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Church HistoryChurch HistoryThe Medieval ChurchThe Medieval Church

530-1478 AD530-1478 AD

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The early medieval worldThe early medieval world500-800 AD500-800 AD

A very different world from oursA very different world from ours

Largely illiterateLargely illiterate

Short life-spansShort life-spans

High infant mortalityHigh infant mortality

Politically unstablePolitically unstable

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages Overview of the middle ages the dark ages 400-700the dark ages 400-700

“ “Dark Ages”Dark Ages”

• Loss of Pax Romana Loss of Pax Romana creates more localized creates more localized customs, language and customs, language and impacts every area of life.impacts every area of life.

• Trade broke down as Trade broke down as travel became unsafe and travel became unsafe and economics changed economics changed rapidly.rapidly.

• Social structures and Social structures and educational institutions educational institutions also broke down, learning also broke down, learning and literacy slowed. and literacy slowed. Leadership lapsed.Leadership lapsed.

• Slavery collapsed and Slavery collapsed and agriculture fell into decline agriculture fell into decline without field labor.without field labor.

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages Overview of the middle ages Byzantium 537-632Byzantium 537-632

• Justinian recaptured Justinian recaptured bordersborders

• Re codified Roman LawRe codified Roman Law

• Built “Hagia Sophia” Built “Hagia Sophia” (right) the church of ‘holy (right) the church of ‘holy wisdom’wisdom’

• Culture and Learning of Culture and Learning of Byzantium attracted Byzantium attracted cultures from nearby cultures from nearby eastern countries, built eastern countries, built relationships and a rich relationships and a rich heritageheritage

• Muslim and Turk invaders Muslim and Turk invaders begin to be a significant begin to be a significant threat in 626-635threat in 626-635

Byzantium under JustinianByzantium under Justinian

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages Overview of the middle ages Muslim caliphs 632-750Muslim caliphs 632-750

• The Rise of Islam re-The Rise of Islam re-took much of the took much of the Byzantine empire Byzantine empire between 632-750between 632-750

• Byzantium continued Byzantium continued to struggle with to struggle with attacks from without attacks from without and and Iconoclasm Iconoclasm within. within.

• Byzantium was Byzantium was substantially substantially weakened by the late weakened by the late 77thth century and century and Constantinople had Constantinople had lost much of its earlier lost much of its earlier influence. influence.

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages Overview of the middle ages the Latin west 700-850the Latin west 700-850

The Latin West The Latin West

• Conditions improve as Conditions improve as Agriculture rebounds in Agriculture rebounds in 700’s700’s

• Powerful local nobleman Powerful local nobleman and families rebuilt roads and families rebuilt roads and trade during the and trade during the Byzantine period. This was Byzantine period. This was known as “Feudalism”known as “Feudalism”

• Conquered peoples and Conquered peoples and newly developed kingdoms newly developed kingdoms were Christianizedwere Christianized

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages Overview of the middle ages the Frankish empirethe Frankish empire

• Conversion of Clovis to Conversion of Clovis to Christianity in 493 gave Christianity in 493 gave entire region a single entire region a single religious practice, created religious practice, created unity.unity.

• Germanic land grant Germanic land grant practices ensured that in practices ensured that in spite of different rulers, spite of different rulers, the realm was seen as a the realm was seen as a single entity. This created single entity. This created a feel not unlike the earlier a feel not unlike the earlier Roman empire. Roman empire.

• Later, this unity would Later, this unity would allow an assimilation allow an assimilation under Charlemagne (751) under Charlemagne (751) to be relatively smooth. to be relatively smooth.

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages Overview of the middle ages the carlovingian empirethe carlovingian empire

• Charles Martel 686-741

• 732 Wins massive victory against un-defeated Muslim army at the Battle of Tours

• Pippin the short, his son, succeeded him as King of the Franks

• Pippins later deal with Pope Stephen (754) solidified his position as patricius Romanorum ; “Protector of the Romans

• Pippin is best known as the Father of Charlemagne

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Early philosophical influencesEarly philosophical influences

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Boethius 520Boethius 520

“ “Consolation of PhilosophyConsolation of Philosophy• One of the most influential works ever writtenOne of the most influential works ever written

• Philosophical approach to the nature of the worldPhilosophical approach to the nature of the world

• Conversation between himself & the Queen of Conversation between himself & the Queen of ScienceScience

• Mind is called the ‘one true good’Mind is called the ‘one true good’

• Theory of Wheel of Fortuna Theory of Wheel of Fortuna

• ‘ ‘Happiness comes from within’ Happiness comes from within’

• Also wrote tracts against Arianism Also wrote tracts against Arianism

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Boethius 520Boethius 520Sors immanisSors immanis et inanis,et inanis, rota tu volubilisrota tu volubilis, , status malus,status malus, vana salusvana salus semper semper dissolubilis,dissolubilis, obumbrataobumbrata et velataet velata michi quoque michi quoque niteris;niteris; nunc per ludumnunc per ludum dorsum nudumdorsum nudum fero tui sceleris.fero tui sceleris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fortune rota Fortune rota volvitur;volvitur; descendo descendo minoratus;minoratus; alter in altum alter in altum tollitur;tollitur; nimis exaltatusnimis exaltatus rex sedet in rex sedet in verticevertice caveat ruinam!caveat ruinam! nam sub axe nam sub axe legimuslegimus Hecubam Hecubam reginam.reginam.

