**MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE ON THE PROTECTION OF**MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE ON THE PROTECTION OF FOREST IN FOREST IN EUROPE,1993,HELSINKI- SFM as “ the stewardship and use of EUROPE,1993,HELSINKI- SFM as “ the stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way,and at a rate,that maintains forests and forest lands in a way,and at a rate,that maintains their bio-diversity, productivity, regeneration capacity,vitality, their bio-diversity, productivity, regeneration capacity,vitality, and their potential to fulfil,now and the future,relevant ecological, and their potential to fulfil,now and the future,relevant ecological, economic and social functions,at local, national,and global economic and social functions,at local, national,and global levels,and threat does not cause damage to their eco-systems”levels,and threat does not cause damage to their eco-systems”

***It includes-afforestation,reforestation,degradation, ***It includes-afforestation,reforestation,degradation, restoration,forest-bio-diversity protection-6 criteria,35 indicators.restoration,forest-bio-diversity protection-6 criteria,35 indicators.

**UN-2008, SFM aims to maintain and enhance the **UN-2008, SFM aims to maintain and enhance the economic,social and environmental values of all types of economic,social and environmental values of all types of forests ,for the benefit of present and future generations.forests ,for the benefit of present and future generations.

CONCEPT

• WHAT CAN FOREST DOWHAT CAN FOREST DO

• 1.6 billion or 20% of world population depend on forest 1.6 billion or 20% of world population depend on forest resources.resources.

• In 2004, trade in forest products was 4% of global trade or 327 bi In 2004, trade in forest products was 4% of global trade or 327 bi $$

• Tropical regions contain 13 million hectaresTropical regions contain 13 million hectares

• Forest affects biophysical properties of land surfaceForest affects biophysical properties of land surface

• Forest ecosystems contain 638 billion ton of carbonForest ecosystems contain 638 billion ton of carbon

• Growth rate of forest carbon depletion rate is 1.6 ton per yearGrowth rate of forest carbon depletion rate is 1.6 ton per year

• Deforestation accounts for 35% carbon emission in developing Deforestation accounts for 35% carbon emission in developing countries.countries.

• FAO- 13 million hectares of forest lost per year during 2000-FAO- 13 million hectares of forest lost per year during 2000-05,and 5.7 million hectares of forest added-A net loss of 7.3 05,and 5.7 million hectares of forest added-A net loss of 7.3 million hectaresmillion hectares

• Agriculture and forestry emitted highest % of emission in 2004 Agriculture and forestry emitted highest % of emission in 2004 (IPCC)(IPCC)

SFM contains six quantitative criteria and 35 indicatorsSFM contains six quantitative criteria and 35 indicatorsQualitative indicators categories into,[i] policies,instruments,institutions for Qualitative indicators categories into,[i] policies,instruments,institutions for SFM,[ii] policies,instruments and institutions for policies.SFM,[ii] policies,instruments and institutions for policies.SFM maintains the functions of global ecosystem and global bio-diversity.SFM maintains the functions of global ecosystem and global bio-diversity.Guidelines for conservations and sustainable use of bio-diversity are,[i] Guidelines for conservations and sustainable use of bio-diversity are,[i] establish forest management plan,[ii] observe national law,[iii] attention to establish forest management plan,[ii] observe national law,[iii] attention to local species,[iv]plan the allocation of tropical production forest,[v] raise local species,[iv]plan the allocation of tropical production forest,[v] raise public awareness,[vi]facilitate ecological research,[vii] minimise risk of public awareness,[vi]facilitate ecological research,[vii] minimise risk of invasive species,[viii]manage planted forest in a way that benefit bio-invasive species,[viii]manage planted forest in a way that benefit bio-diversity,[ix]improve ecological knowledge etc.diversity,[ix]improve ecological knowledge etc.UNDP urges the issues of maintaining management strategies,using UNDP urges the issues of maintaining management strategies,using measurable criteria and indicators of forest health and quality, recognising measurable criteria and indicators of forest health and quality, recognising public interest,capitalising traditional knowledge of local public interest,capitalising traditional knowledge of local community,improving knowledge of forest ecosystem functions.community,improving knowledge of forest ecosystem functions.ITTO (International Tropical Timber Organisation)and IUCN(2009) ITTO (International Tropical Timber Organisation)and IUCN(2009) (International Union for Conservation of Nature) recognises forest (International Union for Conservation of Nature) recognises forest landscape restorations activities which incorporate bio-diversity landscape restorations activities which incorporate bio-diversity conservation goals.It benefitted sustainable income,increased conservation goals.It benefitted sustainable income,increased habitat,increased resilience to climate change,secure quality supply of habitat,increased resilience to climate change,secure quality supply of water and timber for industries.water and timber for industries.

