Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply Quality... · 2019-04-08 · W Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Project INSTITUTIONAL

Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply

Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Project

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

AND CAPACITY BUILDING

CONSULTANCY

GUIDELINE WaSSIP/IDCB/GL/05

WATER QUALITY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR RURAL

& ESTATE WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES Task No: D – 3A.3 Document No: 3A.3.1

Prepared by

IDC – Ceywater – COWI Joint Venture October 2017

Guideline – Water Quality Surveillence System

Institutional Development & Capacity Building Consultancy

i

ICDB Consultancy

Guideline WaSSIP/IDCB/GL/05

Water Quality Surveillance System for Rural & Estate Water Supply Schemes

Revision 1

26th October 2017

Author: Sunidha Senaratne

IDCB Task: D - 3A.3

IDCB Document 3A.3.1

Disclaimer: This document is prepared by the IDCB Consultancy as a basis for discussion only and does not necessarily reflect the views of PMU or other Sri Lankan institutions. Revision

No. Date Prepared by Checked by Authorized By Remarks

0 18.90.17 Sunidha Senaratne

Chris Ricketson

Arne Dahlen

1 26.10.17 Sunidha Senaratne

Ajith Gurullawala

Arne Dahlen



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Preface The documents prepared by the Institutional Development and Capacity Building Component of WaSSIP Project are as follows. This document is highlighted in the list. A) Strategy Papers

IDCB Doc. No. Ref. No. Document Title

Strengthening the Capacity of DNCWS

1.3.1a WaSSIP/IDCB/SP/01 Strategy Paper: Roles and Responsibilities of Key RWS Sector Institutions

1.3.1 WaSSIP/IDCB/SP/02 Report on the Roles of GoSL Institutions for Sustainable Development of the Rural/ Estate WSS Sector

1.1.3 WaSSIP/IDCB/SP/03 Analysis of Institutional Options for an Organisation to Support CBOs

1.1.4 WaSSIP/IDCB/SP/04 Analysis of Organizational Options for RWS Monitoring and Evaluation in DNCWS

WaSSIP/IDCB/SP/04 MOU between DNCWS and NWSDB

Mechanisms to improve the performance of CBOs

2.1.1 WaSSIP/IDCB/SP/05 Legal Basis and Framework for CBO Registration as Legal Persons

2.2.1 WaSSIP/IDCB/SP/06 Developing Financial Sustainability in the Rural Water Supply Sector

Strengthening the capacity of RWS Sections of NWSDB

3A.1.1 WaSSIP/IDCB/SP/07 Capacity building of RWS Division & Sections in Seven Districts - Mandate, Activities and Practices in Providing Technical Services to CBOs

Strengthening the capacity of PHDT Regional office in Nuwara Eliya

3B.1.1 WaSSIP/IDCB/SP/08 Review of Institutional Structures for Estate Water Supplies and Recommendations for Appropriate Models

3B.2.1 WaSSIP/IDCB/SP/09 Nuwara Eliya PHDT Regional Office: Organizational Structure, Needs for Equipment and Facilities

B) Guidelines

IDCB Doc. No Ref. No. Document Title

Strengthening the Capacity of DNCWS

1.1.1 WaSSIP/IDCB/GL/01 Institutional Development Strategy and Organization of the Department of National Community Water Supply (DNCWS)

1.2.1 WaSSIP/IDCB/GL/02 Strengthening the capacity of DNCWS with training needs assessment and training plans

Mechanisms to improve the performance of CBOs

2.1.2 WaSSIP/IDCB/GL/03 Guiding Procedures on Legal Registration of CBO Water Supplies, with Guidelines on Support Mechanisms by Other Institutions

2.3.1 WaSSIP/IDCB/GL/04 Plans for WASH Awareness Raising Among CBO Water Users

3A.3.1 WaSSIP/IDCB/GL/05 Water Quality Surveillance System for Rural & Estate Water Supply Schemes

Strengthening the capacity of RWS Sections of NWSDB

3A.1.2 WaSSIP/IDCB/GL/06 Training Needs Assessment of the District Staff in RWS Sections of NWSDB in Seven Districts

Strengthening the capacity of PHDT Regional office in Nuwara Eliya

3B.3.1 WaSSIP/IDCB/GL/07 Training Needs Assessment with Training Plan and Guidelines for PHDT Technical Support to Estate Water Supplies

3B.3.3 WaSSIP/IDCB/GL/08 Plans for WASH Awareness Rising in Estate WUAs



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C) Training Modules

IDCB Doc. No Ref. No. Type of Document/ Title

Strengthening the Capacity of DNCWS, RWS, PHDT

D 1-Trg 1 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/01 Overview of RWS Sector (National & International experiences)

D 1 – Trg 2 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/02 Trainer Skills Development

Strengthening the Capacity of DNCWS, RWS, PHDT and CBOs

D2 – Trg 1 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/ID/01 Category 1 – Institutional Development & Management Module 1 - Organization

D2 – Trg 2 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/ID/02 Category 1 – Institutional Development & Management Module 2 - Business Development

D2 – Trg 3 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/ID/03 Category 1 – Institutional Development & Management Module 3 - Legal

D2 – Trg 4 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/FM/01 Category 2 – Financial Management Module 1 – Commercial Operations

D2 – Trg 5 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/FM/02 Category 2 – Financial Management Module 1 – Tariff

D2 – Trg 6 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/FM/03 Category 2 – Financial Management Module 1 – Financial Management

D2 – Trg 7 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/ENV/01 Category 3 – Environmental Management Module 1 – Environment Conservation

D2 – Trg 8 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/TECH/01 Category 4 – Technical Module 1 – Water Supply – Head works

D2 – Trg 9 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/TECH/02 Category 4 – Technical Module 2 – Water Supply – Distribution

D2 – Trg 10 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/TECH/03 Category 4 – Technical Module 3 – Water Quality Surveillence

D2 – Trg 11 WaSSIP/IDCB/TM/TECH/04 Category 4 – Technical Module 4 – Hygiene & Sanitation

D) Handbooks

IDCB Doc. No Ref. No. Type of Document/ Title

Strengthening the Capacity of CBOs

D 1-Trg 1 WaSSIP/IDCB/HB/01 Handbook for CBOs



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Contents

1.1 Abbreviations and acronyms ......................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction & Background .............................................................................................1 2. Objective of the Working Paper ......................................................................................2 3. Current Water Quality Standards, Monitoring & Regulations ...........................................2

3.1 Water Quality Standards ................................................................................................ 2 3.2 Monitoring Requirements – Parameters to be Tested and Frequency ......................... 2

3.2.1 Sri Lanka Standards Institution ............................................................................................. 2 3.2.2 NWSDB Design Guidelines ................................................................................................... 3 3.2.3 NORAD Guidelines, TWSSP ................................................................................................... 3

3.3 Regulatory Requirements .............................................................................................. 4 4. Overview of the Current Status of Water Quality Testing & Surveillence in the Sector ......6

4.1 Policy Directions of the Government ............................................................................. 6 4.1.1 Strategy in the Public Investment Programme .................................................................... 6 4.1.2 Water Quality Surveillance Programme ............................................................................... 6

4.2 Water Testing in CBO Managed RWS Schemes in Rural Areas ...................................... 6 4.3 Water Testing in Estate Water Supply Schemes ............................................................ 7 4.4 Water Testing in Point Sources in Rural Areas ............................................................... 7 4.5 Water Testing in RO Plants ............................................................................................ 8

5. Current WATER QUALITY Testing Facilities for RWS & Estate Sector .................................9

5.1 NWSDB Laboratories ...................................................................................................... 9 5.2 Ministry of Health Laboratories ..................................................................................... 9 5.3 Other Laboratories ....................................................................................................... 10

6. Possibilities of Future Laboratory Facilities considered for RWS SCHEMES AND

Implications ................................................................................................................. 11 6.1 Testing by CBO themselves .......................................................................................... 11 6.2 Testing at CBO Operated Laboratories (Cluster CBO lab) ............................................ 11 6.3 Testing at NWSDB Laboratories ................................................................................... 12 6.4 Testing by Ministry of Health ....................................................................................... 13 6.5 Utilizing School laboratories ........................................................................................ 13 6.6 Testing with Mobile Laboratories ................................................................................ 14 6.7 Private Hospitals and Medical Laboratories ................................................................ 15

7. Possibilities for Water Testing in Estates ....................................................................... 16

7.1 Organization Structure for Water Quality Testing in Estates ...................................... 16 7.2 Water Quality Testing Facilities for Estates ................................................................. 17