Fate - monstrous Fate - monstrous and empty, and empty, you whirling wheel, you whirling wheel, you are malevolent, you are malevolent, well-being is vain well-being is vain and always fades to nothing, and always fades to nothing, shadowed shadowed and veiled and veiled you plague me too; you plague me too; now through the game now through the game I bring my bare back I bring my bare back to your villainy. to your villainy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The wheel of Fortune turns; The wheel of Fortune turns; I go down, demeaned; I go down, demeaned; another is raised up; another is raised up; far too high up far too high up sits the king at the summit - sits the king at the summit - let him fear ruin! let him fear ruin! for under the axis is written for under the axis is written Queen Queen HecubaHecuba. .

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Boethius 520Boethius 520

“ “Consolation of Philosophy”Consolation of Philosophy”

• When men give in to When men give in to “wickedness” They “sink to the level “wickedness” They “sink to the level of being an animal.” of being an animal.” • Boethius sought to answer Boethius sought to answer religious questions religious questions without without reference to Christianity, reference to Christianity,

• Relies solely on natural Relies solely on natural philosophy and the Classical Greek philosophy and the Classical Greek

tradition. tradition. • Believed in harmony between Believed in harmony between faith and reason. faith and reason. • The truths found in Christianity The truths found in Christianity are no different from the truths are no different from the truths found in philosophy found in philosophy

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Rule of Benedict 530Rule of Benedict 530

Balanced zeal with the need for stability Based on Prayer, Works, Manual Labor Created order for generations of monastic communities Outlined detailed order of worship Provided specific guidance for novice spiritual students

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Rise of monasticism Rise of monasticism

• The success of the church under Constantine led to The success of the church under Constantine led to many abuses many abuses

• Monasticism is one reaction to that abuseMonasticism is one reaction to that abuse

• Purpose was salvation for the members of monastic Purpose was salvation for the members of monastic ordersorders

• Enabled Missionary expansionEnabled Missionary expansion

• Monks often translated Bible into local languagesMonks often translated Bible into local languages

• Long tradition of keeping, copying and restoring Long tradition of keeping, copying and restoring ancient texts and documentsancient texts and documents

• Credited with many revivals throughout the middle Credited with many revivals throughout the middle agesages

• Instrumental in farming and other agricultural Instrumental in farming and other agricultural techniques techniques

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Rise of monasticism Rise of monasticism

• Early monastic thinkers included significant Platonic Early monastic thinkers included significant Platonic thought .thought .

• The idea that this temporal world was only a shadow The idea that this temporal world was only a shadow and not a reality tended to promote a ‘spirituality’ that and not a reality tended to promote a ‘spirituality’ that undervalued the material world, the body and led to a undervalued the material world, the body and led to a general to de-valuation of daily existence. general to de-valuation of daily existence.

• This left a fertile ground for the later neo Gnostic sects This left a fertile ground for the later neo Gnostic sects to take root. to take root.

• Tended to be works rather that faith oriented.Tended to be works rather that faith oriented.

• Acetic and neo Platonic influences were highly prized.Acetic and neo Platonic influences were highly prized.

• Platonic dualism created such doctrines as celibacy, Platonic dualism created such doctrines as celibacy, and the removal from society for which the monks are and the removal from society for which the monks are most famous.most famous.

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The legacy monasticism The legacy monasticism

A community of pious practiceA community of pious practice

Ancient textual version of the scripturesAncient textual version of the scriptures

Ancient hymns, prayer and other sacred Ancient hymns, prayer and other sacred documentsdocuments

A significant body of learning and A significant body of learning and systematic theologysystematic theology

In many senses, a church that survivedIn many senses, a church that survived

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

BREAKBREAK

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Brief timeline 500-800 Brief timeline 500-800

500500 - Western Monasteries begin to Copy Text- Western Monasteries begin to Copy Text

- Earliest References to the Annunciation of the Blessed - Earliest References to the Annunciation of the Blessed VirginVirgin

- Codex Bezae, an important Greek MSS of the NT - Codex Bezae, an important Greek MSS of the NT

506- Eucharist celebrated 3x a year, Christmas, Easter, 506- Eucharist celebrated 3x a year, Christmas, Easter, PentecostPentecost

520- Boethius writes his “Consolation of Philosophy” from 520- Boethius writes his “Consolation of Philosophy” from prisonprison

526- Birth of Christ fixed as December 25526- Birth of Christ fixed as December 25

527- Doctrine of Appolinarianism; Christ had a Human mind 527- Doctrine of Appolinarianism; Christ had a Human mind & Soul& Soul

529- The Rule of Benedict529- The Rule of Benedict

537- Death of King Arthur of the Britons537- Death of King Arthur of the Britons

550- Lent begins on Wednesdays, Bodily assumption of the 550- Lent begins on Wednesdays, Bodily assumption of the BVMBVM

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Brief timeline 500-800 Brief timeline 500-800 553- Second Council of Constantinople affirms that Hell is 553- Second Council of Constantinople affirms that Hell is

eternaleternal

567- The twelve days of Christmas 567- The twelve days of Christmas

570- Birth of Mohammed 570- Birth of Mohammed

590- Gregory introduces Ash Wednesday and formalizes 590- Gregory introduces Ash Wednesday and formalizes LentLent

600- Church of the Holy Sepulcher displays the chalice of 600- Church of the Holy Sepulcher displays the chalice of Christ a.k.a the Holy GrailChrist a.k.a the Holy Grail