ELEMENTS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT

Climate change has a significant negative relationship with forest depletion.Climate change has a significant negative relationship with forest depletion. Deforestation accounts for 35% of carbon emission.Deforestation accounts for 35% of carbon emission. To half deforestation is to global gain of 3.7 trillion dollar per year by 2100.To half deforestation is to global gain of 3.7 trillion dollar per year by 2100. Protecting and restoring bio-diversity serves to maintain resilience in forests Protecting and restoring bio-diversity serves to maintain resilience in forests

and carbon sequestration is an ecosystem service that provides a vital and carbon sequestration is an ecosystem service that provides a vital contribution to climate change mitigation.contribution to climate change mitigation.

suggestions ecological principles to maintain and enhance long term forests suggestions ecological principles to maintain and enhance long term forests resilience under climate change;resilience under climate change;

[1] Maintain genetic diversity in forests[1] Maintain genetic diversity in forests [2] Maintain stand and landscape structural complexity[2] Maintain stand and landscape structural complexity [3] Maintain connectivity across forest landscapes[3] Maintain connectivity across forest landscapes [4] Maintain functional diversity and eliminate conversion of diverse natural [4] Maintain functional diversity and eliminate conversion of diverse natural

forests to monotypic or reduced species plantation.forests to monotypic or reduced species plantation. [5] Reduce the possibility of negative outcomes[5] Reduce the possibility of negative outcomes [6] Reduce non-natural competition.[6] Reduce non-natural competition. [7] Maintain biodiversity at all scales and of all elements.[7] Maintain biodiversity at all scales and of all elements. [8] Ensure that there are national and regional networks of scientifically [8] Ensure that there are national and regional networks of scientifically

designed, comprehensive, adequate, and representative protected areas. Build designed, comprehensive, adequate, and representative protected areas. Build these networks into national and regional planning for large scale landscape these networks into national and regional planning for large scale landscape connectivity.connectivity.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOREST MANAGEMENT

FOREST MANAGEMENT

[i] Representing forest types across environmental [i] Representing forest types across environmental gradients in reserves,gradients in reserves,

[ii] Protecting climatic refugia at multiple scale,[ii] Protecting climatic refugia at multiple scale, [iii] Protecting primary forests,[iii] Protecting primary forests, [iv] Avoiding fragmentation and providing [iv] Avoiding fragmentation and providing

connectivity especially parallel to climate gradientsconnectivity especially parallel to climate gradients [v] Providing buffer zones for adjustment of reserve [v] Providing buffer zones for adjustment of reserve

boundariesboundaries [vi] Protecting low-intensity forestry and preventing [vi] Protecting low-intensity forestry and preventing

conversion of natural forests to plantations,conversion of natural forests to plantations, [vii] Maintaining natural fire regimes,[vii] Maintaining natural fire regimes, [viii] Maintaining diverse gene pools and [viii] Maintaining diverse gene pools and [ix] Identifying and protecting functional groups and [ix] Identifying and protecting functional groups and

keystone species.keystone species.

RecommendationsRecommendations for land use and forest management related to climate changefor land use and forest management related to climate change

As a consequence of climate change,forests may soon face rapid alterations in As a consequence of climate change,forests may soon face rapid alterations in the timing,intensity,frequency and extent of disturbances.There are eight the timing,intensity,frequency and extent of disturbances.There are eight disturbances on forests that may affect climate change,eg,[i] fire,[ii] disturbances on forests that may affect climate change,eg,[i] fire,[ii] hurricane,[iii] tornado,[iv] ica,[v] insects and pathogens,[vi] exotic species,hurricane,[iii] tornado,[iv] ica,[v] insects and pathogens,[vi] exotic species,[vii] landslides and [viii] drought.[vii] landslides and [viii] drought.

Following chart showed the relation among forest management,climate Following chart showed the relation among forest management,climate change and disturbances, ( one to one relation):change and disturbances, ( one to one relation):

COPENHAGEN,CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOREST MANAGEMENTCOPENHAGEN,CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOREST MANAGEMENT

Effect of climate changeEffect of climate change DESTROY ECOSYSTEM OF SEA,CORAL FORMATIONDESTROY ECOSYSTEM OF SEA,CORAL FORMATION VANISH NATIONAL PARK OF ALASKA, VANISH NATIONAL PARK OF ALASKA,

FLORIDA,SundarbanFLORIDA,Sundarban DESTROY WORLD ECO-SYSTEMDESTROY WORLD ECO-SYSTEM DISTURB BIO-DIVERSITYDISTURB BIO-DIVERSITY DECREASE AGRICULTURAL PROD.DECREASE AGRICULTURAL PROD. HAMPER FOOD SECURITYHAMPER FOOD SECURITY NEXT 100 YEARS,10NEXT 100 YEARS,1000C RISEC RISE SEA LEVEL 6 METERS RISESEA LEVEL 6 METERS RISE Africa will suffer most.Africa will suffer most. Imbalance of global energyImbalance of global energy

Mt. HOOD- 1984

Mt.HOOD- 2002

NATIONAL PARK-USA-1911

NATIONAL PARK-USA-2000

ALASKA -1950ALASKA -1950

ALASKA-USA,2002ALASKA-USA,2002

ALPS-1859ALPS-1859

ALPS-2001ALPS-2001

FIRE ON FOREST

COCO22 EMISSION EMISSION

COUNTRYCOUNTRY ‘000 METRIC TON CO‘000 METRIC TON CO22 % OF THE TOTAL% OF THE TOTALUSAUSA 57620505762050 25.225.2CHINACHINA 34736003473600 15.215.2RUSSIARUSSIA 15403601540360 6.76.7JAPANJAPAN 12247401224740 5.45.4INDIAINDIA 10079801007980 4.44.4GERMANYGERMANY 837425837425 3.73.7UKUK 558225558225

