Mini Project Documentation

ELECTRO POLLUTION IT’S HAZARDSAND PREVENTION

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Pollution:

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes

instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or

living organisms.pollution making our life miserable on earth. The culprits of

damaging the nature’s gift are humanbeings, in which some are directly involved and

others indirectly. The directly involved sources are industries,defence,medical etc.The

indirectly involved sources are users in the form of entertainment,domestic and

simplicity etc. with Pollution in life, Earth is becoming disturbed; sooner or later

causing dramatic changes in its surface. Nevertheless, Pollution is simultaneously

endangering life in Earth. Pollution is becoming closer to put life on the threshold of

death. These harmful actions have changed Earth, and they continue to do so today.

Types of pollutions are airpollution,landpollution,waterpollution,thermalpollution

noise Pollution,radioactive pollution,electro polution,soil pollution,chemical pollution

& lightPollution etc. Among these,electropollution has been greatest health risk of 21st

centuary.

The reason for this concern is unprecedented increase that has occurred in recent

years in the number and variety of EMF sources,that which emit electromagnetic

radiation whether from personal appliances use or from commercial and industrial

applications. these unprecedented in technologies (especially wireless

communications) and with in turn an exponential increase in electropollution .These

unprecedented increase in technologies (especially wireless telecommunications) and

with in turn an exponential increase in ElectroPollution.

1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation

Energy is in the form of transverse magnetic and electric waves. In a vacuum,wave

travel at the speed of light (which is itself a form of electromagnetic radiation). The

acceleration at the speed of light(which itself a form of electromagnetic

radaiation).The acceleration at the speed of light (which is itself a form of

electromagnetic radiation). The acceleration of electric charges (such as alternating

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering 1


current in a radio transmitter) gives rise to electromagnetic radaiation.A single unit, or

quantum, of electromagnetic radiation is called a photon. In the nineteenth century,

physicists discovered that a changing electric field creates a magnetic field and vice

versa. Thus a variation in an electric field (for example, the changing field created

when a charged particle such as an electron moves up and down) will generate a

magnetic field, which in turn induces an electric field.

Equations formulated by James Clerk Maxwell predicted that these fields could

potentially reinforce each other, creating an electromagnetic ripple that propagates

through space. In fact, visible light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation

consist exactly of such waves of mutually reinforcing electric and magnetic fields,

traveling at the speed of light. The frequency of the radiation determines how it

interacts with charged particles, especially with the electrons of atoms, which absorb

and reemit the radiation.The energy of the electromagnetic radiation is proportional to

its frequency.The greater the frequency of the waves, the greater their energy.

FIG 1.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

Electropollution radiation can also be conceived of as streams of particles known as

Photons. The photon is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation.In qunantam

mechanics , all phenomena in which charged particles interact with one another, as in

the binding of protons and electrons in an atom or the formation of chemical bonds

between atoms in a molecule, can be understood as an exchange of photons by

charged particles.



1.2 Electro Magnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic radiation is classified according to the frequency of its wave.

Electromagnetic spectrum, in order of increasing frequency and decreasing

wavelength, consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light,

ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.

Radiowaves(3kHz -300GHz)

Microwaves(300 mHz-300GHz)

Infrared waves(1-400THz)

Visible light(490-700THz)

Ultraviolet radiation(7.5*10^14hz-3*10^16hz)

X-rays(30 petahertz-30 exa hertz)

Gamma rays(>exa hertz)

FIG 1.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM



1.3 Nature of Electromagnetic Fields

Electropollution is basically the invisible electromagnetic energies emitted from

various objects which rely on electricity to operate. Devices that utilize electricity

often emanate electropollution. Electromagnetic fields are invisible and cannot be

seen or smelled. The latter waves are detectable by a special device like smartfield

meter which detects the waves as they emanate from electrically charged objects.

These waves are considered dangerous in many instances and have been associated

with a number of health concerns and issues. Differences in voltage are what cause

variances in electromagnetic fields the higher the voltage is, the more powerful the

electromagnetic fields are which emanate from electrically charged objects. Even if

the device has no power flowing to it, an electromagnetic field can be generated from

a device. The more that one is distanced from the original source, which emanates the

EMF waves, the better: distances weaken the electromagnetic wave strength.

FIG 1.3 ELECTROMAGNETIV WAVE WITH FIELD DIRECTIONS

Energy is in the form of transverse magnetic and electric waves. In a vacuum,wave

travel the speed of light (which is itself a form of electromagnetic radiation).



Theacceleration at the speed of light (which is itself a form of electromagnetic

radiation). The acceleration of electric charges (such as alternating current in a radio

transmitter) gives rise to electromagnetic radaiation.A single unit, or quantum, of

electromagnetic radiation is called a photon.

physicists discovered that a changing electric field creates a magnetic field and vice

versa.Thus a variation in an electric field (for example, the changing field created

when a charged particle such as an electron moves up and down) will generate a

magnetic field, which in turn induces an electric field. Equations formulated by James

Clerk Maxwell predicted that these fields could potentially reinforce each other,

creating an electro magnetic. In fact, visible light and all other forms of

electromagnetic radiation consist exactly of such waves of mutually reinforcing

electric and magnetic fields, traveling at the speed of light. Electromagnetic radiation

travels through space in the form of waves. It's hard to imagine radiation moving as

waves through empty space without a medium to transfer the wave form. The waves

created when you drop a rock into a pool require molecules of water to propagate

them, but not so for radiation.The frequency of the radiation determines how it

interacts with charged particles, especially with the electrons of atoms, which absorb

and reemit the radiation.

Electromagnetic radiation has the dual nature,As its exhibits

1)wave properties

2)particulate (photon) properties.

Wave nature of radiation:

Radiation can be thought of as a traveling transversewave..Figure 1.1 A schematic

view of an electromagnetic wave propagating along the axis. The electric and

magnetic fields oscillate in the x-y plane and perpendicular to the direction of

propagation z-axis.



FIG 1.4 WAVE NATURE OF RADIATION

Since all types of electromagnetic radiation travel at the speed of light, short-

wavelength radiation must have a high frequency.Unlike speed of light &wavelength,

which change as electromagnetic energy is propagated through media of different

densities, frequency remains constant and is therefore a more fundamental property.

Particulate nature of radiation:

Radiation can be also described in terms of particles of energy, called photons.

The energy of a photon is given as:

= h = h c=hc

where h is Plank’s constant (h = 6.6256x10-34 J s). The above relates energy of each

photon of the radiation to the electromagneticwave characteristics ( ~and

Photon has energy but it has no mass and no charge.



CHAPTER-2

ELECTROPOLLUTION

2.1 Defination

Nonionizing electromagnetic radiation propagated through the atmosphere by

broadcast towers, radar installations, and microwave appliances, and the magnetic

fields surrounding electrical appliances and power lines, which is believedhave

polluting effects on people and the environment;it is also also called as electrosmog

“Electropollution” is a term that describes our increasing exposure to harmful

invisible electronic frequencies harnessed by man in our modern world. Electronic

frequency can be divided into these basic groups:

Extremely Low Frequency (ELF): Power lines

Radio Frequency (RF): radio and tv signals, microwaves, and wireless devices

Intermediate frequencies: dirty electricity emitted by appliances, electric circuits, etc.

High Frequency: ionizing radiation, X-rays and CAT Scans, which have been proven

to cause cancer.

Extremely low frequency (ELF)

It is a term used to describe radiation frequencies from 3 to 300 HzIn atmosphere

science, an alternative definition is usually given, from 3 Hz to 3 kHz.In the related

magnetosphere science, the lower frequency electromagnetic oscillations (pulsations

occurring below ~3 Hz) are considered to lie in the ULF range, which is thus also

defined differently from the ITU Radio Bands. In electromagnetic therapy and

electromagnetic radiation and health research, electromagnetic spectrum frequencies

between 0 and 100 hertz are considered extremely low-frequency fields. A common

source of ELF fields in the United States is 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields from

high-voltage electric power transmission lines and secondary distribution lines, such

as those found in residential neighbourhoods.



