Mini Research about Biomass by using Tapioca peels

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Cassava or known as Manihot Esculenta is the prospective cheap biosorbent for

metal ion isolation. Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of primary

importance. This is because contamination of wastewater by heavy metals is a very

serious environmental problem. Disposal of agricultural byproducts such as cassava

wastes from processing activities is becoming a concern in world due to its foul dour.Contamination of water by heavy metals is another serious ongoing problem because of

indiscriminate discharges of wastewater containing heavy metals by small and medium-

scale industries.

Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental

problems today. The treatment of heavy metals is of special concern due to their

recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. The purpose of this project is to study

on functional properties to state the ability of cassava waste biomass biomass to remove

heavy metal Cu(II) from single-ion solution and wastewater. Cassava waste biomass

saturated with metal ions shows remarkable ability for metal recovery by dilute acid

treatment, and can be used repeatedly for removal of heavy metals in single-ion solution



and in wastewater effluents. The unique ability of these plants to bind metals has been

attributed to the presence of various functional groups, which can attract and sequester

metal ions.

Cellulosic non-reducing carbohydrate polysaccharides found in plant fibre such as

cassava have also been used as cheap materials capable of removing metals from heavy

metal solutions More recently, low-value cassava waste biomass has been used

effectively for removal Cu(II) ions from single-metal ion aqueous solutions. Conversion

of these low-value cassava wastes into biosorbent that can remove toxic and valuable

metals from industrial wastewater. Cassava peeling wastes were selected for this study.

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1.2 Objective of Study

Objective of the study is to study the effect of initial concentration on heavy metal

removal and also to study effect of cassava dosage on heavy metal removal.

1.3 Scope of Study

By using the cassava peel to remove the heavy metal for the aqueous solution of

Cu(II). To determine the effect of different concentration on heavy metal

concentration.Study of the effect peel dosage on heavy metal removal of Cu(II) ions

1.4 Overview of Content

This thesis are divided into five chapter which is for the first chapter will cover

about the background of study, objective, scope of study and justification of research.

Then, chapter two will cover the literature review of this research while chapter three will

be explain about the methodology that including the material and apparatus, cassava

peels, equipment and lastly is desorption study procedure. Lastly, in the chapter four will

contain result and discussion of this research. Lastly, chapter five will explain conclusion

and recommendation from the research.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Cassava

Cassava is grown for its enlarged starch-filled roots, which contains nearly the

maximum theoretical concentration of starch on a dry weight basis among food crops.

Fresh roots contain about 30% starch and very little protein. Roots are prepared much

like potato. They can be peeled and boiled, baked, or fried. It is not recommended to eat

cassava uncooked, because of potentially toxic concentrations of cyanogenic glucosides

that are reduced to innocuous levels through cooking. [14]

The industrial utilization of cassava roots is expanding every year. Cassava is

grown for its enlarged starch-filled roots, which contains nearly the maximum theoretical

concentration of starch on a dry weight basis among food crops. Fresh roots contain

about 30% starch and very little protein. Roots are prepared much like potato. The food

industries constitute one of the largest consumers of starch and starch products. In

addition, large quantities of starch are sold in the form of products sold in small packages

for household use. Cassava, sago, and other tropical starches were extensively used for

food before the Second World War but use declined owing to the disruption of world



trade. Attempts were made to develop waxy maize as a replacement for normal non

cereal starches; the production of cassava starch has increased considerably in recent

years. [6]

Figure 2.1: Cassava (Manihot Esculenta)

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2.1. Composition of Cassava

The tubers of cassava contain 149.0 % calories and 68.0mg. calcium while the

leaves has 303.0 mg. calcium and 311.0 mg. Vitamin C. Cassava peel contains

cyanogenic glucosides, mainly linamarin; which released hydrogen cyanide after

hydrolysis by an endogenous linamarase; however it is considered safe to use this

agricultural waste as an alternative adsorbent since cassava peel also contains a cyanide

detoxification enzyme (-cyanoalanine synthase) which sufficiently fast to maintain

cyanide at safe concentration. Cassava is famous for the presence of free and bound

cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin. All plant parts contain cyanogenic

glucosides with the leaves having the highest concentrations. In the roots, the peel has a

higher concentration than the interior. [9]

Tubers Leaves Nutrients

62 71 Water (ml)

