Mineral Nutrition for Vegetable Crops · Mineral Nutrition for Vegetable Crops Liz Maynard, Dept. of Hort and LA, Purdue ... – Mineral nutrients – Other elements and compounds

Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.

Mineral Nutrition forVegetable Crops

Liz Maynard, Dept. of Hort and LA, Purdue

January 5, 2017 Illiana Vegetable Growers Symposium1

$$FertilizerCost

15-50%preharvest

variablecosts3– 10%

GrossReturns

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

6/25 7/5 7/15 7/25

FoliarBlackRotSymptoms(%)

Date

Fig. 2. Black rot at EcoHio and LIFE Farms. a. Soil amendment effects.

FTNSVDVM

a.


HealthySoilPhysical

– Structure– PoreSpace– PoreSizes

Biological– Arthropods– Earthworms– Microbes

Chemical– pH– Mineralnutrients– Otherelementsandcompounds


EssentialElementsforPlants

4

MacronutrientsNitrogen NPhosphorus PPotassium K

Calcium CaMagnesium MgSulfur S

MicronutrientsCopper CuIron FeManganese MnMolybdenum MoNickel NiZinc ZnBoron BChlorine Cl

soil minerals

soil organic matter

––

–

––

–

– –

–

H+H+H+

H+

H+

H+

–Ca++

Ca++Ca++

K+

K+

NH4+ NO3

-

H2PO42-

K+

SO4- Fe Mg2+

Ca2+

cation exchange sites

soil solution

Inputs:Fertilizers•OrganicMatter

NitrogenFixation

Losses:Leaching•PlantRemovalErosion•Denitrification E.Maynard

PurdueUniv.


SoilTestforpHandPlantNutrients


pH6.0- 6.8

Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Crop

N(lb

./100

0sq.ft.)

Bean

s, sn

ap0.9

Peas

0.9As

parag

us, e

stabli

shed

1.1Ra

dish

1.1Sw

eet p

otato

1.4Cu

cumb

er, sl

icers

1.8Pu

mpkin

1.8Sq

uash

, hard

1.8Sq

uash

, sum

mer

1.8Zu

cchin

i1.8

Turni

p2.1

Musk

melon

2.3W

aterm

elon

2.3Be

ets, re

d2.3

Gree

ns, le

afy

2.3Ru

tabag

a2.3

Swiss

chard

2.3Le

ttuce

, leaf

2.3Ca

rrots,

fresh

mark

et 2.3

Parsl

ey2.3

Parsn

ip2.3

Pepp

er, be

ll2.3

Eggp

lant

2.8To

mato,

fresh

mark

et 2.8

Swee

t corn

2.8Ca

bbag

e, Ch

inese

2.8Pa

k cho

i2.8

Garlic

2.8

Onion

, gree

n3.0

Broc

coli

3.2Br

usse

ls sp

routs

3.2Ca

bbag

e, fre

sh m

arket

3.2Ca

uliflo

wer

3.2Ko

hlrab

i3.2

Lettu

ce, h

ead

3.2Le

ttuce

, roma

ine

3.2Ma

rket g

arden

3.2

Celer

iac3.4

Leek

3.4Sp

inach

3.9Po

tato

4.1On

ion, d

ry bu

lb 4.4

Celer

y, fre

sh m

arket

4.6

01

23

45

Beans,snap

Peas

Asparag

us,esta

blished

Radis

h

Sweetp

otato

Cucumb

er,slicers

Pump

kin

Squash,hard

Squash,sum

mer

Zucchin

i

Turnip

Muskm

elon

Wate

rmelo

n

Beets

,red

Greens,le

afy

Rutab

aga

Swissch

ard

Lettu

ce,le

af

Carro

ts,freshm

arket

Parsley

Parsn

ip

Pepp

er,bell

Eggplan

t

Toma

to,fr

eshm

arket

Sweetcorn

Cabb

age,Ch

inese

Pakc

hoi

Garlic

Onion

,green

Broccoli

Brusselssprouts

Cabb

age,fre

shm

arket

Cauliflo

wer

Kohlr

abi

Lettu

ce,head

Lettu

ce,ro

maine

Mark

etgarden

Celer

iac Leek

Spina

ch

Potat

o

Onion

,dry

bulb

Celer

y,fre

shm

arket

N(Lb

/100

0sq.ft.)

