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Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine
Valentyna Borshchovetska
Ph.D in Teaching Foreign Languages
Associate Professor
Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University
Faculty of Law and Linguistics
Structure and Format of the English Research Article for Scientometrics
Bila Tserkva2015
Publishing Abroad ‒ Where?
National journals International journals
based at national universities (Text Matters based at the University of Łódź,
Poland; Journal of Academic Writing based at the
University of Coventry, UK)
International journals published by leading publishers and indexed by Scopus and Web of Science databases
(Cognitive Linguistics, Journal of Pragmatics, Journal of Literary Semantics, Journal of English for Academic Purposes)
Form follows function(Sabatelli)
Functions of research articles for professional organizations and publishers:
generate revenue for the publishing company
generate revenue for professional organizations
enhance the visibility of the professional organization
enhance the standing of the journal
promote values expand the base of
knowledge contribute to the discourse
Functions of research papers for authors:
gain recognition impress others fulfill the requirements of
a doctoral program get tenure get promoted increase merit awards promote values influence the field expand the base of
knowledge contribute to the
discourse
Some Pieces of Advice
Organize your research report articles in accordance with the IMRD model
Pay special attention to your introduction; formulate the purposes of the article as clear as possible
Use standard phrases typical of each research section; do not be afraid to do this – it is not plagiarism!
Make sure your thoughts and arguments are developing linearly
Stick to the norms of academic style
Major Features of English Research Article
Reader-friendly manner of writing Clear organization and structure of the text Linear argumentation Tendency to self-promotion Rather comprehensive up-to-date lists of
references Formal academic style Wide use of meta-text, Latin and logical
connectors Use of visual devices (e.g. tables, graphs or
charts)
Elements and Structural Parts of the English Research Article Title Abstract Keywords Introduction Methods (and Materials) Results Discussion Conclusions List of References Notes Appendix Acknowledgement Bio-data statement
Requirements to Titles The title should indicate the topic of
the study The title should indicate the scope of
the study neither overstating nor understating its significance
The title should be self-explanatory to readers in the chosen area
(Swales & Feak, 1994, Academic Writing for Graduate Students)
Types of abstracts
Descriptive (for journals)Informative (for Congresses and
defence)Indicative (композиційний,
автореферат)Descriptive Abstracts
Communicative Functions of the English Research Article Abstract
serves as a short version of the paper, which provides the most important information
helps, therefore, the potential audience to decide whether to read the whole article or not
prepares the reader for reading a full text by giving him/her an idea of what to expect
serves as a reference after the paper has been read
Informative vs. Indicative Abstracts
The informative abstract includes main findings and various specifics such as measurements or quantities. This type of abstract often accompanies research reports and looks itself like a report in miniature
The indicative abstract indicates the subject of a paper. It provides a brief description without going into a detailed account. The abstracts of this type often accompany lengthy texts or theoretical papers.
The combination of both types of journal abstracts is also possible
Descriptive abstract (for journals)
Presents a general view of your subject, scope, and / or conclusions and recommendations
It includes a brief description of the subject, a complete report of the findings or conclusions, and some recommendations
It incorporates key words found in the text
Descriptive abstracts are usually very short - 100 words or less
Writing Abstracts:Some Pieces of Advice
Write one-paragraph abstracts containing 4-10 full sentences Choose impersonal active constructions (e.g., “This paper reports … ”) and/or passive voice (e.g., “The data were analyzed …”) Do not use negative sentences Use meta-text (e.g.,“This paper focuses on …”) Avoid using acronyms, abbreviations, and
symbols (unless they are defined in the abstract itself) Do not cite by number or refer by number to anything from the text of the paper
Introduction Establishing a territory a) Claiming centrality b)Making topic generalization c)Reviewing items of previous research Establishing a niche a)Problem claiming b)Indicating a niche c)Question raising d)Continuing a tradition Outlining purposes or announcing present research Announcing principal findings Indicating RA structure (the first section will say…;
the second section will analyse…)
Metalanguage for Introduction section
The argument for …is based on….I consider….I argue…. I follow version….I differ by arguing…Taken together…This leads to…
It exhibits….I show….I analyse….Arguments from/about…are presented in…I then move to…I conclude with…
Social Science Discussion Sections (Holmes, 1997 pp. 324-325)
The following list of moves was adopted for the analysis of Discussion sections:1. Background Information. 2. Statement of Result, or statement about the significance of the present research.3. Unexpected Outcome, in which the writer comments on whether the result is expected or not.4. Reference to Previous Research, in which the writer compares his or her results with those reported in the literature or compares his or her research procedures, objectives or assumptions with those of previous writers or refers to previous work to support his or her generalization or refers to a deduction or hypothesis generated by previous research.5. Explanation of Unsatisfactory Result, in which the writer suggests reasons for a surprising result or one different from the results in the literature or gives an example to support his or her explanation. This includes a single case of a satisfactory result being explained.6. Generalization, in which the writer makes a claim about the generalizability of the particular results or limits claims to generalizability or raises, discusses and/or dismisses questions that are indirectly related to his or her research results.7. Recommendation, in which the writer makes suggestions for futureresearch or regarding public policy or justifies the need for such suggestions.8. Outlining Parallel or Subsequent Developments, in which the writer summarizes data from a period subsequent to the one covered in the main body of the article or data about a closely related topic.