8. Recommendations for future arrangements of Water Quality Testing in CBO/WUA

Managed Schemes ....................................................................................................... 18 8.1 Basic Aspects to be Considered ................................................................................... 18 8.2 Water Quality Parameters and Frequency of Testing.................................................. 19



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8.3 Recommended Laboratory Facilities............................................................................ 20 8.3.1 CBO/WUA Managed Schemes ............................................................................................ 20

8.4 Maintaining Supply Chain and Support Services ......................................................... 25 8.5 Responsibility of Organizing Water Quality Testing .................................................... 25

8.5.1 Responsibilities of NWSDB ................................................................................................ 25 8.5.2 Responsibilities of DNCWS Head Office ............................................................................. 26 8.5.3 Responsibilities of DNCWS District Office/ Development Officer ...................................... 26 8.5.4 Responsibilities of PHDT ..................................................................................................... 27

8.6 Responsibility for Monitoring & Regulation ................................................................ 28 8.7 Sustainability of Water Quality Monitoring – Rewarding System ............................... 29 8.8 Way Forward and Plan of Action ................................................................................. 29

Annex

Annex A – Recommendations related to Water Quality Testing in other Documents

Annex A.1 - Potable Water Quality Standards in SLS Standards

Annex A.2 – Recommendations in NORAD Project Document

Annex B - National Water Supply and Drainage Board Laboratories Test Rates

Annex C – List of NWSDB Laboratories



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1.1 Abbreviations and acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank

CBO Community Based Organization

CKDu Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology

DNCWS Department of National Community Water Supply (of MCPWS)

DO District Office (of DNCWS)

EMA Estate Medical Officer

GCE General Certificate of Education

IDCB Institutional Development and Capacity Building

MCPWS Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply

MOH Medical Officer of Health

MoH Ministry of Health

MPID Ministry of Plantation Infrastructure Development

MRI Medical Research Institute

NGO None Governmental Organization

NIHS National Institute of Health Services

NORAD Norwegian Aid Agency

NWSDB National Water Supply & Drainage Board

PHDT Plantation Human Development Trust

PHI Public Health Inspector (of MoH)

PIP Public Investment Programme

PMU Project Management Unit

PS Pradesiya Sabha (Local Authority)

RCL Residual Chlorine

RWS(S) Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

SLS Sri Lanka Standards

TWSSP Third Water Supply and Sanitation Project (ADB Assisted)

WaSSIP Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Project

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organization

WQS Water Quality Surveillance

WSP Water Safety Plan

WSS Water Supply and Sanitation

WUC Water Use Committee (in Estates)



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Working Paper: Review of Water Quality Testing Facilities and Procedures

1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

The Terms of Reference in the IDCB Consultancy requires the Consultants to provide support to build the capacity of the NWSDB, among other things, “to review and improve mobile water quality testing facilities in district laboratories”. In the Technical Proposal prepared by the Consultants, the above need was presented with an activity, stated as; “Assist in developing guidelines for CBO/Estate WS in the use of RWS mobile laboratories for water quality testing” (Activity 3A.3 in the Technical Proposal). During the preparation of the Inception Report after commencing the IDCB Consultancy in February 2017, it was learnt that the NWSDB does not possess mobile water testing laboratories for the use of RWS Sector. Hence, in the Inception Report, more practical approach was adopted by proposing an activity stated as “Assist in developing guidelines for CBO and Estate water supplies in organizing water quality testing” (Activity 3A.3). The aim of preparing the Working Paper, stated in the Inception Report is:

“To review of facilities and existing procedures in the 7 project districts, with recommendations on future organization of water quality testing for CBO and Estate water supply entities, including recommendations for procuring mobile water quality (bacteriological) testing equipment”

For the preparation of this Working Paper, in the Inception Report it is proposed to: i) Review the systems/ procedures for water quality testing applied by CBO/Estate water supplies and ii) recommend guidelines for future organization of water quality testing in line with any regulatory and Health Authority requirements.

The Inception Report is approved by the Project Management Unit of the WaSSIP Project.

Accordingly, this Working Paper has been prepared to fulfil the above requirement, stated in the Inception Report.

In the preparation of this Working Paper, we collected information from the Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and Estate Water User Committees (WUCs) by visiting them in the seven project districts, visited some CBOs outside project areas too (in Anuradhapura) who are currently operating RO plants, visited the NWSDB district/regional laboratories, and held discussions with various relevant officers in NWSDB, DNCWS and other relevant organization. We also referred to various documents and guidelines available in the Sector. We also obtained information regarding current practices and use of equipment in RWS Sector at present in other countries in formulating our recommendations.



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2. OBJECTIVE OF THE WORKING PAPER

The objective of this working paper is to review the present facilities available and procedures adopted for water quality testing in rural water supply schemes managed by the Community Based Organizations in villages and Water User Committees in Estate Sector at present, and assess the possible future arrangements available for testing.

The working paper is one of the outputs planned in the Institutional Development and Capacity Building (IDCB) Consultancy.

3. CURRENT WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, MONITORING & REGULATIONS

3.1 Water Quality Standards

The current water quality standards applicable to the drinking water is the Sri Lanka Standard 614: 2013 (“Specifications for Potable Water”) by Sri Lanka Standards Institution. This prescribes the requirements, test methods and sampling procedure for ascertaining the suitability of water for drinking, culinary purposes and food industry purposes. The standards are applicable irrespective of the water source, treatment or distribution system, and whether it is from public or private supply1. These standards are broadly in line with the WHO Guidelines.

The above SLS standard specifies the quality requirements of physical, organoleptic and chemical requirements, pesticide residues and bacteriological requirements. The relevant extract of quality requirements and sampling requirements are presented in Annex 1A.

The SLS Standard define the term “potable water” as “water from any source with or without treatment complying with the requirements specified in the Standard” (Ref. SLS standards, p.5). In WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, “safe drinking water” is defined as “Safe drinking-water, as defined by the Guidelines, does not represent any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages.” (Ref. WHO Guidelines, p.1)

NWSDB also in its design guidelines, conform to the requirements in SLS Standards and WHO guidelines.

3.2 Monitoring Requirements – Parameters to be Tested and Frequency

3.2.1 Sri Lanka Standards Institution

Frequency of sampling is specified in the SLS Standards, 614. This varies depending on the type of source and the population covered by the system from which the water is collected for testing. The recommended frequency is indicated in the table below:

1 SLS Standard 614:2013 – Specification for Potable Water



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Table 3.1 – Frequency of Sampling - Recommended in SLS Standards

Type of Water Supply and Population

Total number of samples per month

Point Sources Progressive sampling of all sources over 3 to 5 year cycles (maximum)

Piped supplies

Less than 5,000 01

5,000 – 100,000 01 per 5,000 population

100,000 – 500,000 01 per 10,000 population plus an additional 10 samples

More than 500,000 01 per 50,000 population plus an additional 50 samples

Source: SLS 614:2013 – Specifications for Potable Water

Thus, in rural pipe borne water supply schemes where population is usually less than 5,000 the recommendation is one sample per month. The SLS Standards cover the testing requirements of potable water, but do not specify the requirement of testing of raw water.

3.2.2 NWSDB Design Guidelines

The NWSDB design guidelines have not specified the requirement of monitoring of the completed water supply schemes. However, NWSDB adopts scheme-specific water quality monitoring schedules, based on the components of the schemes.

3.2.3 NORAD Guidelines, TWSSP

The NORAD Assisted Institutional Development Component of the Third Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project (NORAD Project) implemented during 2000 -2007 has prepared a document regarding water quality monitoring in RWS schemes. (“Proposal for a Water Quality Monitoring Mechanism in Rural Water Supply Schemes” – 2001) In the document, following have been recommended for CBO managed pipe borne rural water supply schemes.



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Table 3.1 – Frequency of Sampling for Pipe borne Water Supply Schemes - Recommended in NORAD

Test Recommended Frequency

Physical and chemical testing of selected parameters (As per the table in Annex A.2)

Annually

Bacteriological test Twice a year and additionally during epidemics or in the events such as floods or drought that might affect the water quality of the source

Free residual chlorine

Once a week in general. If population served is more than 2,000, this should be twice a week.

Turbidity

once a week

Source – NORAD Project Documents

The NORAD Project Document also recommends sampling frequency for point sources in the rural areas, and the parameters which are recommended to be tested. (Ref. Annex A.2 for details).

