Minerals and RocksMinerals and RocksMr. WeissMr. Weiss

Team BlazersTeam Blazers3rd quarter 20103rd quarter 2010

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Did you see the size of that rock on Did you see the size of that rock on her finger?her finger?

What is wrong with this statement?What is wrong with this statement?

Vocabulary for MineralsVocabulary for Minerals

MineralMineralCrystalCrystalMagmaMagmaSilicatesSilicatesHardnessHardnessLusterLuster

• Cleavage• Fracture• Gem• Streak• Solution

What is a mineral?What is a mineral?

MineralMineral - A naturally occurring, - A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and orderly arrangement of composition and orderly arrangement of atoms.atoms.

Some Examples of mineralsSome Examples of minerals QuartzQuartz TopazTopaz CalciteCalcite DiamondDiamond FeldsparFeldspar

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Formed naturallyFormed naturally InorganicInorganicElement or compound Element or compound Crystalline solidsCrystalline solids

StructureStructure

CrystalCrystal - A solid in which the atoms are - A solid in which the atoms are arranged in orderly, repeating patters.arranged in orderly, repeating patters.

MagmaMagma - Hot melted rock. Some - Hot melted rock. Some crystals are created from magma.crystals are created from magma.

SolutionSolution - A mixture in which one - A mixture in which one substance is completely and evenly substance is completely and evenly mixed into another substance.mixed into another substance.

SilicatesSilicates - Minerals that are made of - Minerals that are made of Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)

Identifying MineralsIdentifying Minerals

HardnessHardness - How easily a mineral can be - How easily a mineral can be scratched.scratched. Measured by the Mohr scale: 1-10 Measured by the Mohr scale: 1-10

(Diamond is a “10”, the hardest mineral)(Diamond is a “10”, the hardest mineral)

Copy diagram on the bottom of page 69 in science Copy diagram on the bottom of page 69 in science books.books.

Identifying MineralsIdentifying Minerals

Luster - The way a mineral reflects lightLuster - The way a mineral reflects light

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Identifying MineralsIdentifying Minerals

StreakStreak - The color of a mineral when it - The color of a mineral when it is in powdered form.is in powdered form.

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Identifying MineralsIdentifying Minerals

CleavageCleavage - The way that a mineral - The way that a mineral breaks along it’s edges is smooth.breaks along it’s edges is smooth.

FractureFracture - When a mineral breaks with - When a mineral breaks with an uneven or jagged edge.an uneven or jagged edge.

See pictures on page 71 of Science book.See pictures on page 71 of Science book.

Uses of MineralsUses of Minerals

Gems - Rare, beautiful and expensive. Gems - Rare, beautiful and expensive. Clearer, brighter and more colorful.Clearer, brighter and more colorful. Always more valuable than regular Always more valuable than regular

mineralsminerals Largest Diamond in the world is the “Hope Largest Diamond in the world is the “Hope

Diamond”. Diamond”. 45.52 carats -->45.52 carats -->

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Uses of MineralsUses of Minerals

Ores - deposits in which a mineral Ores - deposits in which a mineral exists in a large enough amount that the exists in a large enough amount that the mineral can be mined for a profit.mineral can be mined for a profit. ExamplesExamples

IronIronAluminumAluminumTitaniumTitanium

Rocks - VocabularyRocks - Vocabulary

RockRockRock CycleRock Cycle IgneousIgneous IntrusiveIntrusiveLavaLavaExtrusiveExtrusiveBasalticBasalticGraniticGranitic

• Andesitic• Metamorphic• Foliated• Nonfoliated• Sediments• Sedimentary• Compaction• Cementation

What is a Rock?What is a Rock?

Common Rock - a mixture of such Common Rock - a mixture of such minerals, volcanic glass, organic matter minerals, volcanic glass, organic matter or other materials.or other materials. Most rock contains one or more rock Most rock contains one or more rock

forming minerals such as feldspar, mica or forming minerals such as feldspar, mica or calcite.calcite.

The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle

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The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle

Rock Cycle - The Rock Cycle - The rock cyclerock cycle illustrates illustrates how the process that creates and how the process that creates and changes the three types of rocks.changes the three types of rocks.

The The rock cyclerock cycle shows the three types of shows the three types of rocks - igneous, metamorphic, and rocks - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary - and the process that sedimentary - and the process that forms them.forms them.

Igneous rockIgneous rock

Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks - When hot magma - When hot magma cools and hardens, it forms cools and hardens, it forms igneous igneous rock.rock.

MagmaMagma - Melted rock beneath the - Melted rock beneath the earth’s surface.earth’s surface.

LavaLava - Magma that reaches the earth’s - Magma that reaches the earth’s surface and flows from volcanoes.surface and flows from volcanoes.

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Igneous RockIgneous Rock

Intrusive rockIntrusive rock - Rocks that form from - Rocks that form from magma below the surface. Their visual magma below the surface. Their visual appearance shows individual crystals appearance shows individual crystals interlocked together to form the rock interlocked together to form the rock massmass

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Igneous RockIgneous RockExtrusive RocksExtrusive Rocks - Formed on the - Formed on the

surface as lava cools. They are surface as lava cools. They are characterized by fine-grained textures characterized by fine-grained textures because their rapid cooling at or near because their rapid cooling at or near the surface did not provide enough time the surface did not provide enough time for large crystals to grow.for large crystals to grow.

Igneous RockIgneous Rock

Volcanic Glass - rocks that cooled so Volcanic Glass - rocks that cooled so quickly that few or no mineral grains quickly that few or no mineral grains formedformed

EXAMPLES - OBSIDIAN, SCORIA, PUMICEEXAMPLES - OBSIDIAN, SCORIA, PUMICE

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Classifying Igneous RockClassifying Igneous Rock

Intrusive or ExtrusiveIntrusive or Extrusive 3 types of both intrusive or extrusive3 types of both intrusive or extrusive1.1. Basaltic - dense, dark colored rockBasaltic - dense, dark colored rock2.2. Granitic - light colored, lower density Granitic - light colored, lower density

rocks.rocks.3.3. Andesitic - mineral compositions Andesitic - mineral compositions

between basaltic and granitic.between basaltic and granitic.

Sedimentary Rock

Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks - rocks that have Metamorphic Rocks - rocks that have changed due to changes in temperature changed due to changes in temperature and pressure or the presence of watery and pressure or the presence of watery fluids.fluids.

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Metamorphic

Metamorphic rocks can form from igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks through heat and pressure.

Heat and pressure occurs below the surface of the earth. The deeper the hotter and higher the pressure.

Classifying Metamorphic Rock

Foliated - When mineral grains flatten and line up in parallel layers.

Example - Slate

Nonfoliated - Mineral grains grow and rearrange but do not form layers.

Example - Marble