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8/2/2019 Mini Project Renewable
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INTRODUCTION
Solar resources
Solar radiation, often called the solar resource, is a general term for the electromagnetic radiation
emitted by the sun. Solar radiation can be captured and turned into useful forms of energy, such asheat and electricity, using a variety of technologies. However, the technical feasibility and
economical operation of these technologies at a specific location depends on the available solar
resource. The Earth receives 174 petawatts of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper
atmosphere. Approximately thirty percent is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by
clouds, oceans and land masses. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and
land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. The amount of solar energy
reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be
obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium
combined. Solar energy can be harnessed in different levels around the world. Depending on a
geographical location the closer to the equator the more "potential" solar energy is available.
Figure 1: Solar radiation
Solar Energy Can Be Used for Heat and Electricity
When converted to thermal (or heat) energy, solar energy can be used to:
Heat waterfor use in homes, buildings, or swimming pools Heat spacesinside homes, greenhouses, and other buildings Heat fluidsto high temperatures to operate a turbine to generate electricity
Solar energy can be converted to electricity in two ways:
Photovoltaic (PV devices) or solar cellschange sunlight directly into electricity. Individual PV cells are grouped into panels and
arrays of panels that can be used in a wide range of applications ranging from single small
cells that charge calculator and watch batteries, to systems that power single homes, to large
power plants covering many acres.
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Solar Thermal/Electric Power Plantsgenerate electricity by concentrating solar energy to heat a fluid and produce steam that is
used to power a generator
THEORY
Theory of Solar Photovoltaic/Cells
Photovoltaic Cells Convert Sunlight into Electricity
A photovoltaic cell, commonly called a solar cell or PV, is the technology used to convert solar
energy directly into electrical power. A photovoltaic cell is a nonmechanical device usually made
from silicon alloys.
Figure 2: PV cell
Photons Carry Solar Energy
Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. These photons contain various
amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons
strike a photovoltaic cell, they may be reflected, pass right through, or be absorbed. Only the
absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity. When enough sunlight (energy) is absorbed
by the material (a semiconductor), electrons are dislodged from the material's atoms. Special
treatment of the material surface during manufacturing makes the front surface of the cell more
receptive to free electrons, so the electrons naturally migrate to the surface.
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The Flow of Electricity
When the electrons leave their position, holes are formed. When many electrons, each carrying a
negative charge, travel toward the front surface of the cell, the resulting imbalance of charge between
the cell's front and back surfaces creates a voltage potential like the negative and positive terminals
of a battery. When the two surfaces are connected through an external load, such as an appliance,electricity flows.
How Photovoltaic Systems Operate
The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a photovoltaic system. Individual cells can vary
in size from about 0.5 inches to about 4 inches across. However, one cell only produces 1 or 2 watts,
which isn't enough power for most applications. To increase power output, cells are electrically
connected into a packaged weather-tight module. Modules can be further connected to form an array.
The term array refers to the entire generating plant, whether it is made up of one or several thousand
modules. The number of modules connected together in an array depends on the amount of power
output needed.
MINI PROJECT (SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH)
OBJECTIVES
A mini project of solar energy is performed as a research to investigate the process of solar energy
conversion into electrical power. The objectives of this mini project are:
To design, construct and converting of energy of solar resource from renewable energy whichis the sun.
To produce the output (electrical power) from the solar panel. To display and measure the output from the solar panel.
METHODOLOGY
The Mini Project Overview
Design circuit Produce hardware
Record data
(output/display
from hardware)
Produce results and
analysis
Record data (Measureoutput using
multimeter)
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The solar mini project is performed by using the main element in converting solar energy into
electrical power, which is the solar panel. The solar panel used (shown in Figure 3) is able to produce
maximum voltage of 18V, 0.3A current, 5W power.