3.3 Regulatory Requirements

At present, in Sri Lanka, there is no institution to cover the regulatory aspect of the drinking water quality. However, in case of the NWSDB managed urban water supply schemes, water quality testing taking place in each scheme by the Officers in Charge and the Regional Chemists. These reports are monitored by the higher officers in the NWSDB, with regular reporting.

Food Act No 26 of 1980 is an Act2 to regulate and control the manufacture, importation, sale and distribution of food. This covers drinking water too. Under this Act, the Regulations have been prepared and established regarding the manufacture and sale of bottled mineral water and bottled drinking water. However, there are no regulations established with respect to pipe borne water.

Guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health to the Public Health Inspectors (PHIs)3 indicate, under the duties of the PHI, some aspects in relation to the water supply. Although they cannot strictly be specified as “regulatory”, they are related to a regulatory role. It states that among the duties of PHI should include;

i) supervision of the maintenance of Public and Community Water Supplies and ensure proper disinfection;

ii) send samples of water for bacteriological and chemical analysis regularly; and

iii) inspect private and public wells and ensure that improvements, whenever necessary, are carried out.

2 Food Act, No 26 of 1980 3 Manual for the Sri Lanka Public Health Inspector, Ministry of Health



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As per the norms given to the PHIs, each PHI is supposed to collect 2 water samples per public scheme per month within his area of authority. However, it is learnt that this norm is hardly enforced, due to the other priority work usually the PHI has to perform, unless there is a specific situation such as an outbreak of diarrhoea in the area.

However, under the above-mentioned Food Act, the relevant health authorities (PHI or Medical Officer of Health) are empowered to take legal action against any supplier of drinking water (including CBOs), if the water supplied is found to be contaminated or pose a risk to the consumer. There had been cases in the past, where PHIs have taken action bring CBOs and even NWSDB to courts regarding the quality of water.



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4. OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF WATER QUALITY TESTING & SURVEILLENCE IN THE SECTOR

4.1 Policy Directions of the Government

4.1.1 Strategy in the Public Investment Programme

The Public Investment Programme 2017 -2020 (PIP)4 published by the Government of Sri Lanka has stipulated a strategy for establishing water quality management in the entire process of water supply.

For this purpose, one of the investment priorities recommended in PIP is to establish drinking water quality monitoring system and issue water quality certificates for CBO managed schemes periodically.

In order to implement this, establishment of a good water quality monitoring system with widespread testing facilities close to CBOs are required throughout the country.

4.1.2 Water Quality Surveillance Programme

The NWSDB and MoH have initiated to establish Water Quality Surveillance (WQS) programme in Sri Lanka, through a Cabinet Memorandum5 in 2009. Both NWSDB6 and MoH7 have issued circulars to their respective officers to activate the progamme, and also related Water Safety Planning (WSP) in each water supply system, including CBO managed schemes. The Programme has proposed to establish Water Quality Surveillance Committees at the District Level and National Level.

The programme has specified the responsibilities of the PHIs in MOH for ensuring chlorination in RWS schemes, making regular inspections and collection of water samples. It also has specified the responsibility of carrying out water sample testing by NWSDB laboratories.

The WQS programme and WSPs are being implemented at present.

4.2 Water Testing in CBO Managed RWS Schemes in Rural Areas

It is generally known that about 4,500 rural water supply schemes exists at present throughout the country, some operating satisfactorily, some not so well, and some not operating. Accurate data are not presently available. It is generally stated that there are about 4,500 CBO managed RWS schemes at present in the country. As per the database maintained by the Rural Water Supply Division of NWSDB, there are 4,601 RWS schemes (data being continued to be updated) in the country8. According to the details available at the Department of National

4 Public Investment Programme, 2017-2020, Department of National Planning 5 Cabinet Memorandum dated 30th June 2009 6 NWSDB Circular No. AGM (SO)/WQS/2017 7 MoH circular - in 2012 8 RWS web site



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Community Water Supply (DNCWS), there are 3,533 CBOs registered at the DNCWS at present9.

The data regarding the performing of water quality testing by the CBOs in the water supply schemes at present are not accurately available. However, it is known that some CBOs perform the water quality testing regularly, while some CBOs do it occasionally.

The NWSDB, being the national organization for water supply, has been carrying out backup support to ensure the smooth functioning of RWS water facilities implemented. NWSDB has also agreed to establish or strengthen mini laboratories in O&M offices to cater the needs with regards to water quality monitoring of RWS schemes. The water quality monitoring for RWS schemes have been agreed to be done at cost, on demand of the CBOs. This has been instructed by the General Manager, NWSDB to the relevant staff in year 2002. Accordingly, at present this service is provided by NWSDB district and regional laboratories at a concessionary cost, with a discount of 25% of the normal rate.

The present water quality testing for CBO managed water supply schemes are being done by the NWSDB district laboratories when the samples are being brought by the PHIs or by the officials of CBOs. More prevalent practice at present are that samples being brought by the PHIs, in compliance with the WQS programme. Ministry of Health has also allocated a set number of samples to be brought to their laboratories per month; which is around 500.

In order to promote water quality testing in CBO managed schemes, NWSDB allows two water samples per month per district to be done free of charge.

4.3 Water Testing in Estate Water Supply Schemes

As per the information from the relevant sources, there are no chlorination facilities installed in the estate water supply schemes. Any routine water quality testing are not performed in these water supply schemes. In epidemic situations or in special circumstances, water quality testing is carried out by the PHI of the Department of Health.

4.4 Water Testing in Point Sources in Rural Areas

Presently, many rural households depend on dug wells for their domestic water needs. To a lesser degree, people in the rural areas also obtain water from other point sources, such as deep tube wells or rainwater harvesting tanks. As per the Census Records10 out of the total 5,264,282 houses in the country there are 2,637,347 households using shallow wells, 177,432 houses using tube wells and 4,022 houses using rainwater harvesting tanks for their drinking purpose.

Most of the shallow wells are privately owned, although a small percentage are common wells, owned and maintained by Pradesiya Sabhas (PS). Rainwater harvesting tanks are privately owned. Deep tube wells with hand pumps are

9 DNCWS sources 10 Census Data -2012, Department of Census and Statistics



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owned by PSs, and when necessary, repaired and maintained by the NWSDB on payment basis.

There is no system in place or practice for regular water quality testing in the point sources at present. Owners of wells, upon suspicion of any contamination or water quality issue, can access NWSDB laboratories and get the water quality tests performed for a stipulated payment. In case of epidemics or under special circumstances, the water quality testing is performed by the PHI.

4.5 Water Testing in RO Plants

Currently, in CKDu affected areas, several organizations have provided reverse osmosis (RO) plants to obtain treated water for drinking to the people. The main organizations who have provided RO plants in CKDu prevalent areas are the NWSDB, Sri Lanka Navy (funds provided by Presidential Task Force) and DNCWS. Some other plants are provided by voluntary organizations with funds collected from local philanthropists and international donors. The RO plants by NWSDB are provided by a specially established Project Unit, namely, CKDu Project Unit, located in Anuradhapura.

The RO plants provided by NWSDB and DNCWS are generally managed by the CBOs. Those provided by the Navy are operated and maintained by Navy personnel.

There are also commercially operated, privately owned RO plants, who sell the water to the customers.

The CKDu Project Unit presently conducts water quality testing in the RO plants provided by NWSDB and DNCWS through the NWSDB regional laboratory in Anuradhapura. These are conducted normally once in every 3 months. Tests include both bacteriological and chemical testing of raw water and treated water. The Navy conducts the water quality testing regularly, at their laboratory located in Rambewa, Anuradhapura. However, it is learn that there is no systematic water quality testing taking place in RO plants installed by others.



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5. CURRENT WATER QUALITY TESTING FACILITIES FOR RWS & ESTATE SECTOR

5.1 NWSDB Laboratories

NWSDB has an island wide laboratory system, with several categories of laboratories11. The categories include:

- Central Laboratory (at Ratmalana)

- Three Regional Support Centre Laboratories (in Kurunegala, Anuradhapura & Matara)

- Regional Laboratories (28 Nos)

The above laboratories are capable of performing physical, chemical and bacteriological testing.12 (Ref. Annex C) They undertake testing for outside organizations or individuals too, in addition to the monitoring of water quality in the NWSDB schemes.

There are laboratories in some water treatment plants too (16 Nos). However, they are meant for water testing in the particular water treatment plant only.