610- Doctrine of double predestination begins610- Doctrine of double predestination begins

627- First mention of the Immaculate Conception of the BVM 627- First mention of the Immaculate Conception of the BVM and Mary being free from the stain of original sinand Mary being free from the stain of original sin

700- Mass becomes ‘personal’ and for sale, may be 700- Mass becomes ‘personal’ and for sale, may be commissioned by the rich for events, funerals etc. First commissioned by the rich for events, funerals etc. First mention of black being worn at Christian funeralsmention of black being worn at Christian funerals

725- Iconoclastic controversy begins, will later wreak havoc 725- Iconoclastic controversy begins, will later wreak havoc on Eastern Orthodoxyon Eastern Orthodoxy

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Brief timeline 500-800 Brief timeline 500-800

731- Easter is formally traced back to Teutonic 731- Easter is formally traced back to Teutonic Fertility GoddessFertility Goddess

First Church organ appearsFirst Church organ appears

750- Apologetics against Islam begin in 750- Apologetics against Islam begin in earnestearnest

787- Beginning of Holy Relics787- Beginning of Holy Relics

800- Coronation of Charlemagne; 800- Coronation of Charlemagne;

- Allegorical interpretation of the mass - Allegorical interpretation of the mass beginsbegins

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE RISE OF THE PAPACYTHE RISE OF THE PAPACYThe Rise of Islam in 635-732 reduces Byzantine The Rise of Islam in 635-732 reduces Byzantine territories, influence and power. territories, influence and power. Fall of Carthage in 698Fall of Carthage in 698Islam weakened Byzantium and exaggerated Islam weakened Byzantium and exaggerated issues between East and Westissues between East and WestRome pursued relationship with the Frankish Kings Rome pursued relationship with the Frankish Kings in the North to expand territory, collect tribute in the North to expand territory, collect tribute and strengthen alliances far from Islamic reach. and strengthen alliances far from Islamic reach. Led directly to the Boniface Mission to Germany Led directly to the Boniface Mission to Germany and ultimately to Conation of Charles the Great and ultimately to Conation of Charles the Great (Charlemagne)(Charlemagne)

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE RISE OF THE PAPACYTHE RISE OF THE PAPACYLeo obtains edict from Velentinian III giving him Leo obtains edict from Velentinian III giving him authority over all of the Western Bishoprics, and in authority over all of the Western Bishoprics, and in matters of civil lawmatters of civil law

751 Pope Zacharias assists Pepin the Short in 751 Pope Zacharias assists Pepin the Short in becoming King of the Frankish empirebecoming King of the Frankish empire

754 Pope Stephen II crowns Pepin King of the Roman 754 Pope Stephen II crowns Pepin King of the Roman Empire (a first for the papacy)Empire (a first for the papacy)

756 the “Donation of Pepin” creates the Papal states 756 the “Donation of Pepin” creates the Papal states in Italy, increasing the need for his successors to in Italy, increasing the need for his successors to protect land and tax base in that area. This further protect land and tax base in that area. This further strengthens the papal power in those states. strengthens the papal power in those states.

As Islam moves West, Rome now has Northern allies As Islam moves West, Rome now has Northern allies to assist (See Map)to assist (See Map)

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The coronation The coronation of Charlemagne 800 ADof Charlemagne 800 AD

The Eastern Empire (Byzantium) is under siege The Eastern Empire (Byzantium) is under siege

Pepin (Charlemagne's father) has made a Pepin (Charlemagne's father) has made a significant contribution of Land to the Papacy, significant contribution of Land to the Papacy, securing a partnership between the Western empire securing a partnership between the Western empire and the Roman church for years to come. (These and the Roman church for years to come. (These papal states eventually become Vatican city)papal states eventually become Vatican city)

His fathers strength and the Frankish kingdoms His fathers strength and the Frankish kingdoms success give him power to rule and tax to build a success give him power to rule and tax to build a standing army. This power makes him a logical standing army. This power makes him a logical helper for the embattled Byzantine empire which is helper for the embattled Byzantine empire which is crumbling. crumbling.

The great political and ecclesiastical issues The great political and ecclesiastical issues discussed earlier make this a significant challenge. discussed earlier make this a significant challenge.

The power the papacy now had, the ability to The power the papacy now had, the ability to crown a King, is a harbinger of things to come. crown a King, is a harbinger of things to come.

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE RISE OF THE PAPACYTHE RISE OF THE PAPACY

Church becomes the arbiter of the grace of God.Church becomes the arbiter of the grace of God.

As leaders increase in power, the church begins As leaders increase in power, the church begins to teach apostolic succession.to teach apostolic succession.

In 800 the mass begins to take on very allegorical In 800 the mass begins to take on very allegorical significance; each motion of the priest and the significance; each motion of the priest and the Eucharist is a sacred drama, in which every Eucharist is a sacred drama, in which every movement is also given an allegorical meaning.movement is also given an allegorical meaning.

The Seven Sacraments become an instituted part The Seven Sacraments become an instituted part of the church.of the church.