Radio frequency (RF)

It is a rate of oscillation in the range of about 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds

to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents which carry radio

signals. RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations, although

mechanical RF systems do exist. n order to receive radio signals an antenna must be

used. However, since the antenna will pick up thousands of radio signals at a time, a

radio tuner is necessary to tune in to a particular frequency (or frequency range).This

is typically done via a resonator – in its simplest form, a circuit with a capacitor and

an inductor forming a tuned circuit. The resonator amplifies oscillations within a

particular frequency band, while reducing oscillations at other frequencies outside the

band.

Intermediate frequencies

Intermediate frequencies are, in the frame of this report, defined as frequencies

between 300 Hz and 100 kHz. They involve two different mechanisms, namely

induced currents and dielectric absorption. The frequency limit when one

predominates over the other is not precisely defined. Existence of effects depends

upon two superimposed phenomena: absorption of the external field in the organism

at the macroscopic level and the stimulation of biological effects by the penetrating

fields.

High frequency (HF)

radio frequencies are between 3 and 30 MHZ. Also known as the decameter band or

decameter wave as the wavelengths range from one to ten decameters (ten to one

hundred metres). Frequencies immediately below HF are denoted Medium-frequency

(MF), and the next higher frequencies are known as Very high frequency (VHF).

Shortwave (2.310 - 25.820 MHz) overlaps and is slightly lower than HF. ince the

ionosphere often refracts HF radio waves quite well (a phenomenon known as

skywave propagation), this range is extensively used for medium and long range radio

communication. However, suitability of this portion of the spectrum for such



communication varies greatly with a complex combination of factors:

Sunlight/darkness at site of transmission and reception

Transmitter/receiver proximity to terminator

2.2 Electropollution Humans Role

We are immersed in a world of technology, unable to escape from the moment our

electronic alarm clocks awake us in the morning until the moment we snuggle under

our electric blankets at the end of the day. Unfortunately, today we are faced with

illnesses that were rare if not completely unheard of just a short century ago. While

our technology continues to advance us to new heights, very little attention has been

paid to the toll that such feats are exacting on our health. And it was not until very

recently that a focus has been placed on the dangers associated with the very

“conveniences” that were intended to improve the quality of our lives.

The explosion of iPhones, Blackberries, WiFi, WiMax, video game consoles and even

remote-control toys has fundamentally changed our electrical environment. You can’t

see it, you can’t taste it, you can’t touch it; but the air all around us is increasingly

filled with electromagnetic radiation (EMR) that is penetrating our bodies and

disrupting our body chemistry – perhaps forever.humansrole in creating

electropollution:

Development of radiation sources

Increasing needs and expectations

Simplicity

Development of Radiation Sources:

Ionising radiation sources : Use of radiation grew manifold after artificial

radioactive materials were produced and the first such artificial radioactive material

was Phosphorus-30 produced in 1934. Since then many such radioactive substances

have been produced and utilized for the benefit of society and their applications have

spanned many fields such as research, health care, industry, food and agriculture.

Radiation occurs in many forms, but the most important types are those which are

able to pass through matter such as X-rays and gammarays; or have high energies



which can be used for some sort of processing,say melting of metals using high power

lasers or cross-linking cables using electron beams. Sources of radiation can be

radioisotopes,research reactors, machines such as accelerators, X-ray generators and

lasres etc.

Non-ionising radiation sources:

As these radiation sources have a wide range of applications,so that there is stent for

these development of radiation sourcesNon-Ionizing radiation originates from various

sources: Natural origin (such as sunlight or lightning discharges etc.) and man made

(seen in wireless communications, Industrial, scientific and medical applications)

FIG 2.1 IONISING AND NON IONISING RADIATION



Increasing needs and expectations

We have been raised with the luxuries of modern appliances to simplify our lives.

Technology makes life easier, longer. we depend on technology to life our lives as

they are today. The wide application of industrial, commercial and military devices and

systems which radiate frequencies in the radiofrequency and microwave portion

of the electromagnetic spectrumOur most powerful 21st-century technologies -

robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech - are threatening to make humans an

endangered species we do depend too much on technology. Life would never be better

without technology.. How many can grow their own garden, butcher their own meat,

enjoy an evening without TV, sitting in front of a bonfire? When the electric goes out,

what does everyone do?? Run for the flash lights and battery operated radios/TVs.

Who uses candles anymore? Except to make the place smell better? Technology can

help, but it can also cause us to forgo the past, or even our future. People need to

relearn how to grow gardens and butcher their own meat, be it deer, cow, pig, or fowl.

I know I would not have any problems surviving if technology failed us. A medical

technology, which saved millions of human lives, for instance, with the advancment

we have made in cancer research or AIDS, (these diseases have been around long

before the technology but we made no impass in their treatment until the technology

So people are depending on technology.even in mediacal.thus there is a need of

developing technology.

As civilization advances we depend more and more upon out inventions and

creations. we could live without them but not all of us. without the advances that we

have made in medicine, for example, many people would be dead and many others

would have much shorter lifespans. so, we have the ability to destroy the earth with

nuclear capabilities but we also have the ability to keep children alive who would

otherwise have died without the technology that we have learned to take for granted. .

People want what they want when they want it. They don't want something else, they

don't want less than they want, and they certainly don't want it at some other time.

Thus plays a major role in creating electropollution directly or indirectly.



CHAPTER-3

EMF RADIATION SOURCES

Emf radiation sources cause electropollution. Life is full of electrical appliances.

Electricity is an inseparable part of our modern day society. This means that EMFs

will continue to be allaroundus. Aside from making our life easier, electricity might

also be making us sick.

Many buildings have a sick or imbalanced environment and cause their occupants to

feel tired,weak, anxious and sometimes depressed. This may be caused by

electromagnetic radiation EMF (as well as other toxic environmental situations).

If your home has high EMF readings, it is important to determine the sources of the

EMF so that remedial action can be taken (if possible).

FIG 3.1 RADIATION SOURCES

3.1 Radaiation Sources

EMFs radiate from all sides of the computer. Thus, you must not only be concerned

with sitting in front of the monitor but also if you are sitting near a computer or if a

computer is operating in a nearby room.Electric blankets and water-bed heaters create

a magnetic field that penetrates about 6-7 inches into the body (even when turned off).

Thus it is not surprising that an epidemiological study has linked electric blankets



with miscarriages and childhood leukemia.Electric clocks have a very high magnetic

field, up to three feet away. If you are using a bedside clock, you are probably

sleeping in an EMF equivalent to that of a power line. Telephones can emit

surprisingly strong EMFs, especially from the handset. This is a problem because we

hold the telephone so close to our head. They emit strong fields that travel several

inches right into your brain

There are many types of EMF sources, such as alarm clocks too close to their bed,

sitting too close to a TV or computer, or using a cell phone and some other are the

following

Broadcast (TV / Radio) – kW in VHF / UHF

Portable phones (5 W in VHF / UHF range)

Pager / Cordless phone (< 1 Watt in VHF)

Microwave oven – source produces 2000W, but only 5 mW leaks out of the door

(2.4GHz)

Cellular phones operate in 800/1900MHz bands, Cell Towers power can be up to

25 W; phone can put out 0.5 W (800 MHz, 1900 MHz, 1700MHz, 2100 MHz)

Wireless LAN / WiFi (Access points power is <1W, PDA power is in Mw.

