Ministry of Communication Transport Post and Construction

Ministry of Communication Transport Post and ConstructionDepartment of Roads

Poverty and Environmental Nexus on Road Case Study

In Kaluem and Ngot Ou District of Lao PDR

21-22 June 2006

Presented by: Somsanouk Vongsomphou

Sub Regional Workshop

- The Objectives:- The Objectives:

+ To study the natural resources status (NTFP) in the villages with road + To study the natural resources status (NTFP) in the villages with road access and without road access.access and without road access.

+ To study the livelihood of poor villages and household with the road + To study the livelihood of poor villages and household with the road access and without.access and without.

+ To study the decline of NTFP between villages with road and without + To study the decline of NTFP between villages with road and without road accessroad access

- Methodology:- Methodology:

+ Questionnaires were used for interviewing in Villages chief and + Questionnaires were used for interviewing in Villages chief and householdshouseholds

+ Observation in the field+ Observation in the field

+ Group discussion in Provinces, Districts and villages+ Group discussion in Provinces, Districts and villages

- Data Analysis:- Data Analysis:+ Secondary data was used: road network, maps, books, reports, + Secondary data was used: road network, maps, books, reports,

Govn. Policy documents.Govn. Policy documents.

- Villages selection:- Villages selection:

+ 6 villages in Kaleum “ 3 Villages no road access” + 6 villages in Kaleum “ 3 Villages no road access” + 4 villages in Ngot Ou “ 1 villages no road and 1 village with new road”).+ 4 villages in Ngot Ou “ 1 villages no road and 1 village with new road”).

Sampling = 142 households for 2 districts Sampling = 142 households for 2 districts (kaluem = 70 HH, Ngot Ou = 72 HH)(kaluem = 70 HH, Ngot Ou = 72 HH)

+ SPSS and Excel software was used for data interpretation.+ SPSS and Excel software was used for data interpretation.

Profile of Study Profile of Study AreasAreas

Ngot Ou DistrictNgot Ou District

Lamam

Vietnam

Dakchym

Saravan

Kaluem DistrictKaluem District

National Road Network

Ban Tak

Ban Hat PaeBan Yorn

Ban Pakxai

Ban Chale

Ban Vak Nuea

Lamam

Vietnam

Dakchym

Saravan

Kaluem MapKaluem Map

Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey April 2005

DistrictName

National

Road

Provincial

RoadDistrict Road

Urban Road

Rural Road

Tracking Road

Special Road Total

Kaleum 0 8.6 0 3.8 71 265 0 83.4

Kaluem District

Road Statistic

Source: Statistic of road network in 2003 (MCTPC)

Ban Long Thang

Ban Cheow ChaiBan Som Heung

Ban La

Ngot Ou MapNgot Ou Map

Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey April 2005

Ngot Ou District

DistrictName National

RoadProvincial Road

District Road

Urban Road

Rural Road

Special Road Total

Nhot Ou 98.000 0 0 28 0 126.0

Road Statistic

Source: Statistic of road network in 2003 (MCTPC)

