ByIndraguna Pinatih

CarbohydrateProteinFatVitamins Minerals WaterSix Classes of Nutrients

small, naturally occurring, inorganic, chemical elementsInorganic: being or composed of matter other than plant or animalserve as structural components and in many vital processes in the bodyThe Minerals

Functions of MineralsSome participate with enzymes in metabolic processes (cofactors)Some have structural functions (Ca, P in bone; S in keratin)Acid-base and water balance (Na, K, Cl)Nerve & muscle function (Ca, Na, K)Unique functions (e.g., heme, B12, thyroid hormones)

Bioavailability, & Regulation of Major MineralsBioavailabilityInfluenced by genetics, aging, nutritional status & other food compoundsAbsorptionSmall intestine & large intestineRegulationKidneys & small intestine

ClassificationMacro or Major mineralsSodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, chloridePresent in body tissues at concentrations >50 mg/kg (50 ppm)

Micro or Trace minerals (body needs relatively less)Chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, copper, zinc, fluoride, iodine, selenium, silicon, tin, arsenic, nickelPresent in body tissues at concentrations

Nutritionally Important Minerals

MacroTraceElementg/kgElementmg/kgCaPKNaClSMg151021.61.11.50.4FeZnCuMoSeIMnCo20-5010-501-51-41-20.3-0.60.2-0.50.02-0.1

The Major Minerals: an OverviewMacromineralsNeeded in > 100 mg/dCalciumPhosphorusMagnesiumSodiumChloridePotassium

Those present at (g/dL) in body fluids or (mg/kg) in tissue = Trace elements

Those found at ng/dL or g/kg = Ultratrace elements

Minerals in FoodsFound in all food groups.More reliably found in animal products.Often other substances in foods decrease absorption (bioavailability) of mineralsOxalate, found in spinach, prevents absorption of most calcium in spinach.Phytate, form of phosphorous in most plants makes it poorly available

Factors Affecting RequirementsPhysiological state/level of productionInteractions with other minerals

Mineral Interactions

Factors Affecting RequirementsPhysiological state/level of productionInteractions with other mineralsTissue storageForm fedinorganic vs organic formsNa selenite vs Na selenate vs selenomethionine

Mineral interaction

Deficiencies and ExcessesMost minerals have an optimal rangeBelow leads to deficiency symptomsAbove leads to toxicity symptomsMineral content of soils dictates mineral status of plants (i.e., feeds)May take many months to developTime impacted by body stores

Requirements and Toxicities

ElementSpeciesRequirement, mg/kgToxic level, mg/kgCuCattleSwine5-86115250CoCattle0.0660ILivestock0.1?SeCattleHorses0.10.13-45-40

Mineral FunctionBone HealthBlood HealthFluid BalanceEnergy MetabolismAntioxidant

Major mineralsLARGEr QuantitiesCalciumMagnesiumPhosphorousSodiumPotassiumChlorideSulfurTrace MineralsSMALLer QuantitiesIronZincCopperFluorideSeleniumIodineChromiumMinerals for: Bone Health Vitamin D Vitamin K

Major mineralsLARGEr QuantitiesCalciumMagnesiumSodiumPotassiumChloridePhosphorousSulfurTrace MineralsSMALLer QuantitiesIodineIronZincCopperFluorideSeleniumChromiumMolybdenumManganeseMinerals for: Blood Health

Bioavailability may be reduced due to other foods consumed at the same timeOxalic AcidPhytic AcidTanninsInterfering with absorption

Major mineralsLARGEr QuantitiesCalciumMagnesiumPhosphorousSodiumPotassiumChlorideSulfurTrace MineralsSMALLer QuantitiesIronZincCopperFluorideSeleniumChromiumMinerals for: Fluid Balance

Vital to cellular functionSodiumPart of sodium chloride (Na+ Cl-) = saltRequired any time there is sweat lossContributes to High Blood PressurePotassium Critical to maintaining heartbeatReduces risk of high blood pressure and strokeGood Sources: bananas, oranges

Electrolytes

Major mineralsLARGEr QuantitiesCalciumMagnesiumPhosphorous SodiumPotassiumChlorideSulfurTrace MineralsSMALLer QuantitiesIronZincCopperFluorideSeleniumIodineChromiumMinerals for: Energy Metabolism

IodineSome food prevent utilization of iodine (called goiterogenous substances); for example, cabbage contains thiocyanate which inhibits iodine uptake by thyroid.Deficiency:Goiter (less severe)Enlarged thyroid gland due to bodys attempt to increase thyroid hormone productionCretinism (more severe)Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy serious problems in babyStunted growth, deaf, mute, mentally retarded.To prevent the development of endemic goiter, tablet salt has been spiked with sodium iodide

Energy Metabolismhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=stryer.figgrp.1942Chromium: CHO

Sulfur: B Vits

OTHER MINERALSManganese (Mn)Selenium (Se)Cobalt (Co)Vanadium (Va)Silicon (Si)Molybdenum (Mo)Boron (Bo)Tin

Definition of termsRDA: Recommended Daily Allowance.FDA: Food and Drug AdministrationADI: Average Daily IntakeDietary intakes of trace elements can be assessed by direct dietary analysis and by taking dietary histories.To estimate positive or negative balances: Direct measurement of total dietary intake over several days + measurement of output in urine, feces and other routes

Requirement RecommendationThe minimum amount of a nutrient necessary to prevent occurrence of specific diseases or disease symptoms.Is usually determined for an individual person by extensive scientific investigations.Varies from individual to individual and is affected by body size, age, sex, and health status.The average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient needs of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals in a group.

Does not include intake for those with any disease, (which can be upwards of 50% of all Americans at any given time).

Must come from consumption of foods (i.e., Dietary), does not include intake from supplements.RequirementRecommended

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