149 91 Calories

1.2 70 Protein (g)

0.2 1 Fat (g)

35 180 Carbohydrates (g)

1.1 4 Fiber (g)

30 11.775 Vit. A (mg)

31 311 Vit. C (mg)

1.9 7.6 Iron (mg)

68 303 Calcium (mg)

Composition of Roots. Typical Composition of Mature Cassava tuber

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Table 2.1.1: Nutritional content per100 g of edible portion



Constituent %

Moisture 69.8

Starch 22.0

Sugars 5.1

Protein 1.1

Fats 0.4

Fibre 1.1

Ash 0.5

2.3 Biosorbent

Biosorbent is a property of certain types of inactive, dead, microbial biomass to

bind and concentrate heavy metals from even very dilute aqueous solutions. Biomass

exhibits this property, acting just as a chemical substance, as an ion exchanger of

biological origin. It is particularly the cell wall structure of certain algae, fungi and

bacteria which was found responsible for this phenomenon. Opposite to biosorption is

metabolically driven active bioaccumulation by living cells. That is an altogether

different phenomenon requiring a different approach for its exploration. Pioneering

research on biosorption of heavy metals has led to identification of a number of

microbial biomass types which are extremely effective in concentrating metals. These

biomass, serving as a basis for metal biosorption processes, can accumulate in excess of

25% of their dry weight in deposited heavy metals: Pb, Cd, U, Cu, Zn, even Cr and

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Table 2.1.1: Cassava Composition



others. Research on biosorption is revealing that it is sometimes a complex phenomenon

where the metallic species could be deposited in the solid biosorbent through different

sorption processes of ion exchange, complexation, chelation, microprecipitation, etc. [11]

2.3.1 Types of Biosorbent

Bacteria are the microscopic microorganisms. Their single cell does not contain

a proper cell membrane and cell organelles. There are no mitochondria in it. They divide

by binary fission, no mitosis or meiosis take place in them Bacteria are of so much

importance in the biotechnology industry. Before the progress of biotechnology, it had

been used in many domestic applications for example in the process of making yogurt.

Bacteria are also of importance because they produce secondary metabolites. E.coli has

special impotence because it is used in the cloning of many genes. Bacteria can also be

used in agriculture. Bacteria are very much of importance for the environment as they

make the environment free from the pollutants. The pollutants which emerge from the

industrial wastes, bacteria have the ability to digest them so that they can be recycled in

the form of energy and nutrients and do not harm the environment. Bacteria also convert

the trees into coal which are buried under the earth for millions and billions of years. This

coal can be used for fuel, for producing electricity and various other useful purposes. [12]

Biomass energy is gaining popularity as a valuable energy supplement and is

being acknowledged for its capability to help counteract many environmental problems.

Amidst the controversy surrounding global warming, utilization of biomass energy has

been noticed for its ability to inhibit increases in carbon dioxide and decreases in toxic

pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere. Its high potential to alleviate stresses on the

environment due to unnecessary waste of biomass residues, of usable croplands, of jobs

that could be created, of total energy overall has been identified and should be recognized

for its value to socioeconomic trends as well as environmental ones. [12]

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2.3.2 Ligands

In biochemistry a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule

to serve a biological purpose. In a narrower sense, it is a signal triggering molecule,

binding to a site on a target protein. The binding occurs by intermolecular forces, such as

ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The docking (association) is

usually reversible (dissociation). Actual irreversible covalent binding between a ligand

and its target molecule is rare in biological systems. In contrast to the meaning in

metalorganic and inorganic chemistry, it is irrelevant whether the ligand actually binds at

a metal site, as is the case in hemoglobin. Ligand binding to a receptor alters the chemical

conformation, which is the three dimensional shape of the receptor protein.The

conformational state of a receptor protein determines the functional state of a receptor.