NWSDB perform the water quality testing for the public on request, at a pre-determined fee. 13 Presently, the fee structure for public is as indicated in the Annex 2.

The NWSDB provides the water testing services to CBO managed rural water supply schemes on concessionary rates, with a discount of 25% from the normal rate per sample. Further, they perform bacteriological testing free of charge for two water samples per month per district.

5.2 Ministry of Health Laboratories

The water quality testing of the samples collected by the PHIs are mainly performed in the laboratories within the Ministry of Health (either the Medical Research Institute in Colombo or the laboratories functioning under some Provincial Director’s offices) or in a close-by NWSDB laboratory.

The NWSDB and MoH have agreed to arrange the testing of water samples collected by PHIs to be carried out at NWSDB regional laboratories, except where MoH laboratories are available. However, it is understood that formal instructions to the staff are yet to be issued by internal circulars. 14,15

Currently, the available MoH laboratories are as follows16;

Colombo (MRI)

Kalutara (NIHS)

11 NWSDB Web Site 12 NWSDB Web Site 13 NWSDB Web Site 14 Draft NWSDB circular issued on WQS System – Board Circular No. AGM (SO)/WQS/2017 15 Draft MoH circular issued on WQS System in 2012 16 Handbook for WASH in Schools, Ministry of Education



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Kurunegala

Anuradhapura

Vavuniya

In the past, PHIs also have made use of the Government Analyst’s laboratories (situated in Colombo) for testing the water samples collected. However, this system is not practiced now, due to the relatively long time taken for testing and reporting.

5.3 Other Laboratories

Other laboratories available for water quality testing include those in universities in some provinces, Industrial Technology Institute in Colombo, Institute of Fundamental Studies (IFS) in Kandy, and some research institutes. However, for the purpose for obtaining services for CBOs, these organizations may not be suitable, being situated in main cities, far away from rural areas.



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6. POSSIBILITIES OF FUTURE LABORATORY FACILITIES CONSIDERED FOR RWS SCHEMES AND IMPLICATIONS

It is the view of the IDCB Consultants that several avenues should be available to the CBOs to choose from, depending on their convenience and preference, and also for the purpose of testing.

The following possibilities were explored based on that idea.

6.1 Testing by CBO themselves

The regular and routine testing of Residual chlorine (RCL) at the storage tank and at consumer end should be performed by the CBO themselves. . If a treatment facility is available, other parameters should be also tested depending on raw water quality variations. (Turbidity, colour, Iron/Mn, Hardness etc.) A CBO scheme specific Standard Operating Practice (SOP) developed should indicate the required parameters to be tested. The necessary training and guidance and the required apparatus should be provided to the CBO to enable them to perform the testing.

Sufficient training needs to be provided to a member of CBO/care taker to perform this testing. A suitably qualified person needs to be identified for this purpose.

6.2 Testing at CBO Operated Laboratories (Cluster CBO lab)

As it is observed, the distance to the testing laboratories from the water supply schemes is a great hindrance for the regular testing for CBOs. Hence, establishing laboratories at close proximity to CBOs would encourage the CBOs to get water quality testing done more regularly and frequently. The possibility exists to establish laboratories at some strong and well performing CBOs, with the initiation and financial assistance by WaSSIP within the project districts where necessary. The CBOs for establishing such laboratories could be identified by the WaSSIP Project Officials, based on considering relevant factors.

It is suggested that factors such as the institutional capability, financial strength, commitment and willingness of the CBO management committee, geographical location of the CBO and availability of infrastructure (building) for a lab should be considered. Implementation of a few such laboratories are possible initially, on pilot basis, to be expanded based on the success and lessons learnt.

The geographical areas requiring such Cluster CBO Labs should depend on the distance that CBOs are compelled to travel to the existing laboratories. If it is excessive, establishing a Cluster CBO Lab may be considered.

The Cluster CBO Labs can serve the other CBOs who are located within a reasonable distance around them and any owners of point sources in the vicinity.

A nominal fee could be charged from the CBO for testing a sample, to recover the cost incurred. This will make the operations viable.



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A sufficiently educated person (eg. A person with GCE Advanced Level qualifications in science stream including Chemistry as a subject) should be recruited by the CBO as a Lab Assistant, and deployed for performing these testing. WaSSIP should provide financial assistance for the CBO to build a suitable laboratory within the project districts, and provide the required equipment. The required training should be arranged by WaSSIP, and provided by NWSDB in the project districts.

In order to ensure proper functioning of these facilities and accuracy, regular monitoring should be provided by NWSDB in line with their agreed assistance to CBOs. As an interim arrangement, this assistance may include annual inspections by NWSDB and providing comments and suggestions for improvements.

A suitable strategy for establishing similar laboratories needs to be considered in other districts in the country, depending on the experience and success within the Project district. A funding arrangement for such a project needs to be identified in the future.

It is assessed that following tests could be performed at such CBO operated laboratories:

Residual chlorine (RCL)

Turbidity

Conductivity

pH

Colour

Hardness

Iron & Manganese

Bacteriological Testing

An arrangement should be established so that the Cluster CBO could procure the required chemicals /reagents from NWSDB or from suppliers who make the supplies to NWSDB. The NWSDB/DNCWS could assist the Cluster CBO in establishing the supply chain. There should also be long term agreements with the equipment suppliers regarding refresher training and equipment maintenance /repair /calibration of equipment.

6.3 Testing at NWSDB Laboratories

The laboratory system of NWSDB is well established, widespread within the country and are reliable. Hence, for bacteriological and chemical testing, CBOs can approach NWSDB laboratories, if the CBOs are situated at a reasonably close distance from an NWSDB laboratory. It is noted that NWSDB has initiated a programme to obtain accreditation for their laboratories from Sri Lanka Accreditation Bureau, and several laboratories have obtained accreditation at present.

The WQS programme which has been established with a Cabinet Memorandum and jointly agreed by NWSDB and MoH recognizes the use of regional laboratories of NWSDB for serving CBO managed schemes.

Due to the already established practice and arrangements in place, CBOs can directly bring the samples to NWSDB laboratories.



13

NWSDB has to periodically assess the workload of each of the laboratory and if necessary, take steps to increase the strength of the laboratory staff. This has already been agreed in the WQS programme.

The NWSDB laboratories can perform the testing of both the PHI collected samples and CBO collected samples.

6.4 Testing by Ministry of Health

The Ministry of Health laboratories are few in provinces. Further, they are catering for the internal demands of the Ministry (Mainly by PHIs), specifically for the testing of food samples for regulatory purposes.

Hence, with regards to the water supply, MoH laboratories are suitable for PHIs to get their samples tested in these laboratories. But for CBOs to obtain services from these laboratories directly, it is unlikely that it is a good option, as procedures should be formulated and accepted by the higher officials of the Ministry and should be established for this purpose. Hence, unless the Ministry of Health accepts this method in principle, it is not an attractive option for testing samples directly brought by the CBOs. However, due to the workload the laboratories are experiencing with the testing of food samples, it is unlikely that MoH would agree to open the facility for CBOs.

6.5 Utilizing School laboratories

There is a possibility of using school laboratories to test some water quality parameters, so that CBOs in the close proximity could utilize this service. The science teacher in charge of the lab should be actively involved, and the students who are in science stream in higher grades should be trained to perform the tests. This water quality monitoring activity could be made one of the Student Projects which are known to be compulsory for Advance Level Science Stream students at present. The Health Clubs, which are usually a standard feature in schools, can take an active role in this respect.

In order to ensure its success, the RWS Units of the NWSDB could monitor and assist the functioning of these laboratory service. As there is a representative of the Education Department in the District Water Quality Surveillance Committee, the proper functioning of these laboratories could be monitored by the Committee too, through a regular reporting system.

However, such an arrangement should be agreed by the higher authorities of the Education Department, and necessary policy decisions should be taken, with formulation of methods of implementation, including new rules and regulations. WaSSIP project can arrange the funds to provide required apparatus initially to the selected school laboratories, and arrange to train the teachers for the testing through NWSDB laboratory, who should in turn deploy students and train them to carry out the tests.

This option poses several challenges for the sustainability of the system:

Teachers are transferable, and a teacher who has got trained in testing water could be transferred out. In such a case, there could be a disruption



14

of services provided to the CBOs, and revival of services will depend on the interest of the incoming teacher to get trained for carrying out the programme. If WaSSIP project does not exist at that time, who should take the initiative for such training would be a problem.