Satellite Communications 4 – 40 GHz

Microwave repeaters 4 – 80 GHz

Wireless Antennas and Routers

Powerlines

Compact flourescent light bulbs(CFL)

Hair Dryers

Computers or TV etc.

3.2 Microwave Radiations

Microwaves are higher-frequency waves lying roughly between radio and infrared

waves. They have a number of common applications, the most familiar of which is the

microwave or microwave oven used for cooking. In these kitchen devices,

microwaves are used to excite the water molecules in food, thus generating heat.



Microwaves can easily penetrate nonmetal containers but generally cannot penetrate

metal. For this reason, food to be microwaved cannot be heated in metal containers.

High densities of microwave radiation (such as what is found in masers, or

"microwave lasers") are known to cause health problems such as burns, cataracts,

nervous-system damage, and sterility. Exposure to microwave radiation is usually

regulated; the U.S. government limits exposure to 10 milliwatts per square centimeter

or less. Microwave radiation refers to the radiating wave movement in which

microwave energy travels. Microwaves are electromagnetic rays with a frequency

range of 0.3 GHz to 300 GHz. They are found between the radiowaves and the

infrared waves in the electromagneticspectrum.Microwaves take a straight line path.

Like all electromagnetic waves, they do not require a medium to travel through. They

can pass through non-metal materials like plastic and glass, but get reflected off metal

surfaces.

Microwave Radiation Through Microwaveoven

Microwaves are absorbed by food, fruit, vegetables and other materials with high

water content, and produce heat. This is the operational principle on which microwave

kitchen appliances work. A microwave oven consists of a high voltage transformer, an

electron tube called magnetron, a wave guide fan and a cooking chamber. The

transformer passes electric energy to the magnetron and the magnetron converts this

electric energy into microwave radiation. The microwaves are reflected in the cooking

chamber and are absorbed by the food.

FIG 3.2 MICROWAVE OVEN



As a result of the microwave absorption, the water molecules in the food begin to

vibrate. This molecular movement produces heat and the resultant heat cooks the

food. Foods that have higher concentrations of water molecules cook faster. In thicker

foods, the outer part is cooked by the microwaves and the inner part is cooked by

conduction of heat from the heated outer part. Concerns about microwaves turning

food radioactive are baseless. The radiation in microwave radiation refers to the way

in which microwaves move, not radioactivity. Microwaves are of a non-ionizing

character. They do not have the energy to cause chemical changes in substances as as

would happen in the case of radioactivity.

3.3 Power Transmission Lines

EMF is commonly associated with power lines. A person standing directly under a

high- voltage transmission line may feel a mild shock when touching something that

conducts electricity. These sensations are caused by the strong electric fields from the

high-voltage electricity in the lines. They occur only at close range because the

electric fields rapidly become weaker as the distance from the line increases.

FIG 3.3 POWER TRANSMISSION LINES



The power transmission lines, you house electricity, and radio/microwave

transmissions create a subliminal state of constant stress that over time degrades the

immune system. A wide range of studies has documented the debilitating effects of

this electro-pollution induced stress on the immune system. Manmade EMFs also

paralyze the body's electrically based healing system. Many people are concerned

about potential adverse health effects. Much of the research about power lines and

potential health effects is inconclusive. Despite more than two decades of research to

determine whether elevated EMF exposure, principally to magnetic fields, is related

to an increased risk of childhood leukemia, there is still no definitive answerSome

scientists are coming to the conclusion that power line electromagnetic fields should

be classified as a "probable human carcinogen".

3.4 Mobile Phone Radiation

Mobile (or cellular) phones use electric power to receive and transmit signals through

a base station tower that is linked with other transmission towers. These signals are

usually around 900 MHz which is within the microwave range. Mobile phones and

telephone towers emit microwave radiation, which is in the radio frequency

radiation(RFR) part of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves.Mobile phones are a

unique source of RFR exposure because the power transmitter itself is held against the

head of the user. The concern in this case is whether RFR generated around the

antenna of the phone during use can cause health effects from absorption into the head

(or the body, if the phone is used while clipped to the belt, or in a pocket).

FIG 3.4 CELL PHONE RADIATION



"Radio waves from mobile phones harm body cells and damage DNA"Cellular

telephones and effects on the brain: the head as an antenna and brain tissue as a radio

receiver.Headache and other neuropsychological symptoms occur in users of cellular

telephones, and controversy exists concerning risks for brain cancer. We hypothesize

these effects result from the head serving as an antenna and brain tissue as a radio

receiver. Brain cells and tissues demodulate the cell-phone's various frequencies from

the radio frequency carrier. Low audio frequencies in the ranges of alpha and beta

waves affect these waves and thereby influence brain function.The effect of

microwaves from a mobile phone has an impact on the stability of cells in the body.

The main effects are neurological, causing headaches, memory loss and also sleeping

disorders. Even a short exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones

has an effect on brain physiology.

3.5 Compact Fluorescent Llight Bulbs (CFL)

These are the new light bulbs many people are using to conserve power. But "CFL

and Fluorescent lights produce dangerously high EMFs They will soon be mandated

by the government as traditional light bulbs will be banned in 2014. So, with this new

CFL technology, most of us will have no alternative but to use these toxic, cancer-

causing, buzzing EMF polluters. The only alternative will be the more expensive LED

bulb which actually are the safest.

FIG 3.5 COMPACT FLOURSCENT BULBS

These new Compact Fluorescent Light bulbs (CFL) are notorious for generating a

high EMF field, higher than normal fluorescent lights. And,because you are more



likely to be closer to CFL lamp, the exposure is even higher.It's important to

understand that these energy-saving bulbs produce EMF ofmuch higher intensity then

regular bulbs. Of course they do not radiate as much as a microwave, but you have

only one microwave at home and about 60 bulbs. Replacing all those bulbs with the

energy saving bulbs could turn your house into a total electromagnetism.Not only do

these types of light bulbs produce high levels of EMF, they generate a especially

potent and harmful type of EMF called "dirty EMF" which is even more toxic to the

human body than other forms of EMF radiation.



CHAPTER-4

INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM

A number of recent developments have resulted in renewed interest in and

concern among scientists and the general public about the biological effectsof

microwave and radiofrequency radiation exposure.The interaction of electropollution

with biological system is bio-electromagnetics. Human beings and all other living

creatures have their own electromagnetic energy balance. Because our 1st moments

on Earth, we have encountered external EMFs as part of the Energetic Continuum.

The planet is naturally webbed with simple EMFs that are interconnected with solar

activities such as solar flares and atmospheric events such as lightening.The Earth

itself has an iron core that generates a halo of electromagnetic energy, reaching far

beyond our atmosphere. All life on Earth has adapted to and existed in this natural

electromagnetic environment for millions of years.

But in the last century, we have radically altered our environment. We have saturated

the planet with potent human-made EMFs, the likes of which have by no means

before been recognized on Earth. These human-made fields have a different wave

form, coherence, and frequency than natural EMFs, and their effects on living

biological systems are only just beginning to be understood.

The human body is an electrically conducting fluid. Any fluctuating magnetic field in

this conducting fluid produces electric currents. Besides, each cell has its electric

potential which gets affected by this electric current - long term disruptive effects,

especially when combined with other ever increasing fields in our environment.

4.1Biological Effects

The most pronounced biological effect from RF and microwaves radiation is heating,

or thermal changes in the body. In its interaction with matter, RF energy may be

reflected (as in the case of metals), transmitted through a medium (such as glass) with

little energy loss, or be absorbed raising the temperature of the absorber. This



increase in temperature can be attributed to two effects. Joule heating is due to ionic

currents induced by the electric fields that are set up in the absorber. These ionic

currents cause electrons to collide with molecules in tissue and resistance heating

results. The other effect is due to the interaction between polar molecules in the

absorber and high frequency electric fields. The polar molecules begin to oscillate

back and forth in an attempt to maintain proper alignment with the electric field.