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE RISE OF THE PAPACYTHE RISE OF THE PAPACY

Man is in Sin and needs Saving; this is accomplished via the seven sacramentsSacrament stood for a spiritual reality and enabled the salvation of those that participated in themOnly the priest can administer sacramentsSacrament is ‘outward sign of an inward grace’Receipt of Gods grace required reception of the sacraments

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE RISE OF THE PAPACYTHE RISE OF THE PAPACY

Kingdom moves North and Papal and Secular power Kingdom moves North and Papal and Secular power become increasingly entangledbecome increasingly entangledThe beginnings of “Christendom” begin to emerge:The beginnings of “Christendom” begin to emerge:

All of life, philosophy, politics and social areas fall under the jurisdiction of the churchCivil laws and civic rulers come under the explicit protection of the churchChristendom is an idealized ‘Christian society’ where every aspect of life and society are under the rule and control of the church.

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Rise of the papacyRise of the papacy

CHURCH GAINS POWER TO ADMINSTER THE GRACE OF GOD CHURCH GAINS POWER TO ADMINSTER THE GRACE OF GOD OVER COMMON BELIEVERSOVER COMMON BELIEVERS

CHURCH GAINS MASSIVE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONTROL CHURCH GAINS MASSIVE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONTROL OVER MANY ASPECTS OF LIFEOVER MANY ASPECTS OF LIFE

THE LEADERSIHP GREW INTO THE APOSTOLIC SUCCESSOR THE LEADERSIHP GREW INTO THE APOSTOLIC SUCCESSOR MODEL THAT THE RC CHURCH HOLDS TO THIS DAYMODEL THAT THE RC CHURCH HOLDS TO THIS DAY

FAITH AND BELIEF BECOME DE-PERSONALIZEDFAITH AND BELIEF BECOME DE-PERSONALIZED

THE INDIVIDUALS ABILITY TO HAVE ACCESS TO GOD IS THE INDIVIDUALS ABILITY TO HAVE ACCESS TO GOD IS LIMITED TO THE INTERCESSATION OF THE CHURCH LIMITED TO THE INTERCESSATION OF THE CHURCH

GRACE AND TRUTH CAN BE BOUGHT AND SOLD, AND GRACE AND TRUTH CAN BE BOUGHT AND SOLD, AND MANIPULATED TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MANIPULATED TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONTROLCONTROL

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

EVERYDAY CHRISTIANITY in the EVERYDAY CHRISTIANITY in the middle agesmiddle ages

Average Christian was removed from the Average Christian was removed from the papacy/Monasticismpapacy/Monasticism

Focused on most popular items in liturgical practice:Focused on most popular items in liturgical practice:

Veneration of the saints, especially Virgin MaryVeneration of the saints, especially Virgin Mary

Relics and ShrinesRelics and Shrines

PilgrimagesPilgrimages

Heroic efforts to re-capture the holy land from infidelsHeroic efforts to re-capture the holy land from infidels

Pagan influence and practice remained mostly ion Pagan influence and practice remained mostly ion tact but tact but took on a ‘Christian flavor’took on a ‘Christian flavor’

Dissolution of Roman Empire, most now illiterate, Dissolution of Roman Empire, most now illiterate,

no ‘text’ other than the massno ‘text’ other than the mass

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

EVERYDAY CHRISTIANITY in the EVERYDAY CHRISTIANITY in the middle agesmiddle ages

Conversions were obtained by the churches liberal use Conversions were obtained by the churches liberal use of existing pagan festivalsof existing pagan festivals

Pagan gods and goddesses were replaced by Christian Pagan gods and goddesses were replaced by Christian saints and martyrssaints and martyrs

The Virgin Mary is re-cast as the “Universal Mother” The Virgin Mary is re-cast as the “Universal Mother”

Mary prayed to directly, and prayers are offered in her Mary prayed to directly, and prayers are offered in her namename

1202 the rosary is first said in the church1202 the rosary is first said in the church

Increasing emphasis on the humanity rather than the Increasing emphasis on the humanity rather than the divinity of Jesus (he becomes more the divinity of Jesus (he becomes more the son of Maryson of Mary and less and less the Son of God)the Son of God)

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Brief timeline 800-1054 Brief timeline 800-1054 800- Coronation of Charlemagne800- Coronation of Charlemagne

831- “on the body and blood of our Lord”; first document 831- “on the body and blood of our Lord”; first document teaching that the blood of the Eucharist is the same as that of teaching that the blood of the Eucharist is the same as that of the BVM, and that it is the means of incorporation in to the the BVM, and that it is the means of incorporation in to the visible churchvisible church

850- Confirmation viewed as the point at which a Christian 850- Confirmation viewed as the point at which a Christian receives divine assistance from the HS in resisting sinreceives divine assistance from the HS in resisting sin

975- Stained glass begins to appear in cathedrals975- Stained glass begins to appear in cathedrals

1000- Literacy in Europe rises again1000- Literacy in Europe rises again

- copying of manuscripts becomes part of daily monastic - copying of manuscripts becomes part of daily monastic lifelife

1030- earliest version of the hail Mary1030- earliest version of the hail Mary

1038- Christmas first recorded1038- Christmas first recorded

1054- The Great Schism1054- The Great Schism

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

BREAKBREAK

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The Beginning of unrest The Beginning of unrest

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE GREAT SCHISM THE GREAT SCHISM the political developmentsthe political developments

Norman conquest was threatening southern Italy and Norman conquest was threatening southern Italy and bringing with it doctrinal controversy (unleavened bread).bringing with it doctrinal controversy (unleavened bread).

Eastern Empire sends request to Cerularius to turn over Eastern Empire sends request to Cerularius to turn over control of those Italian churches toe the West as a control of those Italian churches toe the West as a concession to the Normans.concession to the Normans.