2.42.4CANADACANADA 521404521404 2.32.3ITALYITALY 446596446596 2.02.0MEXICOMEXICO 385075385075 1.71.7

FRANCEFRANCE 363484363484 1.61.6AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA 332377332377 1.51.5BRAZILBRAZIL 327838327838 1.41.4

COPENHAGEN-2009 OUTCOME- USA WILL CUT COPENHAGEN-2009 OUTCOME- USA WILL CUT COCO22 17% BY 2020 BASE 2005( 4% WITH BASE 17% BY 2020 BASE 2005( 4% WITH BASE 1990),INDUSTRIALISED NATIONS CUT 16-23% 1990),INDUSTRIALISED NATIONS CUT 16-23% BY 2020 BASE 2005,EU will cut 50%,IPCC BY 2020 BASE 2005,EU will cut 50%,IPCC TARGET 25-40% BY 2020 BASE 1990 IF 2TARGET 25-40% BY 2020 BASE 1990 IF 2OOC C RISE,PROPOSE CARBON PRICERISE,PROPOSE CARBON PRICE

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SPEND 30 BILLION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SPEND 30 BILLION DOLLAR /YEAR TO PREVENT DOLLAR /YEAR TO PREVENT DEFORESTATION,TO CLEAN INDUSTRIES,TO DEFORESTATION,TO CLEAN INDUSTRIES,TO PROTECT CLIMATE CHANGEPROTECT CLIMATE CHANGE

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES SPEND 100 BILLION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES SPEND 100 BILLION DOLLAR/YEARDOLLAR/YEAR

NO AGREEMENT SIGNEDNO AGREEMENT SIGNED ON FOREST MANAGEMENT-LULUCF,AND REDD+ ON FOREST MANAGEMENT-LULUCF,AND REDD+

WERE SIGNEDWERE SIGNED Global Fund will set upGlobal Fund will set up Emphasis on food security,bio-diversity,S.D.Emphasis on food security,bio-diversity,S.D.

REDD(Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)

UN-REDD programme is funded by Norwegian govt.,then collaborated with World Bank.REDD has 4 types of cost-Implementation cost, Administrative cost,Transport cost and Stabilisation costFor 5 billion dollar a year,REDD can protect nearly 20% of the tropical forests in danger of deforestation and 20 billion a year can protect about a half.REDD is a high cost project for LDC ,so sustainable livelihood is not guaranteed.REDD focus on tropical deforestation and ignore potential carbon savings

It seeks low ambition for reducing fossil fuel emissions REDD text has several constraint too.REDD requires strong governance and monitoring and high level of political will and commitment otherwise it will be a disaster.

LULUCF(Land Use ,Land Use Change and Forestry)

U.N.Climate Change Secretariate defined LULUCF as “ A GHG inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of GHG resulting from direct human induced LULUCF activities”. It covers cropland and grazing land management,land clearing and forest management in developed countries .LULUCF has impacts on global carbon cycles and as such there activities can add or remove CO2 from atmosphere, contributing to climate change.One fifth of the global emissions result from LULUCF activities Mitigation achieved through activities in the LULUCF sector,either by increasing the removal of GHG from the atmosphere or by reducing emissions by sources,can be relatively cost effective. options for improving LULUCF under the heads of [i] forest and wetland degradation,[ii] forest harvested wood products and [iii] approach for fuller accounting. We have got three possible approaches to fuller accounting,

CLIMATE ACTION NETWORK proposed additional principles like,consistent and transperant rules,inclusion of major sources of emission,greater accountability,to employ mitigation approaches, emission reductions commitments must be on new rules,LULUCF credits must not be undermine etc.

LULUCF rules should induce Parties to maximize benefits to carbon storage, sequestration potential, biodiversity and ecosystem services by employing the mitigation approaches, while at the same time inducing Parties to avoid the conversion of primary forests to modified natural forests, and the conversion of forests to plantations.

Conclusion Conclusion

• GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY –allocated 1.5 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY –allocated 1.5 billion dollar and 4.5 billion dollar in co-financing billion dollar and 4.5 billion dollar in co-financing in bio-diversity , land degradation and sustainable in bio-diversity , land degradation and sustainable forest management.forest management.

• GLOBAL FOREST ALLIANCES-conducted technical GLOBAL FOREST ALLIANCES-conducted technical assistance of 100 million dollar and carbon assistance of 100 million dollar and carbon finance of 200 million dollar by 2015 to improve finance of 200 million dollar by 2015 to improve 500 million forest dependent poor people,to 500 million forest dependent poor people,to conserve 1 billion ton of CO2,to bring 300 million conserve 1 billion ton of CO2,to bring 300 million hectares of production forest,to create 50 million hectares of production forest,to create 50 million hectares of new protected areas. hectares of new protected areas.