These oscillations are resisted by other forces and this vibratory resistance is

converted into heat.

4.2 Absorption of Radiation

Absorption of RF radiation and thus heating of the body tissues depends on several

factors including wavelength and wave front characteristics. Frequencies greater than

10,000 MHz (10 GHz) are absorbed mostly in the outer skin.

Frequencies between 10,000 MHz and 2500 MHz penetrate more deeply (3mm to 2

cm) and at wavelengths of 2500 MHz to 1300 MHz, penetration and absorption are

sufficient enough to cause damage to internal organs by tissue heating. Therefore the

absorption and penetration depth of RF and microwaves in tissue appear to be inverse

functions of frequency.

Heat absorption will be greatest in tissues that have high water content, such as

muscle, with less heat absorption taking place in bone and fat.In the past most

biological effects have been related to the incident power density (mW/cm2).

However, the absorption of electromagnetic energy is strongly dependant on its

frequency, the geometry of the exposure situation and the dielectric properties of the

tissue. Because of these factors, biological effects are more properly related to the

absorbed energy defined as the specific absorption rate or SAR.

After reviewing a large body of biological data, several standards setting

organizations (e.g. ACGIH, IEEE/ANSI, ICNIRP, FCC, etc.) found that hazardous

bio effects in humans occurs at a whole body SAR exceeding 4 W/kg; to be

conservative, standards setting organizations use 1/10 of this value. For comparison

purposes, the resting metabolic rate in humans is on the order of 1 W/kg and 5 W/kg



when engaging in strenuous activity such as running. The heart’s metabolic rate is 33

W/kg. The effectiveness of the circulatory system in redistributing thermal energy is

dependent upon the degree of vascularization in any tissue, but is generally adequate

to cope with varying metabolic rates in the human body.

4.3 Penetration of Radiation

Penetration is the inverse of attenuation. The amount of penetration depends on the

energy of the individual photons and the atomic number, density, and thickness of the

object, as illustrated below. The degree of penetration of EMF into the body, which

depends on the rate at which the energy of the radiation is absorbed. Gammas can be

very penetrating and can pass through thick barriers. Several feet of concrete would be

needed to stop some of the more energetic gammas. A natural gamma source found in

the environment (and in the human body) is 40K, an isotope of potassium.Neutrons are

also very penetrating. Some elements, like hydrogen, capture and scatter neutrons.

Water is commonly used as a neutron radiation shield. The probability of photons

interacting, especially with the photoelectric effect, is related to their energy.

Increasing photon energy generally decreases the probability of interactions

(attenuation) and, therefore, increases penetration. As a rule, high-energy photons are

more penetrating than low-energy photons, although there are limits and exceptions.

Thermal Effects and Nonthermal Effects

Thermal Effects

Blood flow eventually distributes excess heat throughout the body. Sweating starts

when the body becomes overheated and cools the body by evaporation. The additional

heat load that is imposed on the body due to RF absorption must be dissipated like any

other heat load, and can be a significant health concern. Body functions can be

impaired when its temperature reaches 102oF and fatal near 107 to 108 oF.

Temperature rise will be greatest in tissues that lack or have poor thermoregulatory

mechanisms such as high blood flow. Examples are the eyes and testes. “Hot spots”

between tissue interfaces due to non-uniform heating can also develop caused by

reflective wave reinforcement.



Occcular Effect

Lens opacification sufficient to cause reduced or loss of vision is termed a cataract.

Animal studies have shown that the critical range of frequencies is from 800 to 10,000

MHz.Damage to the inside layer of the cornea may also occur resulting in corneal

damage and loss of sight. This may occur from continuous wave exposure or pulsed

exposure, and varying with time in animal studies.

Nonthermal Effects

Some animal studies have shown central nervous system effects, altered cell

membrane permeability, behavioral effects, and others. These bio effects are

attributed to mechanisms other than thermal, and are generally thought to be caused

by exposures less than 10 mW/cm2; however, they are not well understood or

documented.Some studies may hint to a link between RF exposure and an increased

risk of cancer but this is inconclusive.

RF/microwave workers complaints have been noted to include nervousness,

irritability, headache, depression, sleeplessness, and others.Immunological

Studies have shown positive immune system effects while other studies have shown

suppressed effect. The mechanisms are not well understood or documented.

In animal studies prolonged exposure or exposure to high RF levels may cause

testicular damage, or debilitated or stillborn offspring.



CHAPTER-5

ISTROPHIC RADIATION MONITORING SYSTEM

Radiation exposure to humans can be broadly classified as internal and external

exposure. Sealed sources, which are unlikely to cause internalexposure, are used

almost exclusively in radiotherapy. This chapter deals with the monitoring of external

exposures.

External exposure monitoring refers to measuring:

Radiation levels in and around work areas.

Radiation levels around radiotherapy equipment or source containers.

Equivalent doses received by individuals working with radiation

Radiation monitoring is carried out:

To assess workplace conditions and individual exposures.

To ensure acceptably safe and satisfactory radiological conditions in

the workplace;

To keep records of monitoring, over a long period of time, for the

purposes of regulation or good practice.

Radiation monitoring instruments are used both for area monitoring and for individual

monitoring. The instruments used for measuring radiationlevels are referred to as area

survey meters (or area monitors) and theinstruments used for recording the equivalent

doses received by individuals working with radiation are referred to as personal

dosimeters(or individual dosimeters). All instruments must be calibrated in terms of

the appropriate quantities used in radiation protection. Depending upon the electronics

used, detectors can operate in a ‘pulse’mode or in the ‘mean level’ or current mode.

Proportional and GM counters are normally operated in the pulse mode.Owing to the

finite resolving time (the time required by the detector toregain its normal state after

registering a pulse), these detectors willsaturate at high intensity radiation fields.

Recommendations regarding dosimetric quantities and units in radiationprotection

dosimetry are set forth by the International Commission onRadiation Units and

Measurements (ICRU). The recommendations on thepractical application of these

quantities in radiation protection are establishedby the International Commission on



Radiological Protection (ICRP). In practice, the term ‘weaklypenetrating’ radiation

usually applies to photons below 15 keV and to bradiation.For the purpose of area

monitoring, the ambient dose equivalent H*(d)and directional dose equivalent H¢

(d,W) are defined. They link the externalradiation field to the effective dose

equivalent in the ICRU sphere phantomat depth d, on a radius in a specified direction

W.For strongly penetrating radiation the depth d = 10 mm is used; theambient dose

equivalent is denoted as H*(10) and the directional doseequivalent as H¢(10,W). For

weakly penetrating radiation the ambient and directional doseequivalents in the skin

at d = 0.07 mm, H*(0.07) and H¢(0.07,W), arerelevant, and in the lens of the eye at d

= 3 mm, H*(3) and H¢(3,W), are relevant.The operational quantities are defined for

practical measurements bothfor area and individual monitoring.

These istrophic radiation monitoring system is comprised of a metering instrument

and,depending upon the application,one or more field sensitive probes.all probes and

meters ar interchangble.

5.1 Description of Model 8616 Meter

The Model 8616 is our full-feautered metering instrument.In addition to the basic

functions of range selection and battery test,the Model 8616 offers additional features

for functionality and opearator convience.the meter is large 4 inches wide,and easy to

read.zeroing is accomplished automatically by a single push button located on the

carrying handle provided.An audible power density alarm is included ,along with a

front panel control which the operator may use to set the alarm threshold any were

between 0 & 100% of the full scale meter reading.The max-Hold function enables the

meter to display the highest reading encountered during the survey and a chart

recorder

Output permits the creation of permanent records of survey results or the interface

with other equipment.Both the chartrecorder and alalrm outputs follow the real time

indication,independent of utilization of the Max-Hold function.system response time

is selectable between one and three seconds to suit the particular application.The

Model 8616 also includes built-in rechargeable batteries and recharger.The unit may

be operatyed from 117 or 230VAC,and will recharge the batteries while operating.The

meter will operate on the batteries for 40 hours on a charge,with a 3:1 charge ratio.