He refuses, countering that these churches must conform He refuses, countering that these churches must conform to Greek (Orthodox) ideals rites and rituals.to Greek (Orthodox) ideals rites and rituals.

Italian churches refuses and Cerularius shuts them down.Italian churches refuses and Cerularius shuts them down.

Pope Leo IX sends a man named Humbert (a hot-headed Pope Leo IX sends a man named Humbert (a hot-headed anti Simonist) to handle the situation. While he is on his anti Simonist) to handle the situation. While he is on his way Leo diesway Leo dies

While Humbert is on his way, the East send letters of While Humbert is on his way, the East send letters of apology, trying to reconcile apology, trying to reconcile

Humbert confronts Cerularius, and excommunicates him , Humbert confronts Cerularius, and excommunicates him , Cerularius follows suit and excommunicates Humbert. Cerularius follows suit and excommunicates Humbert.

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE GREAT SCHISM 1054THE GREAT SCHISM 1054the ecclesiastical developmentsthe ecclesiastical developments

In addition to political and military challenges In addition to political and military challenges the Eastern Empire has internal issues:the Eastern Empire has internal issues:

Pope claimed authority over the Greek speaking Pope claimed authority over the Greek speaking patriarchs of the orthodox church. They patriarchs of the orthodox church. They maintained loyalty to Constantinoplemaintained loyalty to Constantinople

The addition of the ‘filioque’ clause into the The addition of the ‘filioque’ clause into the Nicene creed centuries earlier is again an issue Nicene creed centuries earlier is again an issue as they request help from the Western churchas they request help from the Western church

The issue of Icon use in worship and the use of The issue of Icon use in worship and the use of leaven in the bread in the Eucharist is deeply leaven in the bread in the Eucharist is deeply divisive as well. divisive as well. (Iconoclastic controversy)(Iconoclastic controversy)

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE GREAT SCHISM 1054THE GREAT SCHISM 1054 Eastern and western churches split into ‘orthodox’ Eastern and western churches split into ‘orthodox’

and ‘roman catholic’and ‘roman catholic’

The insertion of the The insertion of the filioque clause into the Nicene Creed

Disputes over papal control of regional patriarchs', Disputes over papal control of regional patriarchs', authority of Popeauthority of Pope

Islam caused weakening of patiarchs of Antioch, Islam caused weakening of patiarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, AlexandriaJerusalem, Alexandria

Shift of political strength from Constantinople to Shift of political strength from Constantinople to rome rome

Use of unleavened bread for the EucharistUse of unleavened bread for the Eucharist

Celibacy issues in the priesthood Celibacy issues in the priesthood

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

iconography iconography the eastern church positionthe eastern church position

Icons are good, show gospel MessageIcons are good, show gospel Message

Have within them the power of the crossHave within them the power of the cross

More they are viewed, more believer is inspiredMore they are viewed, more believer is inspired

Icons should be revered but not worshippedIcons should be revered but not worshipped

“ “The honor paid to them passes on to Jesus”The honor paid to them passes on to Jesus”

“ “He who worships them worships God”He who worships them worships God”

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE GREAT SCHISM THE GREAT SCHISM iconoclasmiconoclasm

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE GREAT SCHISM THE GREAT SCHISM iconoclasmiconoclasm

The medieval church

SCHOLASTICISMSCHOLASTICISM1033-14701033-1470

St AnselmSt AnselmPeter AbelardPeter Abelard

Bernard of ClairvauxBernard of ClairvauxFrancis of AssisiFrancis of Assisi

BonaventureBonaventureThomas AquinasThomas Aquinas

John WyclifJohn WyclifJan HusJan Hus

Thomas a KempisThomas a Kempis

The medieval church

SCHOLASTICISMSCHOLASTICISM1033-14701033-1470

Scholastic philosophy usually combined Scholastic philosophy usually combined logiclogic, , metaphysicsmetaphysics and and semanticssemantics into one discipline, and is generally into one discipline, and is generally recognized to have developed our understanding of recognized to have developed our understanding of logiclogic significantly when compared to the older sources. significantly when compared to the older sources.

High Scholasticism from 1250-1350 crossed into High Scholasticism from 1250-1350 crossed into Philosophy, metaphysics, the philosophy of science and Philosophy, metaphysics, the philosophy of science and epistemology. epistemology.

The movement appeals to logic and reason apart from The movement appeals to logic and reason apart from revelation and the innate authority of scripture. revelation and the innate authority of scripture.

Represents a new movement to apply Aristotelian and Represents a new movement to apply Aristotelian and other philosophical principles into the formation of church other philosophical principles into the formation of church dogma and doctrine. dogma and doctrine.

The medieval church

SCHOLASTICISMSCHOLASTICISM

PETER LOMBARD, THE SENTENCES: PETER LOMBARD, THE SENTENCES:

Classic systematic theology text, used for 7 Classic systematic theology text, used for 7 centuries and still heavily quoted. centuries and still heavily quoted. Influenced all major medieval thinkers. Influenced all major medieval thinkers. The text deals with the sacraments and other The text deals with the sacraments and other fundamental principles of faith and practice. fundamental principles of faith and practice.