100lb./A

140lb./A

200lb./ANitrogenRecommendationsforVegetableCrops

Adaptedfrom

Warncke

etal.20

04


NCredits:UsefulforEstimatingNNeededfromFertilizer

12

PreviousCrop NitrogenCreditlb/AN

Alfalfa,established 40+%stand

Clover,established 40+0.5%stand

Wheat +Legume 30+0.5%stand

Soybeans 30

Warncke

etal.20

04


NCredits:UsefulforEstimatingNNeededfromFertilizer

13

CoverCrops• Needtoknowdryweightofcovercrop/AandpercentNManagingCoverCropsProfitably:BUILDINGSOILFERTILITYANDTILTHWITHCOVERCROPS

www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-Edition

SoilOrganicMatter


Presidedress NitrateTest(PSNT)

14

UsefulforestimatingnitrogensupplyduringthegrowingseasonSamplesoilshortlybeforerapidcropgrowthandsidedressing ortopdressingDrysamplequicklyorfreezeandsendtosoilanalysislabGuidelinesfromtheNortheast:Sweetcornnosidedressing neededifNO3-N>20-25ppmintop12inchesPumpkin,wintersquash,cabbage,peppers:nosidedressing neededifNO3-N>25-30ppm intop12inches

Reference:UsingthePre-Sidedress SoilNitrateTesttoImproveNitrogenManagementinVegetableCroppingSystems.Spargo,Mangan,andHowell,2013.https://soiltest.umass.edu/fact-sheets/using-pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-improve-nitrogen-management-vegetable-cropping


Phosphorus(P)

15

Build-up:AmountbasedonsoiltestplusthemaintenanceamountMaintenance:Amountremovedbyharvestedportionofcrop

Warncke etal.2004

Soil Test P*(ppm)

Phosphorus Application

< 35 Build-up

35 - 80 Maintenance

> 80 None needed*Bray-KurtzP1extraction.

P2O5RemovedinHarvestedVegetables(lb/ton)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Watermelo

n

Rhubarb

Radish

Tomato,freshmarket

Tomato,processing

Broccoli

Cucumber,slicers

Pumpkin

Swisschard

Turnip

Pepper,ba

nana

Pepper,be

ll

Pepper,ho

t

Cabbage,freshmarket

Eggplan

t

Zucchin

i

Carro

ts,freshm

arket

Celery,freshmarket

Greens,leafy

Lettuce,leaf

Muskm

elon

Beets,red

Squash,hard

Squash,sum

mer

Beans,snap

Sweetpotato

Cauliflower

Onion

,drybu

lb

Onion

,green

Potato

Spina

ch

Garlic

Marketgarden

Sweetcorn

Brusselssprouts

Parsn

ip

Asparagus,established

Peas

P2O5Removed(lb/ton) Lb./100lb.0.25

Adaptedfrom

Warncke

etal.20

04


Potassium(K)

17

Build-up:AmountbasedonsoiltestplusthemaintenanceamountMaintenance:Amountremovedbyharvestedportionofcrop

Warncke etal.2004

Soil K(ppm)

Potassium Application

Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100g)

