalf of
Central Lakes College, Brainerd,Minnesota accepted the grant of
woodland, wetland and rain gardenseeds remaining from the seedexchange. They plan to create acampus woodland garden at the edgeof a jack pine savannah on the top ofa hill above the Mississippi River.This interpretive garden willhighlight native grasses, wildflowers,shrubs and trees. Wasniewski’sstudents will create pamphlets andplace them in at the entrance to theThink Native Woodland Garden.
PlymouthLinda Miller, on behalf of the
Gleason Lake Elementary SchoolOutdoor Learning Center (OLC),accepted the grant of prairie plantsremaining from the 2005 MNPSplant sale. The school is located at310 Co. Rd. 101 N., Plymouth. Since2002, they have been removinginvasives and restoring prairie,wetland and woodland habitats.Students help maintain the area;Fortin Consulting providesoversight, burning and herbicide.The PTA hired a naturalist, who takeseach classroom out into the OLC forinstruction six times a year.
CentervilleLisa Gilliland, on behalf of the
Wargo Nature Center in Centerville,accepted the grant of woodland andwetland plants remaining from the2005 plant sale. By implementingsustainable native landscapes as acommunity resource, Wargo isinvolved in a community-basedscience project with the ScienceMuseum of Minnesota. Wargo seeksto demonstrate the wide variety ofplants that could be used asalternatives to bluegrass lawns.Visitors will see the plants in a semi-native habitat and receive printedinformation about them. Wargo willhave interpretative signs for a birdfeeder watch area, a tallgrass prairie,woodland, and a butterfly garden.
The 2005 Think Native GrantCommittee consisted of DiannePlunkett Latham, chair, DaveCrawford and Linda Huhn.
2005 Think Native Grants
Minnesota Native Plant Society
University of Minnesota
250 Biological Sciences Center
1445 Gortner Ave.
St. Paul, MN 55108
Spring 2005