The medieval church

SCHOLASTICISM SCHOLASTICISM

Bernard of ClairvauxBernard of ClairvauxStaunch opponent of scholasticism and of Abelard Staunch opponent of scholasticism and of Abelard in particularin particularHighly regarded and the papacy sought his council Highly regarded and the papacy sought his council regularlyregularlyInstrumental in the launching and execution of the Instrumental in the launching and execution of the Second CrusadeSecond CrusadeVery eloquent and outspoken. Traveled to Very eloquent and outspoken. Traveled to Germany to defend Jews against anti-SemitesGermany to defend Jews against anti-SemitesMost lasting contribution is the Veneration of Mary. Most lasting contribution is the Veneration of Mary. Clairvaux was a major proponent of what would Clairvaux was a major proponent of what would later be called the popular piety of the 12later be called the popular piety of the 12thth century. century. In opposition to the scholastics he proposed a more In opposition to the scholastics he proposed a more ‘immediate’ faith which comes to us via the Virgins ‘immediate’ faith which comes to us via the Virgins intercession with the Savior on our behalf. intercession with the Savior on our behalf.

The medieval church

SCHOLASTICISMSCHOLASTICISMPETER ABELARD, PETER ABELARD, SIC ET NONSIC ET NON: “Yes” and “No”: “Yes” and “No”

Trained in logic and rhetoric in the classic Greek Trained in logic and rhetoric in the classic Greek styles. styles. Asserts that wisdom is attained by questioning. Asserts that wisdom is attained by questioning. Tradition and authority are not sufficient to Tradition and authority are not sufficient to answer the questions about the character of God. answer the questions about the character of God. ““By doubting we are led to questions, by By doubting we are led to questions, by questioning questioning we are led to truth”we are led to truth”Father of “conceptualism” a theory later Father of “conceptualism” a theory later developed by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)developed by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)Famous affair with Heloise, a pupil later Famous affair with Heloise, a pupil later discredited himdiscredited him

The medieval church

SCHOLASTICISMSCHOLASTICISM

THOMAS AQUINAS, SUMMA THEOLOGICA: THOMAS AQUINAS, SUMMA THEOLOGICA:

Natural Theology and attempt to find Natural Theology and attempt to find evidences for god in nature itself. Introduces evidences for god in nature itself. Introduces the idea that god is self-evident, and can be the idea that god is self-evident, and can be discovered based on reason and ordinary discovered based on reason and ordinary experience. experience.

This work was later used at the Council of This work was later used at the Council of Trent, (1545-1563) alongside the bible to Trent, (1545-1563) alongside the bible to answer religious questions. answer religious questions.

Famous for the “Five ways” or five Famous for the “Five ways” or five arguments for the existence of God. (Teleology) arguments for the existence of God. (Teleology) William Paley and later Charles Darwin used William Paley and later Charles Darwin used these arguments in the “watchmaker analogy” these arguments in the “watchmaker analogy” and to construct an alternate view in “on the and to construct an alternate view in “on the origin of the species”. origin of the species”.

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

POPE URBAN ii 1095POPE URBAN ii 1095

N. Europe was stabilizingN. Europe was stabilizing

Unemployed soldiers needed workUnemployed soldiers needed work

Seljuk Turks presence impeded Christian Seljuk Turks presence impeded Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalempilgrimages to Jerusalem

Emperor Alexius I asked for help against Emperor Alexius I asked for help against MuslimsMuslims

Pope urban II called for a “War of the Cross”Pope urban II called for a “War of the Cross”

the assembly replied "Dieu le veult!" -- the assembly replied "Dieu le veult!" -- "God wills it!“ "God wills it!“

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

And the crusades began…And the crusades began…

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

BREAKBREAK

The medieval church

THE CRUSADES 1095-1291THE CRUSADES 1095-1291

Urban Preaches Urban Preaches

The medieval church

THE CRUSADES 1095-1291THE CRUSADES 1095-1291 Began as a fight against Islam and the Seljuk Began as a fight against Islam and the Seljuk Turks invading Byzantium and a retaking of Turks invading Byzantium and a retaking of JerusalemJerusalemWild stories of Islamic mistreatment of Christians Wild stories of Islamic mistreatment of Christians inflamed the issueinflamed the issue Council of Clermont: Pope Urban II saw this as an Council of Clermont: Pope Urban II saw this as an opportunity to re-unite the empire and gain opportunity to re-unite the empire and gain influence for himself and build loyalty with the influence for himself and build loyalty with the ‘state’‘state’ Special religious status given to those who foughtSpecial religious status given to those who fought Knights and warriors became increasing corrupt, Knights and warriors became increasing corrupt, many abuses followedmany abuses followed Objectified and pillaged minority groups, Jews and Objectified and pillaged minority groups, Jews and othersothers7 crusades in all, most were abysmal failures and 7 crusades in all, most were abysmal failures and served only to destroy cities, culture and lives.served only to destroy cities, culture and lives.

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

A new enemy arises A new enemy arises

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Medieval heresiesMedieval heresies

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The cathars 1012-1229The cathars 1012-1229

Human contains spark of divine lightHuman contains spark of divine light

Human spirit is corrupted by the material worldHuman spirit is corrupted by the material world

world created by a lesser deity (the god of the world created by a lesser deity (the god of the OT)OT)

Cathars identified this ‘lesser version’ with Cathars identified this ‘lesser version’ with SatanSatan

Christian God was a corrupt abomination from Christian God was a corrupt abomination from material worldmaterial world

Goal was escape from the corrupted worldGoal was escape from the corrupted world

Matter and man were stained with evilMatter and man were stained with evil

Believed in a limited reincarnationBelieved in a limited reincarnation

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The cathars 1012-1229The cathars 1012-1229

• Socially divided into two groups : The PerfectiSocially divided into two groups : The Perfecti and the and the CredentesCredentes

• The Perfect and the BelieversThe Perfect and the Believers

• Essentially ascetic and monastic in order and practiceEssentially ascetic and monastic in order and practice

• Belief in Jesus as a manifestation of a spirit (docetism)Belief in Jesus as a manifestation of a spirit (docetism)

• The fundamental conflict with the Roman church was over The fundamental conflict with the Roman church was over the issue of the resurrectionthe issue of the resurrection

• The Cathars were a fundamental target of the inquisition The Cathars were a fundamental target of the inquisition and considered a heretical sect. and considered a heretical sect.