4 16<85 <115 Build-up

85-135 115-165 Maintenance

>135 >165 None needed

K2ORemovedinHarvestedVegetables(lb/ton)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Watermelo

n

Cucumber,slicers

Turnip

Onion

,drybu

lb

Onion

,green

Eggplan

t

Radish

Pepper,ba

nana

Pepper,be

ll

Pepper,ho

t

Garlic

Marketgarden

Sweetcorn

Greens,leafy

Zucchin

i

Squash,hard

Squash,sum

mer

Cauliflower

Pumpkin

Cabbage,freshmarket

Carro

ts,freshm

arket

Rhubarb

Tomato,freshmarket

Tomato,processing

Beets,red

Lettuce,leaf

Parsn

ip

Swisschard

Brusselssprouts

Asparagus,established

Peas

Broccoli

Muskm

elon

Beans,snap

Celery,freshmarket

Spina

ch

Potato

Sweetpotato

K2ORemoved(lb/ton)

Lb./100lb.0.70

Adaptedfrom

Warncke

etal.20

04


Pumpkins

29

Nitrogen:– Preplant:50– Sidedress:30-40

Total:80-90lb./A

Sidedressing Nnotneededifsoilorganicmatterisgreaterthan3%andfollowingalegume

MWVegProdGuide2017(ID-56)p.104


Pumpkins

30

Phosphorus– 0to150lb /AP2O5dependingonsoiltest

Forthisexample:36lb./AP2O5

Warncke etal.2004

Soil Test P Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 15 25

Recommended Lb. P2O5/A

25 118 136

45 - 80 18 36

90 0 0


Pumpkins

31

Potassium– 0to200lb /AK2Odependingonsoiltest

Forthisexample:170lb./AK2O

Warncke etal.2004

Soil K Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 15 25CEC-> 4 12 4 12

Recommended Lb. K2O/A

40 156 206 224 274

115 102 102 170 170

135 0 102 0 170


Pumpkins.Option1.

35

Preplant:– 36lb./ANfrom80lb.urea(45-0-0)– 14lb./ANand– 36lb.P2O5from78lb.DAPbanded2x2– 170lb./AK2Ofrom283lb.KCl (0-0-60)

Sidedress:– 30lb./ANfrom10gallons28%UAN

Urea:45-0-0(N-P2O5-K2O)36lb./Adividedby0.45=80lb./ADAP:18-46-014lb./Adividedby0.18=78lb./A36lb./Adividedby0.46=78lb./AKCl:0-0-60170lb./Adividedby0.60=283lb./AUAN:28-0-0,10.65lb./gal30lb./Adividedby0.28=107lb.AUAN107lb./10.65lb./gal=10gal

Formulas:1.Lbs.nutrientperAdividedby%nutrientinthefertilizer(writtenasadecimal,e.g.10%=0.10)=Lbs.fertilizerperA

2.Lbs.fertilizerperAtimes%nutrientinthefertilizer(writtenasadecimal)=Lbs.nutrientperA


Tomatoes

38

Nitrogen:– Preplant:30– Transplantstarter:– Sidedress:60-80

Total:100-120lb./A

Reducebycreditsfromlegumesandsoilorganicmattergreaterthan3%

MWVegProdGuide2017(ID-56)p.125-126


Tomatoes

40

Phosphorus– 0to240lb /AP2O5dependingonsoiltest

Forthisexample:24lb./AP2O5

Warncke etal.2004

Soil Test P Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 20 30

Lb. P2O5/A

25 116 124

45 - 80 16 24

90 0 0


Tomatoes

41

Potassium– 0to300lb /AK2Odependingonsoiltest

Forthisexample:210lb./AK2O

Warncke etal.2004

Soil K Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 20 30CEC-> 4 12 4 12

Lb. K2O/A

40 194 244 264 300

115 140 140 210 210

135 0 140 0 210


AcresorLinearBedFeet?

42

Acres175ft.X90ft.=15,750ft2

15,750ft2/43,560ft2/A=0.36A

LinearBedFeet(LBF)Bedson5-ftcenters175ft.X18beds=3,150LBF

90ft.

175ft.

90ft.

175ft.

Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. 43

BedSpacing LBF/A

Fertilizer Rate (lb/A)30 60 90 120 150 180 210

(ft.) FertilizerRate(lb./LBF)3 14,520 0.0021 0.0041 0.0062 0.0083 0.0103 0.0124 0.0145

4 10,890 0.0028 0.0055 0.0083 0.0110 0.0138 0.0165 0.0193

5 8,712 0.0034 0.0069 0.0103 0.0138 0.0172 0.0207 0.0241

6 7,260 0.0041 0.0083 0.0124 0.0165 0.0207 0.0248 0.0289

8 5,445 0.0055 0.0110 0.0165 0.0220 0.0275 0.0331 0.0386

FertilizerRatesperLinearBedFoot

Seepp.16-17of2017ID-56


Tomatoes– Option2.1000LBF

48

Nitrogen:– Preplant:3.4lb Nfrom7.6lb.urea.Broadcastorworkintobedduringformation.

– Transplantstarter:0.27lb.Nfrom30fl.oz.10-34-0– Fertigate:8.0lb.N

• 5.0lb.NfromCalciumnitrate,32.4lb.–3.2lb.CNperweekfor10weeks

• 3.0lb.NfromPotassiumnitrate,21.2lb.–2.1lb.KNperweekfor10weeks

Total:11.7lb./1000LBFCost:$2.27+$16.77+$15.58=$34.62(doesnotincludestarter)

CalculationsforstarterfertilizerRecommendedrateis48fl.oz.10-34-0in50gal.solution,use8oz.perplant.1.Howmuch10-34-0isneeded?Assume500plantsX8fl.oz.solutionperplant=31gal.ofsolutionneededfor1000LBFFor31gal.ofsolution,use31/48=30fl.oz.10-34-0.

2.HowmuchNandP2O5isinthesolution?1gallon10-34-0weighs11.65lb.30fl.oz.of10-34-0weighs(30/128)X11.65=2.7lb.10-34-0is10%Nbyweightand34%P2O5

2.7lb X0.10=0.27lb.N2.7lb.X0.34=0.93lb.P2O5


Tomatoes– Option2.,cont.1000LBF

49

Phosphorus:– Starter:0.93lb.P2O5 from30fl.oz.10-34-0

Total:0.93lb./1000LBFCost:$0.61Potassium:

– Preplant:9.75lb K2Ofrom16.3lb.potassiumchloride(0-0-60).Broadcastorworkintobedduringformation.

– Fertigate:9.75lb K2Ofrom21.2lb.potassiumnitrate• 2.1lb.KNperweekfor10weeks

Total:19.5lb./1000LBFCost:$4.84+$15.58(alreadyincludedinNcost)

N-P-KTotalcost:$40.07


Tomatoes– Option3.1000LBF

50

Nitrogen:– Preplant:

• 4.4lb.Nfromhairyvetch/ryecovercrop,killedearlyMay• 3.4lb.Nfrom48.6lb.13-0-0organicfertilizer(assume7%available)0.8lb.Nfrom4bushels(140lb)compost3-2-2(assume0.6%available)

– Sidedress:2.9lb.Nifneeded• from41lb.13-0-0

Total:11.5lb./1000LBFCostfor13-0-0:$58

Ifsoilishighinorganicmatterandthereisahistoryofaddingorganicsoilamendments,13-0-0maynotbeneeded

Pricesfor13-0-0frompricepaidin2013forbaggedproduct.


Tomatoes– Option3.,cont.1000LBF

51

Phosphorus:– Preplant:2.8lb.from4bushels(140lb.)compost(3-2-2)

Total:2.8lb./1000LBFCost:??Potassium:

– Preplant:• 2.8lb K2Ofrom4bushels(140lb.)compost(3-2-2)• 16.7lb K2Ofrom33lb.potassiumsulfate(0-0-52)

Total:19.5lb./1000LBFCostforpotassiumsulfate:$15- $40

CostofbaggedNandK2O:$73- $98

Plus:covercropseed,compost

PricesforKSfromwholesalesupplierwebsiteandpricequotein2014.