The students who select the particular Student Project will carry out the water quality testing work until the Student Project gets completed, which will be of short duration (understood to be about 3 months). Hence, there could be gaps until the following year, as the Student Project gets completed, the students are more likely to concentrate on studies aiming to pass their examinations rather than continuing voluntarily to test water samples.

As there will be a continuous turnover of students who will perform the tests, there will always be a learning curve in each batch of students, which will affect the reliability and accuracy of the test results.

Replenishing required chemicals and consumables should follow the departmental procedures, and could take time, affecting the testing work.

In case of the need of any replacement of apparatus and equipment, if the need occurs beyond WaSSIP project time period, procedures for requests for funds, approvals, procurement and supplies could take a very long time, as these items will not be usual and typical items required by the schools.

There will be difficulties of levying charges for water testing by the school from the CBOs, within the exiting financial rules and regulations in schools. Changing them could be a long procedure. There could also be allegations of misappropriation of revenue towards the school management.

Hence, although the idea of utilization of school laboratories is good as a concept, especially for the purpose of creating an awareness among students about the water quality and environmental aspects, the potential operational and sustainability issues mentioned above make it not so attractive.

However, this option could be implemented in a few schools within the WaSSIP project area as a pilot project. Based on the results of such a pilot programme, the possibilities of expanding the method or discontinuing it could be determined.

6.6 Testing with Mobile Laboratories

Using mobile laboratories has been mentioned in the Terms of Reference of the IDCB Consultancy. However, the idea of mobile laboratories is not a suitable option for the regular water quality testing operations in CBOs due to possible problems of accessibility, manpower, vehicle maintenance issues, etc. Mobile laboratories are more suited for situations such as refugee camps, temporary disaster relief camps, etc.

Hence, this option was regarded as not favourable for further consideration as a suitable means of serving the general CBOs in the country.

However, it is relevant to mention that the WaSSIP Project is in the process of procuring two mobile laboratories to serve the CKDU affected areas.



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6.7 Private Hospitals and Medical Laboratories

There are private hospitals and also private medical laboratories operating in major towns. They perform health related laboratory testing by charging a fee, such as blood tests, urine tests, etc. These institutions are regulated by the Private Health Services Regulatory Council (PHSRC), which is an independent regulatory body established under the Private Medical Institutions (Registration) Act.

A cursory exploration was done to identify whether these institutions could be utilized to perform the water quality testing for CBOs. It was found that these institutions do not presently have facilities and equipment to perform the required tests. However, there are qualified and capable personnel available to perform the water quality analysis. If there is an attractive financial return on testing water, they would procure required apparatus and start testing the samples brought to them.

An option to promote the private sector to provide services would be to provide required apparatus on concessionary basis to some selected institutions on pilot basis, and establish connections with relevant CBOs.



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7. POSSIBILITIES FOR WATER TESTING IN ESTATES

There is no water quality testing performed in Estate water supply schemes at present. However, under WaSSIP project, new water supply schemes will be constructed in Nuwara Eliya District. Eventually, similar improvements can be expected in other plantation areas too, under some other future donor funded projects. The improved water supply schemes will require establishing water quality surveillance system.

Since the administration and backup support systems in Estate Sector is substantially different from the rural sector, a specific attention needs to be paid to the water quality surveillance and testing aspects in estate sector.

7.1 Organization Structure for Water Quality Testing in Estates

The new water supply schemes in estates (in Nuwara Eliya District) constructed by WaSSIP project will be managed by the Water User Associations (WUA) established for each scheme. (The details will be presented in the IDCB Working Paper “Review of institutional structure for Estate water supplies with recommendations for most appropriate model(s)”)

The involvement of DNCWS or RWS Section of the NWSDB in the estate sector is minimal. This is expected to be so in the future too.

PHDT is the organization providing consultative and support services to the estates on infrastructure development. Hence, when the new water systems are commissioned and operated, it is expected that PHDT will bear the responsibility of advising and monitoring the proper operations and functioning of water schemes. It is expected that PHDT Regional Office will guide and monitor the water quality testing and surveillance activities too.

In each estate, there is an Estate Medical Assistant (EMA), who is usually assigned to look after the health and sanitation aspects of the workers in the estate. He is the official who looks after the water supply systems providing water to the residents. When the new improved water supply schemes are provided, it is expected that EMA will continue to play this role under the guidance of PHDT. Hence, the EMA is expected to hold the responsibility of ensuring that the water treatment is being carried out by the WUA, and water quality testing are carried out.

Unlike the CBOs in villages, the WUAs may not be quite strong, independent and having adequately qualified personnel among them, to do their own water quality testing. However, it is expected that PHDT will be able to train a person in each WUA to check the residual chlorine test, and maintain records.

It is envisaged that the EMA could maintain a mini laboratory at estate level so that WUAs will be able to get the required services for testing other basic parameters. Staff of EMA could also be trained for this purpose.

Hence, the EMA could be assigned with the responsibility of carrying out regular water quality testing to be done at scheme level. He/she also should be responsible



17

to report the water quality of schemes covered by him/her to the PHDT, and also coordinate with PHI in the Ministry of Health.

Further, for other periodic water quality testing requirements, it is expected the EMA will take the samples to water quality testing laboratory as proposed below.

7.2 Water Quality Testing Facilities for Estates

The plantation area in the country spreads over mainly Nuwara Eliya, Bandarawela, Matale, Kandy, Kegalle, Ratnapura and Badulla districts. In order to test any water samples, there are NWSDB laboratories situated in each of these districts, except in Nuwara Eliya. The closest NWSDB laboratories to Nuwara Eliya district are situated in Bandarawela (45 km) and Kandy (77 km) which are too far to transport samples regularly, considering the distance to travel from interior estates.

For Nuwara Eliya District, there could be two options to remedy this situation:

a) Establishing a laboratory under PHDT

While discussing with PHDT regarding the water quality testing, the PHDT suggested to establish a laboratory in PHDT Regional Office, Nuwara Eliya. WaSSIP would be able to provide capital investment to establish a laboratory. However, PHDT will require to make budget allocations to employ a Chemist/Lab Assistant, establish supply chains for chemicals, replenishment of equipment, etc. The commitment of PHDT has to be ensured.

b) Establishing a District Laboratory in Nuwara Eliya by NWSDB

Other option is to establish a district laboratory by NWSDB in Nuwara Eliya district. This could serve the estate WUA managed water schemes as well as other water schemes managed by CBOs and various local authorities. WaSSIP would be able to provide funds for capital investment. The long term running cost will have to be borne by NWSDB. Estates/PHDT could obtain laboratory services from NWSDB, similar to other districts.

Considering the established systems, procedures and professional competence of NWSDB in water sample testing, the 2nd option above is preferable for performing full chemical testing and bacteriological testing of water.

However, it is also suggested that establishing a laboratory in the PHDT Regional Office to test simple water quality parameters is beneficial to WUAs, and could be considered.



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8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS OF WATER QUALITY TESTING IN CBO/WUA MANAGED SCHEMES

It is recognized that the water quality assessment of CBO/WUA managed schemes should be established for three purposes:

For quality monitoring purposes: This will be carried out by the CBO/WUA

For regulatory purposes : This will be carried out by health authorities (PHIs)

For effective implementation of water safety plans (WSP)

Both the above testing are for the purpose of ensuring proper quality of water to the consumers. However, the testing conducted by PHIs should be carried out at accredited laboratories, so that the results will be convincing and unchallengeable.

Following sections mainly recommend the water quality testing by CBOs for monitoring purposes.

8.1 Basic Aspects to be Considered

For the success of implementation of a water quality monitoring system in a sustainable manner, following needs to be ensured:

The established system should be as simple as possible, and of reasonable cost to the CBOs

The parameters to be tested should be relevant and only those essential

The testing laboratories should be as close to the CBOs as possible, to provide results and feedback in a timely manner allowing for corrective actions, for epidemic control as well as corrective actions for water treatment.

There should be a reliable supply chain for reagents, consumables and relevant technical support to the laboratories (for repairs, accreditation, calibration/standardizing, replacement, training etc.)