Ligands include substrates, inhibitors, activators, and neurotransmitters. The tendency or

strength of binding is called affinity. [10]

2.3.3 Advantage of commercial method

Although virtually all biological material has some biosorptive properties, most

research has been carried out with microbial biomass, chiefly bacteria, algae and fungi,

with the main aim being to develop a cheap, reliable and more effective alternative to

traditional treatment methods for metal-containing effluents. As such, biosorption

continues to be a popular field not least because basic experimentation is easy and

encompasses chemistry, microbiology and engineering considerations. Besides that, this

advantage of commercial method is proper treatment to environment. Recovery of the

deposited metals from saturated biosorbent can be accomplished because they can often

be easily released from the biosorbent in a concentrated wash solution which also

regenerates the biosorbent for subsequent multiple reuse. This and extremely low cost of

9

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecule

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_site

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_(molecular)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalorganic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_conformation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)#Receptor.2Fligand_binding_affinity


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecule

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_site

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_(molecular)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalorganic


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter




biosorbents makes the process highly economical and competitive particularly for

environmental applications in detoxifying. [7]

2.4 Heavy Metal

A heavy metal is a member of a loosely-defined subset of elements that exhibit

metallic properties. Heavy metals occur naturally in the ecosystem with large variations

in concentration. In modern times, anthropogenic sources of heavy metals, i.e. pollution,

have been introduced to the ecosystem. Waste-derived fuels are especially prone to

contain heavy metals, so heavy metals are a concern in consideration of waste as fuel. It

mainly includes the transition metals, some metalloids, lanthanides, and actinides. Many

different definitions have been proposed some based on density, some on atomic number

or atomic weight, and some on chemical properties or toxicity. Heavy metal can include

elements lighter than carbon and can exclude some of the heaviest metals. Heavy metal

pollution can arise from many sources but most commonly arises from the purification of

metals e.g., the smelting of copper. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals do not decay

and thus pose a different kind of challenge for remediation. Currently, plants or

microrganisms are tentatively used to remove some heavy metals. Plants which exhibit

hyper accumulation can be used to remove heavy metals from soils by concentrating

them in their bio matter. Some treatment of mining tailings has occurred where the

vegetation is then incinerated to recover the heavy metals. [11]

The removal of heavy metals from industrial waste streams has become one of

the most important applications in wastewater treatment. Ongoing legislation has created

stricter discharge limits, which has compelled plants to add or upgrade metal removal

processes. Metals in waste streams do not naturally degrade and are toxic to aquatic life

at low concentrations. Metals that can be removed from wastewater include soluble

and/or particulate heavy metals, such as lead, copper, chromium, nickel, iron and

manganese. [7]

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloid


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_weight

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_properties


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_weight



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting



2.4.1 Hazards of Cu(II) ions

Copper sulfate is a fungicide used to control bacterial and fungal diseases of

fruit, vegetable, nut and field crops. Copper is one of 26 essential trace elements

occurring naturally in plant and animal tissue. The usual routes by which humans receive

toxic exposure to copper sulfate are through skin or eye contact, as well as by inhalation

of powders and dusts. Copper sulfate is a strong irritant. [4]

Figure 2.4.1 : CuSO4 solid form.

Ingestion of copper sulfate is often not toxic because vomiting is automatically

triggered by its irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms are severe,

however, if copper sulfate is retained in the stomach, as in the unconscious victim. Some

of the signs of poisoning which occurred after 1-12 grams of copper sulfate was

swallowed include a metallic taste in the mouth, burning pain in the chest and abdomen,

intense nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, sweating, shock, discontinued urination

leading to yellowing of the skin. Injury to the brain, liver, kidneys and stomach and

intestinal linings may also occur in copper sulfate poisoning. Copper sulfate can be

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corrosive to the skin and eyes. It is readily absorbed through the skin and can produce a

burning pain, along with the same severe symptoms of poisoning from ingestion. [8]

2.4.2 Ecological effect.

Copper sulfate is very toxic to fish. . Its toxicity to fish varies with the species

and the physical and chemical characteristics of the water . Even at recommended rates of

application, this material may be poisonous to trout and other fish, especially in soft or

acid waters. Its toxicity to fish generally decreases as water hardness increases. Fish eggs

are more resistant than young fish fry to the toxic effects of copper sulfate. Very small

amounts of this material can have damaging effects on fish. Direct application of copper

sulfate to water may cause a significant decrease in populations of aquatic invertebrates,

plants and fish. . It is a federal violation to use any pesticide in a manner that results in

the death of an endangered species or adverse changes to their natural habitat. [16]

Copper sulfate and similar fungicides have been poisonous to sheep and

chickens on farms at normal application rates. Most animal life in soil, including large

earthworms, have been eliminated by the extensive use of copper-containing fungicides

in orchards. [16]

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Material and Apparatus

Material that been used is, cassava peels, distilled water, 0.1 M nitric acid

(HNO3), aqueous copper sulphate, and 0.01 hydrochloric acid HCl.