EfficientFertilizerUseClosetotimeofcropuseInrootzoneofcrop


FoliarFertilization

53

Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. 59

Product Rate*Sprays*Nutrients Applied % ofTomatoCropUptake†

N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2ON-P2O5-K2O lb/A no. lb/A

18-18-18 5-10 3-5 2.7-9 2.7-9 2.7-9 1.5- 5 5.6-19 0.8- 3

20-5-5 3-10 5-10 3-20 0.75-5 0.75-5 1.6- 11 1.6- 10 0.2- 1.5

4-41-27 5-10 3-5 0.6-2 6-20 4-13 0.3- 1 12- 42 1.2- 3.8

ExampleFoliarFertilizationRatesfromProductLabels

*Rateandnumberofsprayssuggestedbyproductlabel.ThisisnotaPurduerecommendation.†TomatouptakeestimatedatN:182lb/A;P2O548lb/A,K2O337lb/A,foryield30tons/A.LorenzandMaynard1980.


FoliarFertilizationWhenRootUptakeisPrevented–PrimaryandSecondaryNutrients

60

Nutrient Lb/A Source

N 4- 5 Urea,UAN,AN,AS,Ca N

K 1- 4 Ksulfate

Ca 1-2 Canitrate,Cachloride

Mg 1- 2 Mgsulfate


FoliarFertilization

61

Micronutrients–Responsivecrops– Identifieddeficiency– Soilapplicationnotpracticaloreffective


FoliarFertilization- Micronutrients

62

Element Lb/A Source HighlyResponsiveCrops

B 0.1- 0.3Sodium

borate,boricacid

Beet,Broccoli, Carrot,Cauliflower,Celery,Parsnip,Rutabaga,Tomato,Turnip

Mn 1-2 Mn sulfateBean,Cuke,Garlic,Greens,Lettuce,Onion,Pea,Potato,Pumpkin,Radish,

Spinach,Squash,Sweetcorn

Zn 1/2 Znsulfate Bean,Onion, Spinach,Sweetcorn

Chelatedelementsmayalsobeused;followlabelinstructions.Reference:NutrientRecommendationsforVegetableCropsinMichigan,E2934.Warncke,DahlandZansdtra,2004.


MonitoringandAdjustingaPlan

63

InSeason– Soilnitratetest– Planttissuesampling–On-farmplantorsoiltesting

AfterorBetweenSeason– Soiltest– Endofseasonsoilnitrate?


Recordkeeping

64

SoiltestresultsLime:typeandtons/AFertilizers:

– Type,analysis,lbs./A– Applicationmethod

Othersoilamendments– Type,nutrientcontent,lbs./A

Covercrops:– Species,seedingrates,plantandterminationdates,terminationmethod


ResourcesMidwestVegetableProductionGuidefor2017(ID-56)mwveguide.org/PurdueEducationStoreedustore.purdue.edu SoilSamplingforP,K,andLimeAY-281-WNutrientRecommendationsforVegetableCropsinMichigan(E2934)msue.anr.msu.edu/resources/nutrient_recommendations_for_vegetable_crops_in_michigan_e2934ManagingCoverCropsProfitably:BUILDINGSOILFERTILITYANDTILTHWITHCOVERCROPSwww.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-EditionUsingthePre-Sidedress SoilNitrateTesttoImproveNitrogenManagementinVegetableCroppingSystems.https://soiltest.umass.edu/fact-sheets/using-pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-improve-nitrogen-management-vegetable-croppingIndianaNutrientManagement/SoilHealthhttps://inagnutrients-public.sharepoint.com


LizMaynard219-548-3674emaynard@purdue.eduClinicalEngagementAssistantProfessorandVegetableExtensionSpecialistDept.ofHorticultureandLandscapeArchitecturePurdueUniversityPOBox1759Valparaiso,IN46384

66

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Mineral Nutrition for Vegetable Crops · Mineral Nutrition for Vegetable Crops Liz Maynard, Dept. of Hort and LA, Purdue ... – Mineral nutrients – Other elements and compounds