The typical system shown in figure below is manufactured by Narada Microwave

corporation.huappauge,newyork

Fig 5.1 MODEL 8616 FRONT PANEL

5.2 Functional descriptionof front panel controls and indicators

METER: It indicates the level of r-f field in mW/cm^2 as sensed by the Istrophic

probe.

METER RESPONSE SWITCH: It provides means of selecting FAST or SLOW

meter response.

MODESWITCH: It selects either normal operation or Maximum hold mode.



ALARM:It provides audio alarm to indicate when the present power density level is

exceeded.

ALARM CONTROL: It provides means of setting the percentage of full scale meter

reading at which the audio alarm will sound to alert the operator of power density

greater at present level.

RANGESWITCH: It provides means of selecting either Mw/cm^2 or percent of

standard.

PROBECONNECTOR: It provides for connection of isotrophic probe.

ZERO CONTROL: It provides for electrical adjustment of meter zero setting.

ZERO BUTTON: It provides for automatic electrical setting of matter.

RECORDER JACK: It provides for the connection of an external recorder & provides

3V full scale.

AC CABLE PLUG CONNECTOR:It provides for connection to 115/230 VAC

electrical power for battery charging.

5.3 Narda 8616 Radiation Monitoring System Features

3½" linear scale which covers a 13 dB dynamic range

Two response times are available by front panel selection. A slow response

time of 3 seconds in addition to a fast response (one second)

Max hold

Panel control allows an audible alarm to be set at any percentage of full scale

value

1000:1 (30 dB) dynamic range

Zero pushbutton mounted in the handle provides a means for fast and accurate

automatic zeroing of the meter

Removable mounting bracket

All 8600 series probes are interchangeable



Table 5.1 Meter Specifications

Dynamic Range 30 dBPower or Field Strength Reading Ranges See chart aboveMeter Scales Linear, Marked 0-2 and 0-10Sensitivity Ranges Three, selected by front panel switchZero Control Front panel pushbutton Response Time including Meter 1 second (nominal) fast position

3 second (nominal) slow position Additional Features Maximum Hold Method of Operation

Recorder Output+3V nominal at full scale into minimum load of 1000W

Power Density AlarmAn adjustable audible alarm preset by panel control for a percentage of full scale

Battery Type 25 Volt Rechargeable nickel-cadmium Battery Use Time (Approx.) 40 hours; 3:1 use to charge timeSize 10" x 4¼" x 4" not including handleWeight 5.5 lb

Table 5.2 Probe Specifications

Probe Model Frequency Range Full Scale RangesRange of Measurement

8652 8662B

300kHz - 10MHz300kHz - 1GHz

2, 20 and 200mW/cm²

0.1 to 200 mW/cm²

8661 300kHz - 1GHz0.2, 2 and 20 mW/cm²

0.01 to 20 mW/cm²

8631 10MHz - 300MHz0.2, 2 and 20 mW/cm²

0.01 to 20 mW/cm²

8633 10MHz - 300MHz

1,10 and 100 mW/cm²

0.05 to 100 mW/cm²

8682 300kHz - 1.5GHz2, 20 and 200% ANSI RFPG

0.02 to 200% ANSI RFPG

8621D 300MHz - 40GHz0.2,2and20 mW/cm²

0.1 to 20 mW/cm²

8623D 300MHz- 40GHz

1, 10 and 100 mW/cm²

0.05 to 100 mW/cm²

5.4 Field Probes

1)Electric Field Probes

2)Magnetic Field Probes



Electric Field Probes:

With variety of isotropic electromagnetic field probes, including the electric field

broadband models covering the frequency range 50 KHz-18 GHz, and selective one

for GSM 900-1900 MHz range.

MODEL 8621D

These model Highfrequency Isotropic probes provides flat,accurate electric field

equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 300MHz to

40Ghz. calibration points are provided over this range.

Model 8621D provides fullscale ranges of 0.2mW/cm^2,2.0Mw/cm^2 and

20Mw/cm^2

MODEL 8623D

These model Highfrequency Isotropic probes provides flat,accurate electric field

equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 300MHz to

40Ghz.14 calibration points are provided over this range.

Model 8621D provides fullscale ranges of 1.0mW/cm^2,10Mw/cm^2 and

100Mw/cm^2

MODEL 8661

These model 8661D Lowfrequency Isotropic probes provides flat frequency

response which permits accurate electric field equivalent power density

measurements over the frequency range of 300kHz to 1000Mhz.

Model 8661D provides fullscale ranges of 0.2mW/cm^2, 2.0Mw/cm^2 and

20Mw/cm^2.

MODEL 8662

These model 8662D Lowfrequency Isotropic probes provides fla frequency response

which permits accurate electric field equivalent power density measurements over the

frequency range of 300kHz to 1000Mhz..

Model 8662D provides fullscale ranges of 2.0mW/cm^2, 20mW/cm^2 and

200mW/cm^2.



Magnetic Field Probes

For RF safety testing of magnetic fields there is probe PI-H1 covering the the

frequency range of most industrial and broadcast applications 500 KHz-50 MHz.

MODEL8631

These model 8631 Isotropic probes provides flat accurate magnetic field

equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 10 to

300Mhz..

Model 8631D provides fullscale ranges of 0.2mW/cm^2, 2mW/cm^2 and

10mW/cm^2.

MODEL8633

These model 8633 Isotropic probes provides flat accurate magnetic field

equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 10 to

300MHz..

Model 8633D provides fullscale ranges of 1mW/cm^2, 10mW/cm^2 and

100mW/cm^2.

MODEL8652

These model 8652 low frequency Isotropic probe has a flat frequency

response which permits accurate magnetic field equivalent power density

measurements over the frequency range of 300kHz to 10MHz.


200mW/cm^2.

MODEL8654

These model 8654 low frequency Isotropic probe has a flat frequency response

which permits accurate magnetic field equivalent power density measurements

over the frequency range of 300kHz to 10MHz.


2000mW/cm^2.



5.5 General Information For Operation of Probes

If the isotrophic probe is very close to the radaiating source ,it should be oriented with

the axis of the handle in line with the direction of travel of suspected radiation(probe

towards the sorce).

Narada probes are calibrated in a freespace planewave.The models 8621 and 8623

high frequency probes covers the range of 0.3to 40GHz and measure the ‘E’field.

Models 8631 & 8633 lowfrequency probes cover the range of 10MHz to 300MHz

and five additional low frequency probes,model 8652,8654,8660,8661 and 8662B are

available.These probes will extend the frequency range of the system down to

300KHz.The model models 8652 and 8654 measure the magnetic field and cover the

frequency range of system up to 10MHz.The full scale equipment powerdensity for

the model 8661 is 20Mw/ cm2. The model 8662 electric field ANSI conformal probe

has a frequency range of 0.3MHz through 1500 MHz with a sensitivity characteristic

that is the reverse of C95.1-1982 ANSI radio frequency protection guide.Metering

when this probe is used with the 8616 is an percent of standard.The range decal and

selector knobe permit proper scaling at 200%,20% and 2% full scale of standard.

The meter scales are marked in power density and truly apply in free space condition

where the ratio of electric and magnetic field is 377 ohms.At present most

specifications for radaiation hazards use equivalent plane wave powerdensuty of

Mw/cm2.Narda probes are therefore calibrated for meter reading in mW/ cm2.Althogh

they measure the electric and magnetic field components.