• They do in fact have elements of classic Gnosticism, They do in fact have elements of classic Gnosticism, Manichaeism and Docetism. Manichaeism and Docetism.

•

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The Waldensians 1140-1218The Waldensians 1140-1218• Waldo converted in 1175, gave property and belongings to Waldo converted in 1175, gave property and belongings to wife, joined a convent. wife, joined a convent.

• Claim that anyone can preach the gospel and gospel alone Claim that anyone can preach the gospel and gospel alone is necessary for salvation is necessary for salvation

• Practiced radical asceticism Practiced radical asceticism

• Significant following among lesser educated peopleSignificant following among lesser educated people

• Denied doctrines of purgatory, selling of indulgences, and Denied doctrines of purgatory, selling of indulgences, and prayers for the dead. prayers for the dead.

• Refused to shed blood and condemned warfare and the Refused to shed blood and condemned warfare and the death penalty. death penalty.

• Excommunicated in 1215 and declared hereticalExcommunicated in 1215 and declared heretical

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The hussites 1369-1428The hussites 1369-1428

The HussitesThe Hussites

• Czech Founder Jan Hus Czech Founder Jan Hus (1369-1415)(1369-1415)

• Spoke out against Spoke out against indulgencesindulgences

• Challenged worldly power Challenged worldly power of Papacyof Papacy

• Significantly influenced Significantly influenced by Wyclifby Wyclif

• Excommunicated; 1411Excommunicated; 1411

• Tired for heresy; 1415Tired for heresy; 1415

• Burned at the Stake; Burned at the Stake; 14151415

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Enter the inquisitor Enter the inquisitor

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE INQUISITION 1184-THE INQUISITION 1184-

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE INQUISITIONTHE INQUISITION

• A specific attack on heretical sects in the church.A specific attack on heretical sects in the church.

• Began in 1184 against the Cathars in southern France.Began in 1184 against the Cathars in southern France.

• Continued against the Waldensians in 1170.Continued against the Waldensians in 1170.

• ““Trials” generally favored the church, witnesses testified Trials” generally favored the church, witnesses testified in secret.in secret.

• Torture was allowed to gain confessions after 1252.Torture was allowed to gain confessions after 1252.

• Goal was a public confession and repentance and Goal was a public confession and repentance and salvation of the soul. Execution was considered a failure. salvation of the soul. Execution was considered a failure.

• Punishments included long pilgrimages to holy sites, Punishments included long pilgrimages to holy sites, banishment, confiscation of personal property and banishment, confiscation of personal property and burning at the stake for the unrepentant or repeat burning at the stake for the unrepentant or repeat offenders. offenders.

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

John wyclif 1324-1384John wyclif 1324-1384

All men are equal before God All men are equal before God

Called the Papacy the AntichristCalled the Papacy the Antichrist

Repudiates much of medieval doctrine and practice Repudiates much of medieval doctrine and practice as unbiblical; pardons, the treasury of merit, as unbiblical; pardons, the treasury of merit, indulgences, adoration of the saints and other ‘sacred indulgences, adoration of the saints and other ‘sacred cows’ of the church.cows’ of the church.

Preaches personal relationship with God and Preaches personal relationship with God and believe that lay people should read and teach the believe that lay people should read and teach the scripturesscriptures

He also dispenses with Augustine, Jerome and other He also dispenses with Augustine, Jerome and other canonscanons

Attack on transubstantiation gets him ex-Attack on transubstantiation gets him ex-communicated, branded a heretic after his death. communicated, branded a heretic after his death. Body exhumed and burned in 1460!Body exhumed and burned in 1460!

Translates the Latin bible into the common (middle) Translates the Latin bible into the common (middle) English languageEnglish language

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The decline of the papacyThe decline of the papacy

Edward Edward Longshanks Longshanks 1239-13071239-1307

Philip the FairPhilip the Fair

1268-13141268-1314

•1296; Philip and 1296; Philip and Edward both decide Edward both decide to tax the church to to tax the church to increase financial increase financial strength for their strength for their military campaigns in military campaigns in

• Pope Boniface says Pope Boniface says “no”“no”

• Boniface VIII Boniface VIII threatens to threatens to excommunicate them excommunicate them if they proceed. if they proceed.

• Edward threatens to Edward threatens to strip papacy of legal strip papacy of legal protections. protections.

• Philip threatens an Philip threatens an embargo on all silver embargo on all silver and gold.and gold.

• Boniface backed Boniface backed down. down.