There should be a reliable institutional arrangement to support and guide the CBOs to carry out the programme

There should be an effective monitoring system to check whether CBOs perform the expected testing

Performance of CBO in water quality testing should be connected to a reward system, so that there would be a motivation for CBO to perform better

There should be a regulatory requirement for minimum testing parameter and frequency (enforced and audited by DNCWS NWSDB) similar to Financial Audit



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8.2 Water Quality Parameters and Frequency of Testing

The testing parameters for CBO managed RWS schemes had been identified previously by NORAD Project, as indicated in Annex A2. Recently, the IDCB Consultants and the PMU Consultant of WaSSIP visited and conducted discussions with Water Safety Plan Advisory Unit (WSPAU) of NWSDB in Kandy, and collectively drafted an action plan. In the draft action plan, the water quality parameters and frequency of testing for CBO managed water supply schemes have been identified. By considering NORAD Project recommended parameters and the recently held discussions with WSPAU, following parameters and testing frequencies are recommended:

Table 7.1 – Recommended Parameters and Frequencies for CBO/WUA Managed Water Facilities

Type of Water Supply Parameters to be Tested Frequency

Piped Schemes with chemical treatment

Residual chlorine at the storage tank

2-3 times a day

Residual chlorine at a randomly selected remote households

Once a day

Conductivity Daily

pH Daily

Turbidity Daily/ On change of quality

Colour As decided (based on visual observation)

Bacteriological Absent/Present test

Once a week

Full Chemical Analysis Once in 6 months

Bacteriological analysis at a laboratory

Once in 6 months/ or at epidemic situation

Piped Schemes – without chemical treatment except chlorination

Chlorine at the storage tank 2-3 times a day

Residual chlorine at a randomly selected remote household

Once a day

Turbidity Daily/ On change of quality

Colour As decided (based on visual observation)

Bacteriological – Absent/Present test

Once a week

Full Chemical Analysis Once in 6 months

Bacteriological analysis at a Once in 6 months/ or



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Type of Water Supply Parameters to be Tested Frequency

laboratory at epidemic situation

Note : in CKDu areas or areas with known quality issues (in addition to above appropriate tests)

Fluoride Once a month

Hardness Once a month

Heavy metals Once in 6 months

Pesticides Once a year

RO Plants managed by CBOs

Full Chemical Analysis Once every 3 months

8.3 Recommended Laboratory Facilities

8.3.1 CBO/WUA Managed Schemes

It is recommended that facilities to be made available at several levels, for CBO managed water supply schemes in rural areas and WUA managed schemes in estates as follows:

It is recommended to make the testing laboratory facilities available at several levels, for CBO managed water supply schemes in rural areas and WUA managed schemes in estates, as follows:

Level 1 - To perform tests required to be done daily

At CBO level (in villages) and

At WUA level (in Estates)

Level 2 – To perform tests required to be done routinely

At Cluster CBO level (for villages)

At selected schools (for villages) – To be established on pilot basis

At EMA level (for estates)

At PHDT (N’Eliya district office – for estates)

At selected private medical/laboratory institutions - to be done on pilot basis

Level 3 – To perform more detailed/formal testing and for regulatory requirements

At NWSDB Regional Laboratories

At MoH laboratories (by PHIs)

The details are presented in Table 8.1, and establishing them is discussed under Section 8.8.

The arrangement is illustrated in the figure in following page:



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Fig. 8.1 – Proposed Water Quality Surveillance System



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Table 8.1: Levels of Testing Facilities

Level of the Testing Facility Tests to be performed Facility to be used by Equipment to be Provided

CBO managed individual scheme level (without chemical treatment other than chlorination)

Residual Chlorine (RCL)

Bacteriological (Absent/present)

Individual CBO

Colour comparator for RCL

Test kit for bacteriological testing (Absent/present)

CBO managed individual scheme level (with chemical treatment)


Turbidity

Conductivity

pH

Bacteriological (Absent/present)

Individual CBO Colour comparator for RCL

Turbidity meter

pH meter

Test kit for bacteriological testing (Absent/present)

WUA managed Estate Schemes Residual Chlorine WUAs in estates Colour comparator for RCL

Cluster CBO Lab level/ EMA office in Estates


Conductivity

Hardness

Fe

pH

Turbidity

Colour

Bacteriological analysis

CBOs close to the cluster lab / WUAs within the estate

(to be decided after the obtaining further details from laboratory equipment suppliers)



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School Laboratories (On pilot basis) Residual Chlorine (RCL)

Conductivity

pH

Turbidity

Colour

CBOs close to the school (to be decided after the obtaining further details from laboratory equipment suppliers)

PHDT Laboratory in Nuwara Eliya Residual Chlorine (RCL)

Conductivity

pH

Turbidity

Colour


WUAs in Estates in Nuwara Eliya

(to be decided after the obtaining further details from laboratory equipment suppliers)

Laboratories of Private Medical Institutions


Conductivity

pH

Turbidity

Colour


Full chemical analysis

CBOs, WUAs in estates (to be decided after the obtaining further details from laboratory equipment suppliers)

NWSDB regional laboratories

(32 Nos in the country)

Full Chemical Analysis

Bacteriological Analysis

Advanced testing

CBOs /WUAs

PHIs for regulatory purposes



24


MoH Laboratories (Colombo MRI, Kalutara (NIHS), Kurunegala, Anuradhapura, Vavuniya)

Full Chemical Analysis

Bacteriological Analysis

PHIs for regulatory purposes

Other Laboratories (ITI, Laboratory in Kandy, IFS, University laboratories)

Advanced testing NWSDB, DNCWS for verification/research purposes



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8.4 Maintaining Supply Chain and Support Services

In order to establish and maintain in sustainable manner the aforementioned system of laboratories, a reliable supply chain for replacement of reagents and consumables should be established, together with an efficient technical back up support and service system for laboratories/testing facilities at CBOs, Cluster CBO, school or in private medical testing institutions.

A recent meeting conducted by PMU, WaSSIP Project (18th August 2017) with some prominent laboratory equipment and consumable suppliers revealed their keen interest in participation in initial supplies of equipment for simple water test kits and establishing methods of continuous supply of consumables as well as providing back up technical support. This idea is recommended to be pursued further and formalized.

The suppliers agreed to search the availability of apparatus available for simple and quick tests to verify the quality of water, even though the results may not be very accurate. However, such tests are considered acceptable as screening tests.

It is also recommended that this should be implemented initially within seven Project Districts, and several supply organizations should be selected assigning different districts to them. This will enable several organizations to gain experience in the activity, so that it is easier for subsequent expansion of similar services in the rest of the districts in the country.

At the meeting, an idea emerged regarding the possibility of these laboratory equipment suppliers to operate and manage the laboratory facilities by themselves at CBO and Cluster CBO levels. However, it is apparent that the number of laboratories/testing facilities required within a district would be too numerous & dispersed and the quantity of work in one place is too low for a company to employ their own personnel and operate profitably. Hence, it will not be attractive for them to venture into such an arrangement.

8.5 Responsibility of Organizing Water Quality Testing and Monitoring

Providing support and guidance to CBOs for conducting water quality testing and promoting them to do it regularly are the responsibilities of the organizations who provide backup support to CBOs in the future. The two main organizations who are recognized to provide this back up support are the DNCWS and NWSDB.

In the workshop conducted in June 2017 to identify and demarcate the roles and responsibilities of DNCWS and NWSDB, it was decided by the two organizations that the responsibility of providing backup support to CBOs will gradually shifted to DNCWS in phases, with NWSDB providing inputs for sector planning and specialized assistance. It is identified that with respect to water quality testing in CBO managed RWS schemes, following responsibilities will be borne by two organizations:

8.5.1 Responsibilities of NWSDB

The NWSDB is expected to:

Provide laboratory services to test the water samples on concessionary terms to CBOs, WUAs, PHDT and PHIs



26

Provide specialized advices on water quality and consequent recommendations on water treatment, upon the request of DNCWS/CBO and PHDT/WUA.

Participate in the district water quality surveillance committee meetings and contribute to the decisions taken and in implementation. Provide analysis and information based on data received from tests for informed decision making.

Technical guidance based on test results for corrective actions/treatment upgrading or improvement

Trend analysis and advice for correcting

Advice on need for advanced testing , if essential & research

Monitoring on the performance of different types of laboratories and report & advise for corrective measures

8.5.2 Responsibilities of DNCWS Head Office

The head office of the DNCWS is expected to provide the guidance to the officers working in its Zonal Offices, District Offices and also DOs stationed in Divisional Secretary offices. It is expected that there will be a Chemist in the head office. It is envisaged that NWSDB will be able to release a Chemist present working in NWSDB, on secondment basis.