The equipment that involve in the research, atomic absorption spectroscopy,

centrifuge, analytical balance, pH meter, incubator shaker, centrifuge tube, grind mill and

drying oven.



3.4 Equipment

3.4.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

Atomic spectroscopy is the determination of elemental composition by its

electromagnetic or mass spectrum. The study of the electromagnetic spectrum of

elements is called Optical Atomic Spectroscopy. Electrons exist in energy levels within

an atom. These levels have well defined energies and electrons moving between them

must absorb or emit energy equal to the difference between them. In optical

spectroscopy, the energy absorbed to move an electron to a more energetic level and/or

the energy emitted as the electron moves to a less energetic energy level is in the form of

a photon.

The wavelength of the emitted radiant energy is directly related to the electronic

transition which has occurred. Since every element has a unique electronic structure, the

wavelength of light emitted is a unique property of each individual element. Atomic

absorption spectroscopy (AAS) determines the presence of metals in liquid samples.

Metals include Fe, Cu, Al, Pb, Ca, Zn, Cd and many more. It also measures the

concentrations of metals in the samples. Typical concentrations range in the low mg/L

range. In their elemental form, metals will absorb ultraviolet light when they are excited

by heat. Each metal has a characteristic wavelength that will be absorbed. The AAS

instrument looks for a particular metal by focusing a beam of uv light at a specific

wavelength through a flame and into a detector. The sample of interest is aspirated into

the flame. If that metal is present in the sample, it will absorb some of the light, thus

reducing its intensity. The instrument measures the change in intensity. A computer data

system converts the change in intensity into an absorbance. As concentration goes up,

absorbance goes up. The research can construct a calibration curve by running standards

of various concentrations on the AAS and observing the absorbances.

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Figure 3.4.1 : Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

3.4.2 Centrifuge

Micro centrifuge is a laboratory centrifuge which is a piece of laboratory

equipment, driven by a motor, which spins liquid samples at high speed. There are two

main sizes for laboratory centrifuges. The larger ones are known simply as centrifuges

which is the samples that contained in centrifuge tubes or centrifuge tips. The smaller

centrifuges are known as microcentrifuges or microfuges, and microcentrifuge tubes or

microfuge tubes are used with them.

Like all other centrifuges, laboratory centrifuges work by the sedimentation

principle, where the centripetal acceleration is used to separate substances of greater and

lesser density. The others type of centrifugation is Differential Centrifugation, often used

to separate certain organelles from whole cells for further analysis of specific parts of

cells.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_equipment


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centripetal_acceleration


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_centrifugation







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_centrifugation



Figure 3.4.2 : Centrifuge Machine

3.4.3 Analytical balance

Analytical balances are accurate and precise instruments used to measure masses.

They require a draft-free location on a solid bench that is free of vibrations. Some modern

balances have built-in calibration masses to maintain accuracy. Older balances should be

calibrated periodically with a standard mass.

A part from that, analytical balance is the weighing scale which is the measuring

instrument for determining the weight or mass of an object. A spring scale measures

weight by the distance a spring deflects under its load. A balance compares the unknown

weight to a standard weight using a horizontal lever . Weighing scales are used in many

industrial and commercial applications, and products from feathers to loaded tractor-

trailers are sold by weight.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever



Figure 3.4.3: Analytical Balance

3.4.4 pH Meter

In the laboratory, a pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH

or a device used for potentiometric pH measurements (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid

(though special probes are sometimes used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances).

A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to

an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading. A pH can be measured

using either pH indicators (like phenolphtaleine) - in form of solution or pH strips - or

using potentiometric method. Strips are very useful when all need is 0.2-0.5 pH unit

accuracy.

Figure3.4.4: pH Meter

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_electrode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_electrode



3.4.5 Incubator shaker

Incubator shaker is a peltier technology-based and microcomputer-controlled

cooling & heating unit with shaking function. It can be used for a variety of applications,

such as sample storage, storage and reaction of various kinds of enzymes, denaturation of

nucleic acids and protein, PCR amplification, sample denaturation, serum solidification,

and others.