CHAPTER-6

THEORY OF OPERATION OF 8616 METER

6.1 Pre Operation-Model 8616 Meter:

1. Review all safety procedures before beginning a radaiation survey.

2. Connect the desired istrophic Probe to the meter by plugging the probe

cable into the connector and tightening the locking collar.

3. Set the METER RESPONSE switch to the FAST position.

4. Set the ALARM control to the 100% position.

5. Set the RANGE switch BAT TEST position.observe the meter indication

( it should read above TEST MIN mark on the meter face.If the meter

reads below TESTMIN connect charging line cord and battery.use to

charge ratio is 22.5:1.every 1 hour of charge time will allow 2.5 hours of

use and a fully charged battery will therefore permits a minimum

of 40 hours of use time.)

6. Set range switch to 20/100/200 Mw/cm2.

7. Depress the ZERO push button and hold for a “0” reading on the meter

scale.

8. Set the RANGE switch to the 2/10/20 Mw/cm2 position and press the

ZERO button for a “0” reading on meter scale.

9. Repeat ZERO operation 2/1/2 Mw/cm2.

10. Reset ALARM control to the desired threshold value.

11. Probe operation may be checked by using Model 8699 test source.Depress

switch on 8699 for generation of test field.

Note

when zeroing the meter,the isotrophic probe should be placed in a zero density area to

avoid stray power density pickup.If zero density area is not available,place the probe

in the carrying case and partially close the cover when zeroing.

Caution

The required charging power source voltage is indicated at the front panel line cord

connector.It will indicate 115 or 230.This must correspond to the line source

voltage.An internal charging switch may be reset to accommodate the available

sources.



Warning

If meter cannot be zeroed,the isotrophic probe may be defective.do not use a defective

probe to measure potentially hazardous radiation areas.

6.2 Peak Power Rating

The Maximum peak power rating of Models of 8621,8661 and 8631 Istrophic

probes is 60W/cm2.The peak power ratings of models are 8623 & 8633

is 300W/m2 and 600W/cm2 for models 8652 and 8662B.The Maximum average power

density indication with Models 8621 & 8631 probes is 60W/cm2times the duty factor

and with models 8623 & 8633 probe is 300W/ cm2times the duty factor .when using

Models 8621,8661 and 8631 Isotrophic probes to make measurements where radar

dutyfactors are less than 0.00033,the full scale meter indication will exceed the

60W/cm2 maximum Power density.

Zero Drift

To minimize zero drift,allow approximately fifteen minutes of warm up time

when operating the meter on the most sensitive range

Operating Procedure:

Perform pre-operating procedures before attempting a radiation survey.

Always start to measure an unknown field as far from the source as

possible.This will insure the safety of operating personnel.

Slowly introduce the isotrophic probe into the unknownfield.Hold the probe

by its handle & point it towards the unit under test or radiating source.The

meter should be held away from the source.move the probe in a circular

motion in the area of radiation field.if location or direction of propagation is

not known,the probe axis is best held at 450 to the ground arm out

strectched.observe the meter reading.If the meter reading approaches full

scale,withdraw the isotrophic probe and set the range switch to the 20/100/200

position.

To insure maximum accuracy of meter reading,the probe should be rotated

about its axis and average of minimum and maximum readings obtained.

If the approximate power density of the field to be measured is not known,use

the probe that has highest power rating.



6.3 Ac Operation

Model 8616 Meter may be operated continuously from a 115 or 230 volt,50 to 440 hz

powerline.The proper required voltage is indicated at the front panel AC charge

connector.If possible,the line cord should be kept out of radiation field.If this is not

possible,the cable should be oriented so that it is normal to the “E” electric field.to

change the required line voltage from one setting to the other proceed as follows:

Remove cover from unit by removing six screws at back of case.

Set the 115/230 V AC switch to the desired position

Loosen two scor fews holding AC INPUT CONNECTOR.place “FLAG”over

panel markings to indicate proper line voltage.

Connect the chargable cable to the AC power source

MAX HOLD mode operation(8616)

With the MODE switch in the MAX HOLD position,the meter will indicate and

retain the maximum value of power density that the probe has surveyed.This reading

will be retained until the ZERO push button is depressed.The drift rate for the MAX

HOLD mode is less than 0.3% of reading per minute.A MAX HOLD Reading will

retained with in 3% of its intial value after 10 minutes of elapsedtime.the recorded

output corresponds to meter indications & provides retained output voltage of 3 volts.

Meter Selection Response Selection(8616)

A front pannel selector switch permits operation of the meter with a slow or fast

response.In the SLOW position the meter will indicate 90% of the full scale value of a

field having a stem function characterstic approximately 3secs. .In the FAST position

the meter will indicate 90% of the full scale value of a field hacing a stem function

characterstic less than 1sec.The FAST position is recommended for all except the

most unusual situations.



SIMPLIFIED BLOCKDIAGRAM

FIG 6.1 SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM

The figure is a simplied blockdiagram showing the principal circuits.The meter

consisits of a Decade Adjustable Feedback Circuit,Indicator and battery Circuits,and

Auto zero and maxhold circuit in the Model 8616.

Probe Sensing Device

The electromagnetic field being surveyed induces current in the thermoelectric

elements in the probe.A low level DC thermo electric voltage is generatetd and

transmited by resistive leads to the variable gain pre-amplifier.The gain setting of

these pre-amplifier is connected by cable to the meter.It Consists of thermocouple

element,resistive field shield,pre-amp,indicating meter model,high resistive

leadwires.Each probe contains three mutually perpendicular lossy probe elements and

provides a DC outsignal proportional to square of electric field strength tangential to

the element.The summation of the DC signals(from 3orthogonal probe elements)

provides a measure of total energy,or power density,independent of direction or

polarization of RF signals.Detectors for DC signal generation are thin film



thermocouples thet provide true square law input.The DC signal is proportional to the

power disipiate in the thermocouple elements and the average density in the volume

whichathe elements are contained.

Fig 6.2 Sensing Probe

The pre-amplifier is located in the handle and connected to the lements by inflexible

monolithic leads.This prevents the cable from modulating the signal if it is flexed or

moved.A multiconductor shielded cable connects the pre-amp probe to the 8616

meter. This cable carries the pre-amp output,powersupply voltages and a correction

voltage which is apllied to the input of the amplifier to compensate for the zero

offset.The probes broadband characteristics are obtained by distributing resistive

thermocouple dipoles along the lengths over the range of frequencies within which the

probe is intended to operate.

Adjustable Gain Pre-Amplifier

Model 8616 consisits comprises a decade adjustable amplifier stable amplifier

U2,which drives both an alarm section and indicator circuits.The Adjustable Gain

Pre-Amp is a general-purpose digitizer and used in temperature sensors. The pre-

amplifier is an extremely low noise operational amplifier.



Decade Adjustable Circuit

The Model 8616 comprises a decade adjustable feedback circuit and indicator circuits.

By front panel selection of RANGE switch,the gain of probe amplifier is changed in

decade steps.An internal potentiometer is set to provide the required meter indicator

accuracy.The ZERO control potentiometer provides a finr meter adjustment.these

decade adjustable circuit drives both an alarm section and indicator circuits.

6.6 Battery Test

The battery test circuit ensures tht the battery needs minimum operating

requirements.When front panel TEST switch S101 is set to BAT,front panel meter

M101 functions as a voltmeter and samples the battery voltage.A fully charged

battery will provide aminimum of 40 hours of continous use without recharge.The use

to charge ratio is 2.5:1 and a charge period of 1hour is therefore required for every 2.5

hours.

Indicator

The indicator circuit consisits of amplifiers U4,U5 and a meter.There are two modes

of operation:MAXHOLD and NORMAL.In the NORMAL mode switch S103 shorts

out CR11,U4 and U5 operate as linear cascaded amplifiers with a gain of 30.This

provides a recorder output as fullscale indication of 3 volts;minimum load resistance

for the recorder is 1K ohm.In this meter becomes the summing resistor of the

feedback network.