Specifically, the responsibilities of the of the DNCWS head office will be as follows:

Formulate systems for water quality monitoring in the CBO managed water supply schemes and guide relevant DNCWS officers to establish them

Develop guidelines for CBOs to carry out water quality testing in regular manner

Develop formats required for CBOs to record results, DOs to monitor activities and District Offices to maintain records

Provide guidance to establish and conduct training programmes on water quality monitoring for various relevant categories

Guide the laboratories established at various levels, namely, at Cluster CBO level, school level and private sector level

Coordinate with laboratory equipment and services suppliers to ensure proper services expected from them, and to maintain supply chain

Coordinate closely with NWSDB and its laboratories, MoH and other relevant organizations

Participate in the national level meetings regarding water quality surveillance

8.5.3 Responsibilities of DNCWS District Office/ Development Officer

It is expected that DNCWS will provide following services to CBOs with respect to the water quality monitoring:



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Provide guidance to the CBOs regarding the importance of water quality testing, establish procedure to be adopted in collection & delivery of samples and assist CBOs in coordinating with testing laboratories if required;

Establish recording & reporting systems of test results at CBO level, at district level and national level including the updating of computerised data base;

Monitor the results of the water quality testing performed by individual CBOs and verify whether it is in conformity with the water quality standards provided; If not, coordinate with NWSDB to obtain expert technical guidance;

Monitor the compliance of each CBO in performing water quality analysis and keeping the records as provided in the guidelines;

Arrange required training to the relevant CBO personnel on water quality monitoring;

Coordinate closely with NWSDB and PHI of the Ministry of Health in the matters related to water quality monitoring

Participate in the district water quality surveillance committee meetings and contribute to the decisions taken and in implementation.

8.5.4 Responsibilities of PHDT

It is expected that PHDT (initially, Nuwara Eliya Regional Office) will provide following services to WUAs and EMAs in the estates with respect to the water quality monitoring:

Provide guidance to the WUAs regarding the importance of water quality testing, establish procedure to be adopted in collection & delivery of samples and assist EMAs in coordinating with testing laboratories if required;

Establish recording & reporting systems of test results including the coordination with DNCWS regarding the updating of computerised data base maintained by DNCWS;

Monitor the results of the water quality testing performed for individual WUAs and verify whether it is in conformity with the water quality standards provided; If not, coordinate with NWSDB to obtain expert technical guidance; submit agreed summaries in an agreed interval to NWSDB RWS Unit

Monitor the compliance of each WUA/EMA in performing water quality analysis and keeping the records as provided in the guidelines;

Arrange required training to the relevant WUA personnel on water quality monitoring;

Coordinating closely with NWSDB, DNCWS and PHI of the Ministry of Health in the matters related to water quality monitoring



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8.6 Responsibility for Monitoring & Regulation

As mentioned earlier, a there is no formal regulatory body for water quality in water supply schemes in the country. The PHIs play the role of a regulator at present by checking the water quality, and advising the CBOs to attend to any poor quality situations.

In future, the PHI’s role should continue as it is in regulatory aspect. The vested regulatory powers to the PHIs should be exercised, when the water quality surveillance system is established. In addition, the DO of the DNCWS should play a significant role in monitoring whether water quality testing is actually taking place. In any case of continued unsatisfactory quality results, the DNCWS should consult the RWS Engineer or the Chemist of NWSDB, and recommend any remedial actions.

The District Water Quality Surveillance Committees already established some time ago should be re-activated. As these Committees have the mandate for ensuring the implementation of WSPs in water supply schemes, the results of quality monitoring should be reported to these district committees periodically.

The national level committee for Water Quality Surveillance Committee should be established as specified in the already accepted Cabinet Paper. The Committee should regularly meet, review the progress & current situation and take appropriate policy decisions and also take action to implement the decisions.

The recommended responsibilities of monitoring and regulation of the proposed water quality system is illustrated in the following figure:

Fig. 8.2 – Proposed Monitoring and Regulation



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8.7 Sustainability of Water Quality Monitoring – Rewarding System

The sustainability of the proposed water quality monitoring system depends on three aspects:

Constant vigilance and monitoring by the responsible sector institutions (DNCWS & PHDT) – This is discussed in foregoing sections

Regulatory measures by the PHIs – This is mentioned in foregoing sections

Ensuring constant enthusiasm and interest for water quality monitoring by the CBOs/WUAs – As outlined below

Perhaps the most important aspect contributing to sustainability mentioned above is the third point, namely the enthusiasm and interest of the CBO/WUA itself.

In order to ensure this, CBOs & WUAs should realize the importance of maintaining water quality. Effective WASH programmes can help in this respect. This is very important considering the fact that many people in rural areas are averse to the taste of chlorine in their drinking water.

Further, there should be a rewarding system for CBOs/WUAs for good performance in regular water quality testing. In this respect, DO of the DNCWS and the Officer in PHDT should check whether regular testing of water quality is performed by each CBO/WUA, and whether proper records are maintained by them. This matter should be one of the factors for grading the CBOs for determining “rewards”. These rewards could be financial assistance for expansion/upgrading of schemes, providing certification as good quality water, recognition as the winners and good performers at awarding ceremonies, etc. (eg. World Water Day programmes) (Ref. IDCB Working Paper “CBO Sustainability Financing and Incentive Framework”)

8.8 Way Forward and Plan of Action

Following actions are recommended to be taken, based on the findings in the foregoing sections and the recommendations made. Activities leading to the stated main action are not described here:

Action No

Main Action Suggested Time

Frame

Primary Responsibility

Secondary Responsibility



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Action No


Frame



A) General

A-1 Obtain formal approval to the Working Paper and recommendations from the National Steering Committee & World Bank

End Sept. 2017

PD (WaSSIP) PMU Consultant

IDCB Consultants

A-4 Prepare RFP documents and invite proposals from laboratory equipment and services providers and select them for each project district

End Dec. 2017

PD (WaSSIP) PMU Consultant assisted by IDCB Consultants

B) Water Quality Monitoring in CBO Managed Schemes

B-1 Identify suitable CBOs to establish the Cluster CBO laboratories in seven Project Districts – Say 5 CBOs per district, considering relevant selection factors.

End Sept 2017

DM (WaSSIP), OIC(DNCWS)

PD (WaSSIP)

B-2 Identify CBOs who should receive water quality test kits – The CBOs having water treatment/chlorination facilities in each Project District

End Sept 2017

DM (WaSSIP), OIC(DNCWS)

PD (WaSSIP)

B-3 Discuss and agree with Dept. of Education to establish water testing laboratories in schools, determine and establish related procedures and obtain relevant approvals

End Dec. 2017

PD (WaSSIP) PMU Consultant, assisted by IDCB Consultants

B-4 Identify schools to establish water testing laboratory facilities on pilot basis in Project Districts– Say 3 per district

End Sept 2017

DM (WaSSIP), OIC (DNCWS)

PD (WaSSIP)

B- 5 Provide water quality test kits to CBOs having treatment facilities in seven Project Districts, and provide necessary training to selected personnel in CBO

Jan 2018 PD (WaSSIP) DM (WaSSIP), OIC(DNCWS)

B-6 Construct buildings for Cluster CBO Laboratories where necessary, and provide equipment to them

End Jan 2018

DM (WaSSIP) PD (WaSSIP)

B-7 Arrange CBO to identify suitably personnel to operate Cluster Laboratories and to recruit them, and arrange required training for them

End Jan 2018

DM (WaSSIP) PD (WaSSIP)



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Action No


Frame



B-8 Identify private sector medical institutions in remote towns in each project district, make agreements with owners and provide required testing equipment on pilot basis – Say 1 institution per Project District

End March 2018

PD (WaSSIP) DM (WaSSIP)

PMU Consultant/ IDCB Consultants

B-9 Carry out necessary awareness campaigns and promotions of water quality monitoring, establishing relationships and networking among CBOs, Cluster CBOs, selected schools, selected private medical institutions, PHIs and laboratory service providers

End March 2018


PD (WaSSIP)

B-9 Assess the success of the above arrangements implemented on pilot basis, and expand them in Project Districts in suitable manner

End Dec 2019


C) Water Quality Monitoring in WUA Managed Schemes

C-1 Identify WUAs in Estates in Nuwara Eliya district who should receive water quality test kits – The WUAs having (or planned to have) water treatment/chlorination facilities in each Project District

End Sept 2017

DM (WaSSIP), RD(PHDT), Nuwara Eliya

PD (WaSSIP)

C-2 Provide water quality test kits to WUAs in Nuwara Eliya District having treatment facilities and provide training to selected personnel in WUA