• The church was The church was losing its grip on losing its grip on affairs of ‘state’affairs of ‘state’

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The decline of the papacyThe decline of the papacy

Further struggles ensue between Philip and BonifaceFurther struggles ensue between Philip and Boniface

Philip counters that the church has no authority in Philip counters that the church has no authority in ‘temporal affairs’ ‘temporal affairs’

“ “ My masters sword is made of steel, the popes is made of My masters sword is made of steel, the popes is made of words”words”

Boniface continues to make threats of excommunication Boniface continues to make threats of excommunication and Philip dispatches troops to Italy, and finding the pope and Philip dispatches troops to Italy, and finding the pope on vacation imprisons him for several days. on vacation imprisons him for several days.

The aging Pope dies a few weeks laterThe aging Pope dies a few weeks later

Generally, the European monarchs are no longer in fear of Generally, the European monarchs are no longer in fear of the papacy. the papacy.

The decline of feudalism and the beginnings of a The decline of feudalism and the beginnings of a nationalistic sense are developing. nationalistic sense are developing.

The church will increasingly lose its place at the table in The church will increasingly lose its place at the table in the affairs of the infant nations the affairs of the infant nations

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The decline of the papacyThe decline of the papacy

When Clement takes the throne, he chooses to remain in When Clement takes the throne, he chooses to remain in Avignon rather than Rome. Avignon rather than Rome.

Six additional Popes follow suit and this begins the Great Six additional Popes follow suit and this begins the Great Papal SchismPapal Schism

Additional confusion about who was the true successor to Additional confusion about who was the true successor to St Peter ensuedSt Peter ensued

The council of Constance eventually resolved the issue by The council of Constance eventually resolved the issue by deposing one Pope in favor of a new Vicar of Chris, Martin deposing one Pope in favor of a new Vicar of Chris, Martin V in 1417V in 1417

Martins first act was to nullify all the councils act save the Martins first act was to nullify all the councils act save the one that enacted him as Pope. one that enacted him as Pope.

1492 Roderic Borgia become Pope Alexander VI. He was 1492 Roderic Borgia become Pope Alexander VI. He was infamous for corruption, nepotism and scandal. Machiavelli infamous for corruption, nepotism and scandal. Machiavelli later praised his leadership. later praised his leadership.

The horror of his death and the refusal of his body at St The horror of his death and the refusal of his body at St Peters basilica and refused to say the Mass for him saying Peters basilica and refused to say the Mass for him saying “it is blasphemous to say a mass for the damned!”“it is blasphemous to say a mass for the damned!”

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

It all ended badlyIt all ended badly

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Milton on Waldensian PersecutionMilton on Waldensian Persecution

AVENGE, O Lord, thy slaughtered Saints, AVENGE, O Lord, thy slaughtered Saints,

whose bones  Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold;  whose bones  Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold;  

Even them who kept thy truth so pure of old,Even them who kept thy truth so pure of old,

When all our fathers worshiped stocks and stones,When all our fathers worshiped stocks and stones,

Forget not: in thy book record their groansForget not: in thy book record their groans

                Who were thy sheep, and in their ancient fold  Slain by the Who were thy sheep, and in their ancient fold  Slain by the bloody Piemontese, bloody Piemontese,

that rolled Mother with infant down the rocks. that rolled Mother with infant down the rocks.

Their moans The vales redoubled to the hills, Their moans The vales redoubled to the hills,

and they  To heaven.and they  To heaven.

Their martyred blood and ashes sow  o’er all the Italian fieldsTheir martyred blood and ashes sow  o’er all the Italian fields

where still doth sway  The triple Tyrant; where still doth sway  The triple Tyrant;

that from these may grow A hundredfold, that from these may grow A hundredfold,

who, having learnt thy way,  who, having learnt thy way,  

Early may fly the Babylonian woe. Early may fly the Babylonian woe. John Milton 1655 John Milton 1655

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Chaucer on the papacyChaucer on the papacyThis friar boasts that he knows hell,This friar boasts that he knows hell,

And God knows that it is little wonder;And God knows that it is little wonder;Friars and fiends are seldom far apart.Friars and fiends are seldom far apart.

For, by God, you have ofttimes heard tellFor, by God, you have ofttimes heard tellHow a ravished friar went to hellHow a ravished friar went to hell

In spirit, once by a vision;In spirit, once by a vision;And as an angel led him up and down,And as an angel led him up and down,To show him the pains that were there,To show him the pains that were there,In the whole place he saw not one friar;In the whole place he saw not one friar;

He saw enough of other folk in woe.He saw enough of other folk in woe.To the angel spoke the friar thus:To the angel spoke the friar thus:

"Now sir," said he, "Are friars in such good grace"Now sir," said he, "Are friars in such good graceThat none of them come to this place?"That none of them come to this place?"

"Yes," answered the angel, "many a million!""Yes," answered the angel, "many a million!"And the angel led him down to Satan.And the angel led him down to Satan.

He said, "And Satan has a tail,He said, "And Satan has a tail,Broader than a large ship's sail.Broader than a large ship's sail.

Hold up your tail, Satan!" he ordered.Hold up your tail, Satan!" he ordered."Show your arse, and let the friar see"Show your arse, and let the friar see

Where the nest of friars is in this place!"Where the nest of friars is in this place!"And before half a furlong of space,And before half a furlong of space,

Just as bees swarm from a hive,Just as bees swarm from a hive,Out of the devil's arse there droveOut of the devil's arse there droveTwenty thousand friars on a route,Twenty thousand friars on a route,

And they swarmed all over hell,And they swarmed all over hell,And came again as fast as they had gone,And came again as fast as they had gone,

And every one crept back into his arse.And every one crept back into his arse.He clapped his tail again and lay very still.He clapped his tail again and lay very still.[1][1]