CHAPTER-7

CRITICAL EXPOSURE LEVELS BY VARIOUS PROTECTION

STANDARDS

7.1 Critical exposure

Beyond exposed to these critical levels which are given by many protection

stanadards setting organisations(e.g. ACGIH, IEEE/ANSI, ICNIRP, FCC, etc.),may

cause many hazardous biological effects in livingsystem .The protection standards

setting organizations are

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP)

National Radiological protection Board(NRPB),UK

International Radiological Protection Association(IRPA)

Federal Communication Commision(FCC)

(all the above standards declared different exposure levels w.r.t to time of exposure

and frequency)

Purpose and Requirements

This guide will present a summary of the basics of radiofrequency (RF) and

microwave safety, biological effects, and exposure limits to be used at Cornell

University. Some recommendations are made that, if followed, would enhance the

safety of equipment. In other cases a particular item or action will be required.

1)Power Density per unit area, typically milliwatts/cm2 or watts/m2.

2)The electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other, and do not vary

from point to point. Power density measurements are possible in the far field..

3) Power density (PD) = E x H V-A/m2 = watt/m2

4)Approximate PD can be found from:

PD = E2 / 3770 mW/cm2 or

PD = 37.7 x H25)Impedance of free space = 377 ohms.



7.2 FCC (Federal ComMunication Commission)

Currently the FCC has adopted exposure limits from the National Council on

Radiation Protection (NCRP) and can be found in the federal regulations at 4CFR .

The FCC recommendations covers 300 kHz to 100 GHz and tables of FCC limits

Table 7.1 FCC exposure exposure limiting values



Table 7.2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

ADMINISTRATION(OSHA)

OSHA requirements can be found in 29 CFR 1910.97 and covers the range of 10MHz

to 100 GHz

7.3 IEEE/ANSI Standard

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publishes recommended limits in

standard number IEEE/ANSI C95.1-2005 and covers the range of 100 kHz to 100

GHz.

Table 7.3 IEEE/ANSI C95.1-2005 Occupational Limits



Table 7.4 IEEE/ANSI C95 Public exposure Limits



7.4 ICNIRP recommendations

The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

(ICNIRP) has issued guidelines for exposures from 100 kHz to 300 GHz in

Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic, and

Electromagnetic Fields, 1998 (ICNIRP 1998).

Table 7.5 – ICNIRP Exposure Occupational Guidelines



Table-7.6 ICNIRP Exposure Public Guideline



7.7 Critical Exposure-Cellphones Rci Mesurement

20 V/m to 70 V/m with different make usage of cellphones suspended during flight

trials missiles.

RADIATION MEASUREMENT USING MONITORING SYSTEM:

Table 7.6 RCI radiation measurement

CELLPHONE TRANSMITTING

MODE(average peakvalue

in v/m)

RECEIVING MODE

(average peak value in

v/m)

X 30-55V/m 20 -70 V/m

Y 35-48V/m 46-60 V/m

Z 65-80 V/m 70-98 V/m

CHAPTER-8



DAMAGING EFFECTS OF ELECTROPOLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH

Every benefit nature provides has some inherent risks of biological price which is

dangerous The effect of radiation on human health is the subject of recent interest and

study, as a result of the enormous increase in radiation sources usage throughout the

world. The world suffers from "electromagnetic contamination", "e-smog", or

"Electromagnetic pollution". The widespread use of technology that radiates EMF

(Electro-Magnetic Field), EMR (Electro-Magnetic Radiation), and ELF (Extremely

Low Frequency) constantly bombards the human body affecting its Biofield.EMF

Pollution may be the most significant form of pollution that human activity has

produced in this century,all the more dangerous because it is invisible and

insensible.” There is much controversy over the effects of electromagnetic fields

(EMF) on human health. One thing is certain, that the level of electro-pollution

(electro-magnetic fields) is at an all time high and rising, and coincidentally, so are

human diseases. many scientists, public health and public policy experts have

documented the scientific evidence on health impacts of exposure to electromagnetic

fields.

Just how EMFs affect humans is still not entirely known. Researchers are trying to

pinpoint ways in which EMFs might cause cells to grow and multiply abnormally

Power frequency electromagnetic fields induce biological effects. Visible and

ultraviolet frequencies cause pernicious damages to cells. Persistente exposure to sun

by a white man may cause skin cancer, as the ultraviolet radiation of sun rays has

cancer producing effect by damaging the genetic material, DNA.

Twenty percent of kidney transplant patient develop skin cancer within a decade.

AIDS patients also have a tendency to develop skin cancer. Above and below the

microwave and radio frequencies electromagnetic energy causes cancer.The radio

frequency (RF) stations caused change in T &B lymphocytic cells and reduced their

immunocompetence. The radar and other defence communication also cause damage

to human CNS.

8.1 Negative Effects of EMF Radiation on Our Health

Many scientists, public health and public policy experts have documented the



scientific evidence on health impacts of exposure to electromagnetic fields. When the

body ages, lacks exercise and proper diet, the electro-pollution intensifies

vulnerability to all kinds of sickness and disease. Diseases linked to excessive

exposure to EMF include:

child leukemia brain tumors acoustic neuromas breast cancer diseases of the nervous system

Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease damage causes mutation and initiating cancer; effects on stress proteins weakens the stress proteins; effects on the immune system Immune dysfunction Chronic allergic responses Ill health Infertility Poor concentration Sleep disruption

Alzheimer's disease is a disease of the nervous system. There is strong evidence that long- term exposure to ELF is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.

8.2 Microwave damages

Microwaves can easily penetrate nonmetal containers but generally cannot penetrate

metal. For this reason, food to be microwaved cannot be heated in metal containers.

High densities of microwave radiation (such as what is found in masers, or

"microwave lasers") are known to cause health problems such as burns, cataracts,

nervous-system damage, and sterility. Exposure to microwave radiation is usually

regulated; the U.S. government limits exposure to 10 milliwatts per square centimeter

or less.

Radiation from Cell phones do definitely affect brainThe waves that emanate from the

Cell Phone affects the electrical activity of the Brain and in the longer run Brain may

be impaired.



Harm our bloodcells Damage our DNA Cause nervecell damage Posiibly acelarate and contribute to onset of autism & trigger alzhemers’

disesase

Damage our eyes Lead to electromagnetic hypersensitivity Affect our heartrate & bloodpressure Chronic headaches Depression, Anxiety Sleep Disturbances Cancer ADHD High Blood Pressure Diabetes Fibromyalgia Effects cardiovascular system Hearing effects

8.3 Powerline damages:

Leukemia in children Braintumour Ill effects-cancer,congential malformations Neurodegeneration DNA damage-genetical disorders

8.4 Ecnomic Impact of EMF Radiation



The economic victims of irresponsible application of radiation-based technology

include agriculture.Plants avoid high EMF levels by not growing as high as they

normally would; when the EMF source is removed, they grow normally. Cows are

also affected. As reported by Dr. Milham, when the “dirty electricity” in a U.S.

school was neutralized by Graham/Stetzer filters,“a dairy farmer a quarter of a

mile away noticed that his cows each gave an average of ten pounds more milk

per day, beginning the day the school installed its filters. The cows were

responding to dirty electricity being removed from the ground currents.”In 2008,

the French courtordered a power company to compensate cattle farmers for EMF

damage.Living creatures are electrical beings able to function only within

specificfrequencies. Devra Davis observes: “The difference between being alive

and being dead is just one thing - the presence of electrical activity in the brain.”