Jan 2018 PD (WaSSIP) DM (WaSSIP), RD (PHDT)

C-3 Provide required facilities, equipment and training EMAs in relevant estates in Nuwara Eliya

End Feb 2018

DM (WaSSIP), RD (PHDT)

PD (WaSSIP)

C-4 Provide facilities to establish a laboratory in PHDT regional office in Nuwara Eliya, select an office and provide training

End Dec. 2017

PD (WaSSIP) RD (PHDT)

D – Policy and Management Matters

D-1 Conduct discussions with Health Authorities to effectively utilize the PHIs in water quality monitoring and regulation & strengthen

End Dec. 2017

PD (WaSSIP) PMU Consultant assisted by IDCB Consultants



32

Action No


Frame



regulatory system

D-2 Identify and recommend suitable incentive system for CBOs to promote water quality monitoring

End Dec. 2017

IDCB Consultants

PD (WaSSIP) & PMU Consultant

D-3 Agree and release a Chemist from the NWSDB to the DNCWS head office on secondment

End Jan 2018

PD (WaSSIP) MCPWS

D-4 Agree with NWSDB authorities and assist to establish an NWSDB Regional Laboratory in Nuwara Eliya District

End Jan 2017


D-5 Revitalize the District Water Surveillance Committees and monitor the success of the water quality monitoring programme in regular manner in seven Project Districts

End Dec. 2017


PD (WaSSIP)

D-6 Establish National Water Surveillance Committee and monitor the programme in regular manner and take policy decisions and implement them

End Dec. 2017

PD (WaSSIP)

D-7 Promote National Water Surveillance Committee and other relevant authorities to take decision to establish similar systems in other districts

End Dec 2019

PD (WaSSIP)

D-8 Discuss with PHDT and other relevant authorities to take decisions to establish similar systems in the estates in other plantation regions

End Dec 2019

PD (WaSSIP)

PHDT

D-9 Identify funding sources in collaboration with the MCPWS and obtain funds for expansion of the system to other districts

End Dec 2019

PD (WaSSIP) PHDT



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References

1. Sri Lanka Standard Institution (2013), Sri Lanka Standard 614 :2013 – Specification for Potable Water (First Edition)

2. World Health Organization (2011), Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (Forth Edition)

3. Food Act No 26. of 1980, Government of Sri Lanka, Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

4. Food (Bottled and Packaged Water) Regulations -2005, by Ministry of Health

5. Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka (2010), Manual for the Sri Lanka Public Health Inspector

6. NWSDB Web Site http://www.waterboard.lk /web/images/PDF/ Islandwide_laboratory_Networ_and_Services.pdf - Accessed on 05.07.2017

7. Public Investment Programme, 2017-2020, Department of National Planning, Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs, Sri Lanka

8. NORAD Project, TWSSP (2001), Proposal for a Water Quality Monitoring Mechanism in Rural Water Supply Schemes

9. Ministry of Education (2015), Handbook for WASH in Schools

10. Draft NWSDB circular to be issued on WQS System in Sri Lanka – Board Circular No. AGM (SO)/WQS/2017

11. Draft MoH circular to be issued on WQS System in Sri Lanka

12. Cabinet Memorandum No.3(1)/2/77 titled “Establishment of a Water Quality Surveillance system in Sri Lanka”

13. Dept. of Census and Statistics web site : http://www.statistics.gov.lk /PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=Activities/TentativelistofPublications - Accessed on 10.08.2017



1

ANNEXES



2

Annex A

Recommendations related to Water Quality Testing in Other Documents





3

Annex A.1


(SLS Standard 614:2013 – Specification for Potable Water)

Table A.1 -1 : Water Quality Testing Parameters – SLS Standards

PARAMETERS Highest desirable level

Maximum Permissible level

A. Physicochemical

Electrical conductivity at 25% C/µ/cm 750 3500

Total මුළු (mg/I) 500 1500

Colour (Hazen Units) 5 30

Taste Unobjectionable -

Odour Unobjectionable -

Turbidity (NTU) 2 8

Chloride (Cl) (mg/I) 200 1200

Fluoride (F) (mg/I) - 1.5

Iron (Fe) (mg/I) 0.3 1

Manganese (Mn)(mg/I) 0.05 0.5

Copper (Cu) (mg/I) 0.05 1.5

Zinc (Zn) (mg/I) 5 15

Calcium (Ca) (mg/I) 100 240

Magnesium (Mg)(mg/I) 30 150

Total Phosphate (PO4) (mg/I) - 2.0

Sulphate (SO4)(mg/I) 200 400

Total Alkalinity (CaCo3) (mg/I) 200 400

Total hardness (CaCo3)(mg/I) 250 600

Free Ammonia (NH3) (mg/I) - 0.06

Nitrate (NO3)(mg/I) - 45

Nitrite (NO2)(mg/I) - 0.01

PH Min 7.0 Min 6.5

Max 8.5 Max 9.0

Arsenic (As) (mg/I) - 0.05

Cadmium (Cd)(mg/I) - 0.005



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PARAMETERS Highest desirable level

Maximum Permissible level

Chromium (Cr)(mg/I) - 0.05

Cyanide (CN) (mg/I) - 0.05

Lead (Pb) (mg/I) - 0.05

Mercury (Hg)(mg/I) - 0.001

Selenium (Se) (mg/I) - 0.01

Free Residual Chlorine (as chlorine)(mg/I)

- 0.2

Polynuclear aromatic - 0.2

Hydrocarbons (mg/I) - 0.0002

Phenolic compounds (Phenolic OH)(mg/I) 0.001 0.002

Grease & oil (mg/I) - 1.0

COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)(mg/I) - 10

Radioadec materials Gross alpha radioactivity (pC/I)

- 3

B. Bacteriological

Total coliforms/100ml Absent in 10

(I) 95% of the sample

a year and

(ii) in any two consecutive

sample

E.Coli/100ml Absent Absent



5

Annex A.2


1. Frequency of Sampling for Pipe borne Water Supply Schemes

Test Recommended Frequency

Physical and chemical testing of selected parameters (See below)

Annually

Bacteriological test Twice a year and additionally during epidemics or in the events such as floods or drought that might affect the water quality of the source

Free residual chlorine

Once a week in general. If population served is more than 2,000, this should be twice a week.

Turbidity

once a week

2. Water Quality Testing for Non-piped schemes

Test Common dug wells

Individual dug wells

Individual rain water tanks

Hand pump tube wells

Physical and chemical testing of selected parameters (see below)

At the time of construction

At the time of construction

Not required At the time of construction

Bacteriological test Annually or during epidemics

During epidemics

On suspicion of contamination

On suspicion of contamination

Free residual chlorine test

Not required Not required Not required Not required

Turbidity test

Not required Not required Not required Not required

3. Parameters Suggested for Routine Testing in Rural Water Supply The following parameters are suggested for routine physical and chemical tests for water quality monitoring in rural water supply schemes. A) Parameters in schemes using either surface or ground water sources

Colour

Turbidity

Taste

odour

pH

Electrical Conductivity



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Residual Chlorine

B) Parameters in schemes using ground water (in addition to the parameters in A above)

Alkalinity

Total hardness

Fluoride

Iron C) Parameters in schemes using surface water (in addition to the parameters in A above)

Ammonia

Total dissolved solids

Any other parameters could be monitored under special circumstances.



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Annex 2/Page 1

Annex 2/Page 2



8

Annex C



9

List of NWSDB Laboratories

Central and Provincial Telephone number Central Laboratory-Ratmalana 0112611133 Western 0112418532 North Western 0372228564 Southern 0412222105 Regional Centers Ambatale 0112578205 Kelaniya 0112986087 Kalatuwawa 0362255233 Kandana 0342260912 Kurunagala 0372220839 Puthtalam 0322265376 Kandy South 0812384066 Kandy North 0812492301 Galle 0912241111 Hambanthota 0472240308 Kanthale 0262234283 Ampara 0633634632 Baticaloa 0652227476 Monaragala 0552277067 Bandarawela 0572222417 Ratnapura 0452223140 Kegalle 0352222722 Anuradapura 0252222296 Vavniya 0242222269/0243284024 Matara 0412229791 Jaffna 0212227964 Western South 0112611133 Kalutara 0342222278 Negambo 0312225000 Kadawatha 0112923613 Seethawaka 0362231293 Akkarapathtu 0672265297 Soysapura& Ekala 0112504273/0112289052 Polonnaruwa 0252222296



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