Figure 3.4.5: Incubator Shaker

3.4.6 Laboratory Electric Dry Oven

Oven double walled to suit various applications in growing field of medical,

agricultural, industrial research for day to day heating, drying, sterilizing, baking and in

laboratories fungus by application of dry heat. The lab oven is double walled construction

with complete inner chamber made of aluminium or stainless steel sheet. Outer body is

made of mild steel sheet finished with attractive stoving enamel. The 75 mm gap between

two walls is filled with pure glass wool to minimise loss of temperature. Inner chamber is

fabricated with various ribs to adjust shelves to any convenient height. Supplied with

removable shelves.

Door is fitted with heavy casted hinges with a good door closing device.

Adjustable air ventilators are placed near the top of the sides. Heating elements of lab

electric oven are made of high grade kanthal resistance wire, which are put inside the

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porcelain bead and placed at the bottom and both side ribs for uniform temperature all

over the working space.

For the heating element, the apparatus is provided with a panel which is just

below the door having a thermostat control knob, ON/OFF switch & two pilot lamps.

Temperature is controlled by fine quality capillary type thermostat. Temperature control

knob is calibrated in centigrade. Supplied with L shaped prismatic glass thermometer that

fitted on the top of the oven for reading the chambers temperature.

Figure 3.4.6: Laboratory Electric Oven

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3.5 Methodology

3.5.1 Biosorbent Preparation

Cassava was firstly washed thoroughly to remove any soil and debris. Then the

cassava were cut and carefully peeled and dry under the sun for a day. The peels were

oven dried at 90°C and leave for 24 hours. The samples were ground using grind mill and

sieve to obtain a particle size of 10 mm and stored in dessicator.

Figure 3.5.1 : Dried Cassava

3.5.2 Activation of the cassava waste biomass

Two hundred grams of cassava waste biomass was soaked in excess of 0.1 M

HNO3 for 24 hour. Then the paste was washed with distilled deionized water until

become neutral pH (7.1). The paste obtained was filtered and was dried in dry oven.

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Figure 3.5.2: Activation of Biomass

3.5.3 Preparation of Synthetic wastewater

The synthetic wastewater solution was prepared by taking 2.0 mg/l, 5.0 mg/l 10

mg/l of the copper sulphate and mixed in a 1 L volumetric flask and diluted to the mark.

During the process, the pH of the wastewater was adjusted to 5. This is because to take

the step to prevent hydrolysis. The final concentration of metal ion in the wastewater was

analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). For quality control purpose,

distilled deionized water used in preparing the solutions was analyzed and use as th blank

with every sample group to track any possible other contamination source.

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Figure 3.5.3 : Synthetic Wastewater

3.5.4 Study effect on metal ion in wastewater

3.5.4.1 Determination of effect on different concentration

In this study, 25 g of biomass was added to the synthetic wastewater at different

concentration (2 mg/l, 5 mg/l and 10 mg/l) .The suspension was mechanically shaken at

room temperature in an incubator shaker for 2 hours. For every 20 minutes time interval,

20 ml of sample was taken and proceed with further analysis.

3.5.4.2 Determination of effect on dosage cassava biomass

The biomass was added into shake flask containing synthetic wastewater (10mg/l). Different dosage of cassava peel (15 g, 30 g, and 50 g) was added. The

suspension was mechanically shaken at room temperature in an incubator shaker for 2

hours. For every 20 minutes time interval, 20 ml of sample was taken and proceed with

further analysis.

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3.5.5 Centrifugation Process

The sample then was centrifuged at 3000 rpm and the room temperature for 20

minutes. This procedure was repeated for all the samples. The supernatant collected that

were collected was analyzed by using AAS to determine the metal concentration.

3.5.6 Determination of Metal Concentration

Firstly, four flask 100ml was prepared and labeled as Blank, 1 ppm(1 mg/l), 2

ppm (2 mg/l) and 3 ppm (3mg/l). Then all the flask was added with of distilled water.

After that, 10 drops of nictric acid was added using dropper for each flask. Each flask

was added with respective Cu(II) ion solution (1 ppm, 2ppm and 3ppm).All the standard

were analyzed by using AAS. Finally dilute with deionized water until diluted mark.

