Mini A-CAES Energy Storage Forum FS.ppt [modalit

AG MiniAG Mini--AA--CAES/2CAES/2--TES: TES:

Above Ground Compressed Air Energy Storage 1 to 10 MW Above Ground Compressed Air Energy Storage 1 to 10 MW

combined with a twocombined with a two--level Thermal Energy Storagelevel Thermal Energy Storage(“…make Wind Farm / PV (“…make Wind Farm / PV dipatchabledipatchable”)”)

Federico Santi, University of RomeFederico Santi, University of Rome

AG Mini AAG Mini A--CAES/2 TES ConceptCAES/2 TES Concept

MiniMini--AA--CAES: Compressed Air Energy Storage combined with twoCAES: Compressed Air Energy Storage combined with two--level Thermal Energy Storage, size 1 to 10 MWlevel Thermal Energy Storage, size 1 to 10 MW

CAES is a well known energy storage technology (two existing plants in the world: US and Germany)

Several research groups are exploring innovation in CAES techs (RWE/GE Adele, ESPC, SustainX, etc.)

Our proposal “AG Mini A-AES / 2 TES” is an evolutionary CAES system with:

• Above Ground (“AG”) compressed air storage (not underground cavern, but steel tanks)

• Medium-Small Size (“Mini”) i.e. 1 to 10 MW, about 8 hrs charge / 2 hrs discharge (it can be modified)

• Adiabatic (“A-CAES”): heat produced during compression stored/used to heat air before expansion

• Two-level thermal energy storage (“2 TES”), molten salt and pressurized hot water

Adiabatic CAES concept: compressed air coming out from the

storage system has to be heated before to enter in the air

expander to generate electric power

CAES fired → Natural gas combus�on (CO2 emissions)

The heat produced during compression phase is

dissipated (low compression-phase efficiency)

A-CAES → Heat stored in a TES system

The heat produced during the compression phase is

stored and then used for the power generation


The (Evolutionary) IdeaThe (Evolutionary) IdeaOur idea is based on the following, simple 5 main milestones5 main milestones:

We see 13 good reasons to choose AG Mini-A-CAES/2 TES for smart grids / balancing renewables

Wind Farm (or PV)

Grid

Above Ground Compressed Air Storage SystemAbove Ground Compressed Air Storage System


Compressed Air Storage System: Steel-Pipes (42” o 48”) H or V in a concrete building

Alternative: Normal Steel Tank

Design Specifications:

�Standard: EN 13445

�Storage Capacity: 0,14 to 14 Mm3.

�Storage pressure up to 100÷÷÷÷150 bar

�In/Out Air Flow about 300 kg/s.

�System response time: few minutes

�Cost: about 40 M€ for 3 Mm3 system

�Standard: EN 13445

�Max pressure: 55Barg

�Max temperature: 100°C

�Corrosion: 3mm

�Material: P355 NH EN10028-3

High-Performance

Compressed Natural Gas

(CNG) Technologies

Traditional

Compressed Air

Technologies

Above Ground Compressed Air Storage SystemAbove Ground Compressed Air Storage System


Surface CAES – Vertical Configuration

Possible Application in a 1200 MW CCGT

Power Plant (Civitavecchia, Rome)

Vertical ConfigurationHorizontal Configuration

AG CAES example (GE Gas Turbine, not “A”, not “Mini”, no “TES”)

Combining AG and TES: an Optimization ProblemCombining AG and TES: an Optimization Problem


50 MW Wind Farm + AG A-CAES example (charge 8 hrs eq., discharge 2 hrs eq.)

• Traditional Compressed Air Tanks

• Experimental TES: Concrete Blocks

Comments:

• Low Efficiency (54%)

• Experimental TES

• High Cost of Traditional

Compressd Air Storage Tank

but…

• Total Investment Cost

(2000 €/kW) less than NaS batteries

• Size optimized for medium-small • Size optimized for medium-small

wind farms and/or large PV plants

• Fast Response Time

(few minutes)

• Capable to balance RES

• No siting problems (hydro-

pumping, UG CAES, …)

• No cycling problems

• No fossil fuels

• No fire/explosion hazards

• No risks for the environment


Benefits:Benefits:

Low cost materials

Flexible design

Small exergetic losses

Small energetic losses

TwoTwo--level Thermal Energy Storagelevel Thermal Energy Storage

High

Temperature:

Solar Grade

Molten SaltsDifferent TES Systems:

TES MAIN ISSUE

Low

Temperature:

Pressurized

Water

Molten Salts

Pressurized water and molten salt hybrid TES most promising solution solving the issues shown in the others

TES MAIN ISSUE

Phase Changing Material Low efficiency due to high exegetic losses

Diathermic Oil Can be used both as TES and heat transfer fluid

but high cost, safety and environmental issues

Molten Salt Low cost,

but high solidification temperature

Pressurized water Low cost, but low storage temperature

Concrete blocks Variable out temp., low efficiency

Hybrid Solutions:

Super-heated water and concrete

Super-heated water and molten salt

Two pressure levels plant schemeTwo pressure levels plant scheme



Ex. “Catalogue” Components and PerformancesEx. “Catalogue” Components and Performances

Compression:

GE Turbo Expander

Compression:

35% P / min

response time < 5 min

Generation:

20% P /min,

response time < 10min

9

AG MiniAG Mini--AA--CAES/2 TES CAES/2 TES Cost EstimatesCost Estimates

One pressure level

Min/max pressure 13/22 bar

Roundtrip efficiency 63%

Easier control strategy

Lower cost

Cost estimates (10 MW):

