MIND ALTERING… SYNTHETIC (DESIGNER) AND …€“ “bath salts ” – khat ... religious and spiritual healing sessions. salvia divinorum. ... •feces and urine stored in tight

MIND ALTERING…SYNTHETIC (DESIGNER) AND

NATURALLY OCCURING…DRUGS

Cardwell C. Nuckols, [email protected]

www.cnuckols.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.cnuckols.com/

PHARMACOLOGICAL CATEGORIES

• STIMULANT DRUGS– “BATH SALTS”– KHAT (CATHINONE)

• CANNABINOIDS– “SPICE” AND A WIDE VARIETY OF

CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS• DEPRESSANTS

– GHB


• HALLUCINOGENS– 2C-E AND RELATED SYNTHETIC PSYCHEDELIC

PHENETHYLAMINES• THE NEUROSOUP GUIDE

(http://www.neurosoup.com/neurosoup_trip_guide.htm )

– MDMA• 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

– SALVIA DIVINORUM

NEUROSOUP TRIP GUIDE


• OPIOIDS– KRATOM (7-HYDROXYMITRAGYNINE)– KROKODIL (DESOMORPHINE)

• INHALANTS– JENKEM

“BATH SALTS” AND RELATED STIMULANTS







• INGREDIENTS– 3,4-METHYENEDIOXYPYROVALERONE (MDPV)

• MPPP• MDPPP

– 4-METHYLMETHCATHINONE (MEPHEDRONE OR 4-MMC)

• PHARMACOLOGY– MDPV IS A POWERFUL STIMULANT THAT FUNCTIONS AS

DOPAMINE-NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (NDRI)


• PHARMACOLOGY (CONTINUED)– 4-MMC IS CHEMICALLY SIMILAR TO AMPHETAMINE AND

KHAT, MANUFACTURED IN CHINA AND COMES IN TABLETS OR POWDER THAT CAN BE SWALLOWED, SNORTED OR INJECTED

– THEY HAVE STIMULATORY EFFECTS ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

– MDPV AND 4-MMC PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS INCLUDE RAPID HEART RATE, INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE, VASOCONSTRICTION AND SWEATING


• PHARMACOLOGY (CONTINUED)– MDPV AND 4-MMC MENTAL SYMPTOMS

INCLUDE EUPHORIA, INCREASED ALERTNESS, INCREASED WAKEFULNESS, ANXIETY, AGITATION, AND REDUCED DESIRE FOR FOOD AND SLEEP

– MDPV IS REPORTEDLY FOUR TIMES AS STRONG A STIMULANT AS RITALIN AND IS SOMETIMES LABELED AS LEGAL COCAINE OR LEGAL AMPHETAMINE


• TRADE NAMES-SOLD AS PLANT FOOD AND FOR AROMATHERAPY ALSO– MDPV

• “RED DOVE”, “BLUE SILK”, “CLOUD NINE”, “ZOOM”, “BLOOM”, “VANILLA SKY”, “SCARFACE”, AND “STAR DUST”

• ALSO SOLD AS INSECT REPELLANT AND PLANT FOOD WITH NAMES LIKE “BONSAI GROW”

– 4-MMC• “MEPH”, “DRONE”, “MCAT” AND “MEOW, MEOW”

• DURATION OF EFFECTS– MDPV IS ROUGHLY 3-4 HOURS WITH AFTER

EFFECTS LASTING 6-8 HOURS

KHAT• NATIVE TO TROPICAL EAST AFRICA AND

ARABIAN PENINSULA– PART OF SOCIAL CULTURE IN SOME

AREAS• FRESH LEAVES/TOPS CHEWED OR

CONSUMED AS TEA• STIMULANT AND EUPHORIANT• CATHINONE (SCHEDULE 1)• STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR TO

AMPHETAMINE

KHAT PHARMACOLOGY• EUPHORIANT (DOPAMINE)• ANOREXIGENIC• STIMULANT

– DILATED PUPILS– INCREASED HEART RATE– INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE

• HYPNAGOGIC (AUDITORY DREAM LIKE) HALLUCINATIONS (COMING DOWN)