The result for standard 1,2, and 3 are 0.031, 0.056, and 0.014 respectively with

correlation coefficient of 0.99099 and slope of 0.03050. Then, AAS was used to analyze

all the samples obtained through out this study. All the samples taken and arrange with

the data collected.

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3.6 Flow Chart

24

(1) Biosorbent preparation(1) Biosorbent preparation

-- Cassava was peeledCassava was peeled

-- The grinded cassava peels was soaked with 0.1 M Nitric Acid. and leave for a dayThe grinded cassava peels was soaked with 0.1 M Nitric Acid. and leave for a day

(2) Preparation of Waste Water.(2) Preparation of Waste Water.

--The synthetic wastewater solution was then prepared by taking 2.0mg, 5.0mg, andThe synthetic wastewater solution was then prepared by taking 2.0mg, 5.0mg, and

10.0 mg of CuSO4.10.0 mg of CuSO4.

(3) Metal Ion Uptake in Waste Water.(3) Metal Ion Uptake in Waste Water.

Part 1Part 1:: Based on different concentration of metal ion solution and fix biomass weight.Based on different concentration of metal ion solution and fix biomass weight.

-(2mg/L, 5mg/L, and 10mg/L), with volume 300ml the synthetic wastewater pour into flask -(2mg/L, 5mg/L, and 10mg/L), with volume 300ml the synthetic wastewater pour into flask

containing 25 g of cassava biomass.containing 25 g of cassava biomass.

Part 2Part 2:: Based on different mass of cassava biomass and fix concentration.Based on different mass of cassava biomass and fix concentration.

-300ml of 10mg/L synthetic wastewater pour into each flask containing (15g, 30g and 50g).-300ml of 10mg/L synthetic wastewater pour into each flask containing (15g, 30g and 50g).

-Part 1-Part 1 andand Part 2Part 2 process flow simultaneously process flow simultaneously

(4) Centrifugation Process.

- Centrifuge was set up with speed 3000 rpm and room temperature for 20 minutes.

- Then collect all the wastewater and remove all the suspended solid and observe into

AAS.



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(5) Determination Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)

Preparation of Standard solution.

(6) Analysis

Analyzing all the sample with AAS and all the sample taken



CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Effect on initial concentration

On this study to determine effect on intial concentration on fix cassava peel

dosage.

Table 4.1: Effect on different concentration

Metal Concentration

Time(min) 2 mg/L 5 mg/L 10 mg/L

0 2.041 5.343 10.46

20 0.835 4.056 9.03

40 0.749 3.921 8.62

60 0.617 3.722 8.23

80 0.508 3.536 7.96

100 0.477 3.147 7.55

120 0.396 2.988 7.32



Figure 4.1: Time profile of Cu(II) ions removal at different initial concentration

The graph above shows the result of determination the effect of different

concentration of wastewater with fix cassava dosage. The cassava biomass as removal

heavy metal ions to reduce the concentration of the synthetic wastewater. As shown

on the graph, the initial concentration of 2mg/L is 0.396 mg/L at 120 min. The other

concentration 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L from initial is 5.343 mg/L and 10.46 mg/L is

decreasing until 2.988 mg/L and 7.32 mg/L in minutes 120. The lowest concentration

of 2 mg/L reduce almost all the Cu(II) ion in the wastewater.

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4.2. Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal at different initial metal concentration

Table 4.1.2: Percentage of metal ion uptake

Percentage of adsorption(%)

Time (min) 2 mg/L 5 mg/L 10 mg/L

0 0 0 0

20 59.00 24.09 13.67

40 63.74 26.61 18.00

60 69.77 30.34 21.31

80 75.11 33.82 23.90

100 76.63 41.10 27.82

120 80.60 44.08 30.88

Figure 4.2: Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal

28



The figure 4.2 shows that the percentage of metal ion removal for study on

effect on different initial metal concentration. Highest value of initial heavy metal

concentration result in the lowest removal of Cu(II) ions, owned 31% at the end of

biosorption study. The initial concentration of 2 mg/L result in the highest removal of

Cu(II) ions up to 80%.

4.3. Metal ion uptake.

Table 4.3: Metal ion uptake on the concentration

Metal ion uptake (mg/g biomass)

Time (min) 2mg/L 5mg/L 10mg/L

120 19.74 28.26 37.68

Figure 4.3: Metal ion uptake

The figure 4.3 above has shown the determination on metal ion uptake from

the synthetic waste water. The metal ion uptake values are 19.74, 28.26, and 36.68

29



(mg/g biomass) for initial concentration of 2, 5, and 10 mg/L respectively. The

highest initial concentration shows the highest uptake value.