Figure 3: Solar panel
The other part in this solar mini project is the hardware for displaying output, which is the electrical
power from the solar panel. Various electronics components are assembled in a circuit in order to
construct a hardware which can display the output of solar energy in form of electric voltage and
current. The following components were used:
1. 7805 voltage regulator2. 16V 1000F capacitors3. 3V dc motor4. Bulbs (types: 2.5V and 3.8V)5. LEDs6. Resistors7. Wire phone charger
The figure below showed the circuit of the hardware:
Figure 4: The hardware for displaying output
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Circuit Diagram of Solar Mini Project
Figure 5: Circuit diagram
Explanation
The solar panel produces maximum voltage and current of 18V, 0.3 Amp. However the components
in the circuit which are motor, bulbs and LEDs require below 18V to making them work, as well as
the phone charger. Mostly mobile phones are charged in range of 3V to 6V and the maximum current
is 1 Amp. In other words, if the components in circuit are still using supply 18V from the solar panel,
they may blow or explode because of overvoltage. The 7805 voltage regulator is very important in
the circuit to regulate and step down the voltage as well as the current. The regulator will produces
maximum voltage of 5V and for the current is 0.4 Amp. Two capacitors which are connected at the
voltage regulator is function as filters to remove voltage and current distortion. The components
which are motor, bulbs, LEDs and phone charger are not connected directly to the power source of
solar panel. There are switches in between these components and solar panel. The connection of
components to solar panel simultaneously can cause the draws power from solar panels will take
place with a lot, and causing the power is not enough to be distributed to all components.
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RESULTS
The data collected at different times, from at 9am to 5pm:
Time Outputvoltage (V)
from solar
panel
Outputcurrent (A)
from solar
panel
Energy consumption at the componentsMotor speed
(fast/slow)
Bulb
brightness
(bright/
dim)
LED
brightness
(bright/
dim)
Phone
charger
(charge/not
charge)
9am 10.06 0.10 slow dim dim Not charge
10am 14.62 0.15 slow dim dim Not charge
11am 18.53 0.23 Fast Bright Bright Charge
12pm 19.47 0.28 Fast Bright Bright Charge
1pm 19.56 0.29 Fast Bright Bright Charge
2pm 18.23 0.21 Fast Bright Bright Charge
3pm 16.15 0.16 Fast Bright Bright Charge4pm 14.30 0.14 Slow Dim Dim not charge
5pm 13.00 0.12 Slow Dim Dim Not charge
Table 1: Results
ANALYSIS
Based on the table 1, we can see that the output varies from time to time. If the voltage high, the
current also high and the motor speed rotates fast while bulb and LED brightness is bright and the
phone charger is charging. If the voltage low, the current also low and the motor speed rotates slow
while bulb and LED brightness is dim and the phone charger is not charging. The the performance of
functionality of these components are depend on the voltage produced by the solar panel.
DISCUSSIONS
From the result obtained, the voltage and current output are varies from time to time. It is because of
the brightness of the sunlight. The peak of the brightness of the sunlight as we can see is around
12pm till 1pm because the output power that were produced are the highest. So, we can say that thebrighter the sunlight, the more output power that will produced.
However, studies have shown that the output voltage and current from solar panel can be increased
by the using of boost converter circuit. A boost converter is a DC to DC converter with an output
voltage greater than the source voltage. A boost converter is sometimes called a step-up converter
since it steps up the source voltage. Since power ( ) must be conserved, the output
current is lower than the source current. Besides, there is also some other ways to increase the output
power from solar panel, such as the application of joule thief circuit.
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As for a consistent power supply for a long time, the battery is perfectly to be used with the solar
panel. Without batteries to store energy, we would only have power when the sun was shining. Solar
energy is equally not available on cloudy days and during the nighttime, so stored energy must be
available to compensate for the loss of sunlight.
CONCLUSIONS
Solar energy is a clean power source which does not pollute the evironment. The sun is a great
energy source and it will never finish even we used too much of energy. Some solar system works
even if sun does not shine because of the evacuated heaters. Eventhough solar energy can be found
easily, but the cost to make the system is expensive. So, the used of solar energy are not too
comprehensive. In Malaysia, this kind of renewable energy can be found easily because the stable
weather through the year. From this experiment, we know that the solar energy can produce a high
power output based on the how many cell are used in a panel.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy:
Solar advantages
1. Clean power source, it does not pollute the environment! Even the manufacturing process
2. Of the solar heater is very gentle against the environment.
3. The sun is a great energy resource, and it will never end.
4. Some solar systems works even if the sun does not shine (evacuated heaters).
Solar disadvantages1. Expensive
2. A solar heater produces most energy when we do not need it, in the summer. But there are ways to
store the energy from the summer to the winter.