11 18 23 2716

28

88 84

18

141

00

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Yorn

Pakxa

iTak

Hatpae

Chale

Vak N

eua La

Somhe

ung

Cheaw

Cha

i

Long

Thang

+ Number of Houses in Villages

Findings from study areasFindings from study areas

Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey Jan. 2005

0 1 49

0 3

61

81 2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Yorn

Pakxa

iTak

Hatpae

Chale

Vak N

eua La

Somhe

ung

Cheaw

Cha

i

Long

Thang

+ Number of Houses with tin roof


Status of Pady field

115

0.3 016

38

63.37

17.8 2538.7

0 0 0 018

0 0 0 01 1 0

28

88

3448

8

35

2028

0

20

40

60

80

100

Yorn

Pakxa

iTak

Hatpae

Chale

Vak N

eua La

Somhe

ung

Cheaw

Cha

i

Long

Thang

Name of Villae

Num

ber o

f Pad

dy fi

eld

Areas of paddy field Paddy field with irrigated HH with paddy field

+ Agriculture land+ Agriculture land


+ Number of Cattle in villages

Number of cattle in HH

79

215

50 940 38 0 33 2 0

950 20 020

10038

289

50

179

510

240

90012

2131 34 30 55

0100200300400500600

Yorn

Pakxa

iTak

Hatpae

Chale

Vak N

eua La

Somhe

ung

Cheaw

Cha

i

Long

Thang

Villages Name

Num

ber o

f Ani

mal

Number of buffaloes Number of cows Number of pigs


+ Main Road and Villages + Main Road and Villages

Distance of Villages to Main Road in Dry season (walking's hrs)

21 1

3

8

10

3

0.05 0.15

2.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Yorn

Pakxa

iTak

Hatpae

Chale

Vak N

eua La

Somhe

ung

Cheaw

Cha

i

Long

Thang

Villages Name

Wal

king

Hr


Road access and road density is not correlated Road access and road density is not correlated to lower overall district forest cover. to lower overall district forest cover.

Forest cover in 1997 and deforestation in 1993-97

99.3

0.7

100

Yes

No

Total

One explanation factor might be high understanding if One explanation factor might be high understanding if people about importance of forestpeople about importance of forest

Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey March 2005

The reasons of Natural Resources preservationThe reasons of Natural Resources preservation

Item The reasons for natural use

No. of respondent Percent

1 No responding 7 4.9

2 To preserve river 10 7

3Sources of food and timber 1 0.7

4 Sources of food product 41 28.9

5 Sources of income 5 3.5

6

Sources of material to build house, boat, fence, fuel wood 78 54.9

Total 142 100


Road access to upland villages could have Road access to upland villages could have limited environmental impactlimited environmental impact

Village without road access, NTFP collecting is only slightly less than villages Within road access.As: 59% & 64%

NTFP Collection in Village, there is no road Access

yes= 59%

No= 41%

NTFP collection in Village, there is road access

yes = 64%

No= 36%


• The Reasons for NTFP Collection in villagesThe Reasons for NTFP Collection in villages

Type of NTFP using in Village there is no road

HH use &selling =

61%Selling = 12%

HH use = 27%

Type of NTFP using in village there is road

Selling = 21%

HH use &selling =

79%

Village without road access, There are three kind of using NTFP

- HH use& Selling = 61%, - HH use only = 27%- Selling = 12%

Village within road access, There are two kind of using NTFP

- HH use & Selling = 79% - Selling = 21%


• The Place of NTFP SellingThe Place of NTFP Selling Place of NTPF Selling in Viallage there is no road

District Market = 55%

In Village, = 45%

Place of NTFP Selling in Village there is road

In Village = 31%

District Market = 69%


District Poverty Incidence (1997) (Road Density)

0.72

0.100.140.140.18

1

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

1 2 3 4 50

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Lowest poverty incidence Highest poverty incidence

90.3 87.0

64.758.3 50.7

0

20

40

60

80

100

1

% of Villages with access to main or secondary road (1997)

Lowest poverty incidence Highest poverty incidence

% of villages with access to main or secondary road within 6 km decrease from 90.3% to 50.7%

% of district poverty with density of road access to main or secondary road within 6 km decrease from 0.72% to 0.1%

Road Access is correlated to lower povertyRoad Access is correlated to lower poverty

Source: Percentages district poverty with road density (LECIII, 1997)

08.6

0 3.8

71

0 0

83.498.00

0 0 0

28

0

126.0

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Classification of road

Leng

th, K

m

KaluemNgot Ou

Road density is an indicator progress in Road density is an indicator progress in rural road networkrural road network

Road density in Ngot Ou is higher than Kaleum but the main road is in Ngot Ou that is National road