4.4 Effect of cassava peel dosage on heavy metal removal

On this study to determine effect of cassava peel dosage on heavy metal

removal.

Table 4.4: Effect on concentration with different dosage of cassava peel

Cassava Biomass

Time (m) 15g 30g 50g

0 10.57 10.66 10.53

20 9.93 9.66 8.79

40 9.58 8.69 6.66

60 9.33 7.52 5.11

80 9.17 6.10 2.77

100 8.93 5.43 1.31

120 8.86 5.24 0.897

30



Figure 4.4: Time profile of Cu(II) ions removal at different cassava dosage

Figure 4.4 shows the result of determination the effect of different dosage of

cassava biomass under constant of Cu(II) ions (10 mg/L). 15 g of biomass cassava

showed the lowest concentration reduction with final concentration of 8.86 mg/L.

This is because lowest dosage of cassava cannot uptake higher capacity of metal ion

uptake concentration. The larger amount of cassava peel used (50 g) displayed the

significant removal of 10 mg/L Cu(II) ions where the initial concentration was

reduced until 0.897 mg/L.

31



4.5 The percentage of Cu(II) ions removal by using different weight of cassava.

Table 4.5: Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal at different cassava dosage

Percentage of adsorption(%)

Time 15 g 30 g 50 g

0 0 0 0

20 6.00 9.38 16.52

40 9.37 18.48 37.00

60 11.73 29.46 51.47

80 13.25 42.78 73.69

100 15.56 49.06 87.56

120 16.18 50.84 91.48

Figure 4.5: Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal

32



The figure shows the result of percentage metal ion uptake for each dosage

of cassava biomass. The lowest percentage of metal ion uptake is 15 g cassava

biomass. This dosage only uptake until 120 minutes 16.18 %. Not even half percent

metal ion uptake reduces by this amount of dosage. Besides that, 30 g of cassava

biomass achieve half percent at 120 minutes, 50.84 %. At this standard is average on

metal ion uptake percentage and need use more cassava biomass to achieve high

metal ion uptake capacity. The highest percentage of metal ion uptake is used 50 g

cassava biomass. It is 91.48 % at 120 minutes. At this level of dosage cassava

biomass perform good performance as removal heavy metal ion concentration and

achieve high metal ion uptake capacity.

4.6 Metal ion uptake.

Table 4.6: Metal ion uptake on different dosage of cassava biomass

Metal ion Uptake (mg/g biomass)

Time (m) 15g 30g 50g

120 34.2 54.2 57.80

33



Figure 4.6: Metal ion uptake

The figure 4.6 above has shown the determination of metal ion uptake from

each dosage of cassava biomass. The metal ion uptake values are 34.2, 54.2, and

57.80 (mg/g biomass) for cassava peel dosage of 15, 30, and 50 g respectively. The

highest cassava dosage shows the highest uptake value.

34



CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

As the conclusion, from the experiment lowest concentration of the synthetic

wastewater can support by certain dosage of cassava biomass. The lowest of the

concentration the easier to metal ion adsorption uptake to remedy the wastewater.

The lowest concentration has lowest metal ion value, the highest the concentration

has highest capacity of metal ion adsorption. At the certain concentration can bypass

the certain amount of dosage biomass. Higher dosage of cassava biomass used, the

higher of metal uptake ion capacity reduce from its concentration. The comparison

between two parameters has been made. Higher percentage of wastewater

concentration reduce from the lowest concentration, but not achieve high capacity of

metal removal. The smaller ionic size, the greater its affinity to reactive site of the

hydroxyl and sulfhydryl ligands bind by treated biomass. The more time given, more

ion uptake capacity. Removal heavy metal ions from wastewater by cassava waste

biomass experiment succeed and shows good potential effects on metal ion

concentration.



5.2 Recommendation

This study shows the potential for future research. Therefore, as suggestion this

study can proceed with higher dosage of cassava peel and lengthen the incubation period.

For better comparison of heavy metal adsorption can until use other type of heavy metal

such as zinc, lead and types of metals. This research also can undergoes in larger scale of

experiment.

36



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