Two pressure levels

Min/max pressure 34/56 bar

Roundtrip efficiency 64%

Slightly more complex control

Higher cost

Cost estimates (10MW):


Cost estimates (10 MW):

• 940 €/kWh

• 2000 €/kW

Cost estimates (10MW):

• 980 €/kWh

• 2330 €/kW

Component 1 pressure level (€/kW) 2 pressure levels (€/kW)

Heat exchangers 238 12% 572 25%

Turbomachinery 398 20% 323 14%

TES 29 1% 63 3%

Compressed air tanks 1152 58% 1099 47%

Contingency/civil works 182 9% 276 12%

Total 1999 2333

Investment cost breakdown (CAPEX)

1,2%4,1%

12,9%

17,1%

64,6%

AG MiniAG Mini--AA--CAES/2 TES CAES/2 TES Main FeaturesMain Features


AG Mini A-CAES

2 TES

Salt TES losses

Water TES losses

Air Tank energy losses

Exhaust residual heat losses

Useful energy

Energy BalanceEnergy Balance

2 pressure

levels A-

CAES

1 pressure

level A-

CAES

NaS Battery Pb Acid

advanced

Battery

Li-ion Bat-

tery

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000Life cycles comparative

2 pressure

levels A-

CAES

1 pressure

level A-

CAES

NaS Battery Pb Acid ad-

vanced Bat-

tery

Li-ion Bat-

tery

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000Installation cost [€/kW]

Comparison with other ES technologies:

Enormous durability advantage compared to whatever battery

Installation cost comparable with batteries, less than hydro

More environmental friendly and safe than batteries

Fully made by existing and well proved components, no R&D

Flexible to be used in a wide range of applications

Siting much easier than hydro-pump

AG Mini AAG Mini A--CAES/2 TES CAES/2 TES –– History / StatusHistory / Status


Jul . 2009/Jan.2010: “Study of the maximum installable RES power capacity in the Italian electrical system” – AIEE / Energy Foundation

(key-findings: storage convenient, 4 GW in 2020 + 5 GW wind/storage in 2030)

Oct/Nov 2010: Proposal for a full-scal Wind + Above gound CAES demo project, discussed with ENEL (Donatini, Zulberti)

Aug. 2010: “Electricity Storage in Italy: a Long Term Cost-Benefit Analysis Conducted with a Markal-Times Model of the Italian

Electrical System” – IAEE European Conference, Vilnius 26-08-2010

Aug. 2010/Jan.2012: N.6 M.Sc. Thesis in Energy Engineering about Above-Ground CAES/TES (Compressed Air Energy Storage with

Thermal Enegy Storage) wind-farm integrated”, Professors M.Cumo and F. Santi; simulation/optimization modellingThermal Enegy Storage) wind-farm integrated”, Professors M.Cumo and F. Santi; simulation/optimization modelling

Sept. 2011: start-up “CelertechCelertech” - financial advisor and business incubator for Smart Grid /ES technologies

Jun. 2012: start-up “StorAgeStorAge” - A spin-off company to accelerate the AG Mini-A-CAES/2-TES technology developement

STATUS: Basic Engineering Design ready for several options, 1 to 10 MW

Front-End Engineering Designed phased-up, to be finished within 6 months

Venture Capital Interest Collected from Potential Industrial Partners

NEXT-STEPS: First Mover (demo, 1 to 10 MW)

Business model / regulation (market or tarifs?)

ConclusionsConclusions


AG Mini A-AES / 2 TES is an evolutionary CAES system with the following charactestics:

• Existing components already available on the market (zero time-to-market, no further R&D activity)

• Above Ground CAES (without any problem of siting)

• Medium-Small Size 1 to 10 MW (smart grid / dispatchable renewables oriented)

• Adiabatic (no needs for fossil fuels)

• Two-level TES, molten salt and pressurized hot water (high efficiency , low cost, safe TES)

• No fire/explosion hazardousNo fire/explosion hazardous

• No environmental concerns

• Flexible. Fast response to dynamic load (few minutes) during charge and discharge.

• No limits to the number, depth, frequency, duration of the charge/discharge cycles.

• Long lifetime, high IRR

• Low O&M cost (OPEX).

• Efficiency up to 65%, comparable to hydro-pump

• Investment Cost (CAPEX) lower than NaS and Li-Ion batteries

AG Mini AAG Mini A--CAES 7/2 TES will play a major role in Energy Storage world market during the next 10 yearsCAES 7/2 TES will play a major role in Energy Storage world market during the next 10 years

Thank YouThank You


Federico SantiFederico SantiRome University La Sapienza, M.Sc. Energy Engineering Professor

Scientific Director of Italian Association od Energy Economists (AIEE) / Energy Foundation

Energy Manager of the Italian Agency for Air Traffic Management

Energy Manager of Port of Rome (Civitavecchia, Fiumicino and Gaeta)

Managing Director of the independent consultant engineering company:

Studio Santi – Innovation in Energy

Via Cavour 18 Via Cavour 18 –– 00058 Santa Marinella (RM) 00058 Santa Marinella (RM) –– ITALYITALY

phone: +39 0766537905phone: +39 0766537905

mobile: +39 3666708014mobile: +39 3666708014

ee--mail: [email protected]: [email protected]

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Mini A-CAES Energy Storage Forum FS.ppt [modalit