Source: 2003 statistic of road network and PEN 2 research

Road Density

Kaluem= 39%

Ngot Ou = 61% District Village

NameVillage located by all season road

Village has access road

(accessible by truck)

Kaluem Yorn No Yes

Pakxai No Yes

Tak No No

Hatpae No No

Chale No Yes

Vak Neua No No

Yot Ou La No Yes

Somheung Yes Yes

Cheaw Chai

Yes Yes

Long Thang

No No

Source: 2003 statistic of road network and PEN 2 research

With market access, upland villages can benefit from With market access, upland villages can benefit from modern equipmentmodern equipment

Villages without road Access

18310

4

29

83

8

20

05

101520253035

Hapae Tak Vak Nuea Longthang

HH in villages without road access, there are limited about sort of daily equipment use


Villages with Road Access

3 75 6 61 6 4

55

1 2 1

6043

530

1 313 8 3 812 5

020406080

Trac

tor

Mot

obik

e

bicy

cle TV

Tap

Rec

ord

CD P

laye

r

Sew

ing

Mac

hine

Ele

ctric

ityge

nera

tion

Yorn Pakxai Chale La Somheung Cheow Chai

HH in villages with road access, there are high sort about daily equipment use

With market access, upland villages cannot benefit from With market access, upland villages cannot benefit from modern equipment modern equipment


The linkage between Poverty, Environment and RoadThe linkage between Poverty, Environment and RoadPovertyPoverty

EnvironmentEnvironment

• Increase Population

• No services available

• Risk of livestock and agriculture

• Risk of health • Increase shifting

cultivation areas• Increase NTFP, fuel

wood, collecting & hunting

• Risk of deforestation

Road DevelopmentRoad Development

• Increase opportunity to access to job

• Decrease NTFP, fuel wood, collecting & hunting

• Dissemination Law, regulation for Environment and forest management

• Forest & EM is used in local villages

• Regular income

ConclusionConclusionPopulation increase in rural area then they increase their shifting cultivation Population increase in rural area then they increase their shifting cultivation cause they has limited paddy field and opportunity to go to outside for jobcause they has limited paddy field and opportunity to go to outside for job

People collect NTFP for their household using only but some time they sell People collect NTFP for their household using only but some time they sell it for additional income, when the road access to their village they may be it for additional income, when the road access to their village they may be increase NTFP harvesting. increase NTFP harvesting.

Local people has limited facility equipments to use in their HH cause they Local people has limited facility equipments to use in their HH cause they have not much chance to go to district and province particularly in rainy have not much chance to go to district and province particularly in rainy seasonseason

Local people use forest for house’s material building, fence making and fuel Local people use forest for house’s material building, fence making and fuel wood usingwood using

Because there is no road access to isolated villages, people do not know Because there is no road access to isolated villages, people do not know how to develop themselves, lack of all information, Laws, regulations. these how to develop themselves, lack of all information, Laws, regulations. these problems are the cause of poor natural resources management, poor social problems are the cause of poor natural resources management, poor social and economic developmentand economic development

RecommendationsRecommendations

Rural/Village road access should be a Rural/Village road access should be a priority: it is important for poverty reduction priority: it is important for poverty reduction and environmental impacts can be managedand environmental impacts can be managed

During the planning of road construction, Forest and Agriculture Sector, During the planning of road construction, Forest and Agriculture Sector, Pubic Health and Environment Sector should involve to promote the natural Pubic Health and Environment Sector should involve to promote the natural resources management and health care in local area.resources management and health care in local area.

Road Law is the main tool to promote the awareness of road safety such Road Law is the main tool to promote the awareness of road safety such as: accident to animal, people and other asset, particularly people as: accident to animal, people and other asset, particularly people encroach to right of way. encroach to right of way.

Attention to environmental and social impact Attention to environmental and social impact during road construction remains critical task during road construction remains critical task

Thank you very much for your kindly attention

Documents

Ministry of Communication Transport Post and Construction