Peacock (2002) provides an analysis of 252 RA discussion sections from physics, biology, enviornmental science, business, language and linguistics, public and social administration, and law:
1. Information: 42%
2. Statement of result: 42%
3. Finding: 84%
4. (Un)expected outcome: 52%
5. Reference to previous research: 73%
6. Explanation: 33%
7. Claim: 90%
8. Limitation: 43%
9. Recommendation: 59%
Moves: Discussion/ Conclusion
Metalanguage for Summary section
The author (or his name) argues /believes /claims/ describes/ explains/ states that….
The author (or his name) continuous / goes on / to say….
The author (or his name) further states that….
The author (or his name) suggests that….
The chapter has examinedThe chapter thus develops
Lists of Referencesnormally include:
books
articles (papers) in journals
papers in volumes (collections)
unpublished work (conference presentations, dissertations, work in press)
World Wide Web publications and works on CD-ROM
A List of References includes the following
information: author’s last name and initials title of work (book or paper in a journal or collection; the
distinction between these two kinds of titles must be shown)
publication date volume number (for journals) issue number (for journals) editor’s last name and initials (for collections only) place of publishing (for books and collections) publisher’s name (for books and collections)
Acknowledgments:Major Characteristics
Acknowledgments are usually placed at the end of the paper, or, in case of books, at the beginning before the main text
They are usually written in the first person ‒ I for a single author and we for co-authors
Acknowledgments allow the author to demonstrate that he/she is a member of a certain academic community
Metalanguage for Acknowledgements section
I am indebted to people without whom this work would not be possible
I would like to particularly thank…along with the anonymous reviewers
Bio-data Statements:Major Characteristics
They accompany published work and grant applications
They are short (approximately 50-100 words)
Bio-data normally include the following information:
1) education
2) work experience
3) relevant qualifications and achievements
Latin phrases and abbreviations commonly used in scientific publications
1) afortiori – першочергово2) aposteriori – з останнього3) apriori – з попереднього4) cf → confer – в порівнянні з5) e.g. → exempligratia – наприклад6) etal.→ – та інші (вказуючи авторів)7) etc.→etcetera – і т.д.8) i.e. →idest– іншими словами, тобто9) inter– між, серед10) interalia– серед інш(их)ого11) intra– в межах одного, всередині12) ipsofacto– очевидно з фактів13) loc. cit. → lococitato – в згаданих місцях14) N.B. → notabene – замітьте, зверніть увагу15) op.cit. → operecitato – в згаданій роботі16) p.a.→per annum– за рік17) percapita– на душу населення18) post (post-war) – повоєнний19) pre (pre-war) – довоєнний20) primafacie – на перший погляд21) proforma– заради форми, формально22) q.v. → quodvide– відноситься до, може стосуватись23) via – засобом24) ceterisparibus – і інші рівні25) vis-à-vis – віч-на-віч26) expost (analysis, studies, impact) – результат; виходячи з 27) exante (demand) – бажаний, очікуваний28) quidproquo – одне замість іншого29) adhoc– до сих пір, на даний момент30) advalorem– за вартістю31) perse– у чистому вигляді32) utinfra – як зазначено нижче33) utsupre– як зазначено вище34) adverbum – буквально35) ib., ibid., → ibidem – там же36) vs→versus – протилежне до 37) id→idem– те саме38) Ca→circa – близько, приблизно
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