Thoracic surgeon, Dr. William Rae, co-founder of the American Academy

forEnvironmental Medicine with Linus Pauling and Dr. Theron Randolph,

originally became interested in environmental influences on health when

operating room equipment caused him to become seriously EMF-sensitive in the

1970s.

His research led him to recognize the deleterious influence of pesticides and many

other environmental toxins, all of which cause multi-system damage. The immune

system is the primary target, which does its job through electrically-charged

biological substances such as neurotransmitters, hormones, and peptides, which

transmit faster than the speed of light

It has been known since the 1990s that environmental illness from biological

and electrohypersensitivity share the process of a disastrous reduction in

cholinesterase, a nervous system enzyme. Its sudden depletion can cause

depression and suicidal behavior.

CHAPTER-9



PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT

9.1 Prevention Measures

The technological revolution continues to offer us great potential

improvement in the quality of our lives. In order to fully receive the positive gifts of

this technology, it is important that we identify and protect ourselves and our loved

ones from the negative effects this revolution is also having on us.Some preventive

measures should be taken to avoid from exposure of radaiation sources

Children Should Never Use Cell Phones: Barring a life-threatening

emergency, children should not use a cell phone, or a wireless device of any

type. Children are far more vulnerable to cell phone radiation than adults,

because of their thinner skull bones.

Don't use a cell phone any more than you have to. Don't use it inside buildings

or cars. Use it in open areas so the phone won't have to as hard to generate as

much power to get a good signal.

Don't talk on your cell phone when the signal bars are less than maximum.

This means your phone is working harder to maintain a signal. More power

means greater radiation exposure to you.

Don't let your kids use cell phones except in emergencies. The radiation

penetrates their head easier because their skull bones are softer. Their brains

are also in a development stage. That's not a good time to expose it to

radiation. They can live without one. You did, remember?

Don't use a cordless phone: They're three times worse than cell phones and

are a continual source of radiation in your home even when they aren't being

used. Go back to a landline phone.

Get rid of your wireless router. Again, this is a continual source of radiation

that is being beamed all over your house 24 hours a day, even while you sleep.

Go back to a hardwired cable connection. You won't get kicked off the

Internet near as often either. If you refuse to get rid of your wireless router at

least turn it off at night.


http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2008/02/07/why-your-cell-phone-can-hurt-your-children.aspx


Only purchase cell phones with a speakerphone function. Then use it!

Hands-free headsets are bad. The wires running around and across the head

will act as an "antenna" and will actually attract more radiation to the head,

making the problem worse. The exception here is a headset with an "airtube"

piece in it which gets the wires away from the head. They do help some but

don't think they are your security blanket.

Stand well back from appliances like microwave ovens when they are in

operation. The microwave oven is often the appliance that produces the

greatest amount of radiation in most homes. The second largest radiation-

producing device is the hairdryer.

Don't let your school install Wi-Fi in the classrooms and fight any decision

to install a cell phone tower on school property.

Don't live near a cell phone tower if you have any choice in this. Check the

quantity and locations of cell phone towers and antennas near your home by

going to Barring a life-threatening emergency, children should not use a cell

phone, or a wireless device of any type. Children are far more vulnerable to

cell phone radiation than adults, because of their thinner skull bones.

Reduce Your Cell Phone Use: Turn your cell phone off more often. Reserve

it for emergencies or important matters. As long as your cell phone is on, it

emits radiation intermittently, even when you are not actually making a call.

Use a Land Line at Home and at Work: Although more and more people

are switching to using cell phones as their exclusive phone contact, it is a

dangerous trend and you can choose to opt out of the madness.

Reduce or Eliminate Your Use of Other Wireless Devices: You would be

wise to cut down your use of these devices. Just as with cell phones, it is

important to ask yourself whether or not you really need to use them every

single time. If you must use a portable home phone, use the older kind that

operates at 900MHz. They are no safer during calls, but at least many of them

donot broadcast constantly even when no call is being made.

Alternatively you can be very careful with the base station placement as that

causes the bulk of the problem since it transmits signals 24/7, even when you

aren't talking. So if you can keep the base station at least three rooms away



from where you spend most of your time, and especially your bedroom, they

may not be as damaging to your health.

Ideally it would be helpful to turn off your base station every night before you

go to bed.

But you can pretty much be sure your portable phone is a problem if the

technology is DECT, or digitally enhanced cordless technology.

Use Your Cell Phone Only Where Reception is Good: The weaker the

reception, the more power your phone must use to transmit, and the more

power it uses, the more radiation it emits, and the deeper the dangerous radio

waves penetrate into your body. Ideally, you should only use your phone with

full bars and good reception.

Also seek to avoid carrying your phone on your body as that merely

maximizes any potential exposure. Ideally put it in your purse or carrying bag.

Placing a cell phone in a shirt pocket over the heart is asking for trouble, as is

placing it in a man's pocket if he seeks to preserve his fertility.

Don't Assume One Cell Phone is Safer Than Another. There's no such thing as

a "safe" cell phone.

Keep Your Cell Phone Away From Your Body When it is On: The most

dangerous place to be, in terms of radiation exposure, is within about six

inches of the emitting antenna. You do not want any part of your body within

that area.

Respect Others Who are More Sensitive: Some people who have become

sensitive can feel the effects of others' cell phones in the same room, even

when it is on but not being used.

If you are in a meeting, on public transportation, in a courtroom or other

public places, such as a doctor's office, keep your cell phone turned off out of

consideration for the 'second hand radiation' effects. Children are also more

vulnerable, so please avoid using your cell phone near children.

Use Safer Headset Technology: Wired headsets will certainly allow you to

keep the cell phone farther away from your body. However, if a wired headset

is not well-shielded -- and most of them are not -- the wire itself acts as an

antenna attracting ambient information carrying radio waves and transmitting

radiation directly to your brain.


http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2009/11/05/Top-Safe-Cell-Phones-That-Arent-Safe.aspx


Make sure that the wire used to transmit the signal to your ear is shielded.

The best kind of headset to use is a combination shielded wire and air-tube

headset. These operate like a stethoscope, transmitting the information to your

head as an actual sound wave; although there are wires that still must be

shielded, there is no wire that goes all the way up to your head.

9.2 Nutritional Support:

Take supplemental melatonin to counteract the suppression of pineal gland

secretion. I recommend 300 mcg to 3 mg every evening, half an hour before

bedtime.

Take supplemental vitamins C and E, which, according to early studies,

significantly decrease tissue damage caused by cell phones (August 2007,

Toxicology and Industrial Health). I recommend daily dosages of at least 1-2

grams of mineral buffered vitamin C (in divided doses) and 800 IU of vitamin

E.

Take honeybee propolis, a rich source of the potent free-radical scavenger and

antioxidant caffeic acid. In lab rat studies, caffeic acid significantly protected

against cell phone-induced damage to heart and kidney tissue (October 2005,

Toxicology and Industrial Health; August 2005, Molecular and Cellular

Biochemistry). I recommend 500-1,000 mg of propolis twice daily. I like YS

Organic Bee Farms Propolis, which is available at Vitacost..

Increase your intake of apples, turnips, radishes, cauliflower, bok choy,

arugula, kale, and cabbage, all of which are good sources of caffeic acid.

Take Ginkgo biloba. After seven days' exposure to cell phones, the oxidative

damage to brain tissue in control rats was significant, and their natural brain

tissue antioxidant levels were depleted. But in rats pretreated with Ginkgo

biloba, brain damage was prevented and natural brain antioxidant levels were

preserved (February 2004, Clinica Chimica Acta). I recommend 60-120 mg

daily.

Take supplemental zinc. It is known to protect against a cell membrane-

damaging process known as lipid peroxidation, which electropollution causes



in brain tissue. In laboratory rats exposed to electropollution for five minutes

every other day for six months, plasma zinc levels significantly dropped . I

recommend 15 mg daily


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Mini Project Documentation