KHAT

KHAT

KHAT

KHAT

KHAT

KHAT

“SPICE” AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS

• INGREDIENTS– A DIVERSE GROUP OF CANNABINOID

RECEPTOR AGONISTS FALLING INTO SEVEN MAJOR STRUCTURAL GROUPS

• NAPHTOYLINDOLES• NAPTHYLMETHYLINDOLES• NAPTHOYLPYRROLES• NAPTHYLMETHYLINDENES• PHENYLACETYLINDOLES• CYCLOHEXYLPHENOLS• CLASSICAL CANNABINOIDS (DIBENZOPYRAN)

SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS• CANNABINOID AGONISTS-RESEARCH CHEMICALS

– JWH-015– JWH-018– JWH-073– JWH-081– JWH-133– JWH-200– JWH-250– JWH-398– CP 47,497– CP 55,244– HU210– WIN 55,212-2

CANNABINOID EFFECTS

• Appetite, feeding behavior and body weight

• Reward and motivation• Mood and anxiety• Pain• Memory

CANNABINOID MODULATORS

• Work on CB-1 and CB-2 receptor sites• Rimonabant (Acomplia)

– Blocks CB-1 receptors– Suppresses appetite– Favorable changes in blood fats,

cholesterol and glucose tolerance– High drop out rate

RIMONABANT• Clinical Trials

– Test subjects• No psychiatric history• No family history

– High Drop-out rate– Psychiatric Side-Effects

• Anxiety• Depression

BRAINWORK (May-June 2006)

CANNABINOID MODULATORS

• Anxiety and depression involve the endocannabinoid system– Rimonabant blocks receptors

• May see increase in psychiatric symptoms

– If boost endocannabinoid system get antianxiety and antidepressant effects

SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS-COMMERCIAL

Rimonabant (also known as SR141716; trade namesAcomplia, Bethin, Monaslim, Remonabent, Riobant,Slimona, Rimoslim, Zimulti, and Riomont) is ananorectic antiobesity drug. It is an inverse agonist forthe cannabinoid receptor CB1. Its main effect isreduction in appetite. Rimonabant blocks thepsychoactive and some of the cardiovascular effectsof Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in humanswithout affecting the pharmacokinetics.


• Dronabinol (Marinol, Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, delta-9-THC) is syntheticTHC. It is used to treat nausea and vomitingcaused by chemotherapy in people who havealready taken other medications to treat this typeof nausea and vomiting without good results.Dronabinol is also used to treat loss of appetite andweight loss in people who have acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Dronabinolis in a class of medications called cannabinoids. Itworks by affecting the area of the brain thatcontrols nausea, vomiting, and appetite.


Nabilone is a synthetic cannabinoid with therapeutic use asan antiemetic and as an adjunct analgesic for neuropathicpain. It is a synthetic cannabinoid, which mimics the mainingredient of cannabis (THC). Chemically, nabilone is similarto the active ingredient found in naturally occurring Cannabissativa L.In Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Mexico, nabilone ismarketed as Cesamet. It was approved in 1985 by the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea andvomiting that has not responded to conventional antiemetics. Though it wasapproved by the FDA in 1985, the drug only began marketing in the United Statesin 2006. It is also approved for use in treatment of anorexia and weight loss inpatients with AIDS.Although it doesn' t have the official indication (except in Mexico), nabilone iswidely used as an adjunct therapy for chronic pain management. Numerous trialsand case studies have demonstrated various benefits for condition such asfibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis.


Sativex is an oromucosal (mouth) spray developed by the UKcompany GW Pharmaceuticals for multiple sclerosis patients,who can use it to alleviate neuropathic pain, spasticity,overactive bladder, and other symptoms. Sativex is also beingprescribed to alleviate pain due to cancer and has beenresearched in various models of peripheral and centralneuropathic pain.Sativex is distinct from all other pharmaceutically produced cannabinoidscurrently available because it is derived from botanical material, rather than asolely synthetic process. Sativex is a pharmaceutical product standardized incomposition, formulation, and dose. Its principal active cannabinoid componentsare the cannabinoids: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Theproduct is formulated as an oromucosal spray which is administered by sprayinginto the mouth. Each spray of Sativex delivers a fixed dose of 2.7mg THC and2.5mg CBD.

SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS (SPICE)

SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS

SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS

SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS {K2 (JWH-018, JWH-073)}


• PHARMACOLOGY– CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS MIMIC THE

EFFECTS OF THC AND ANADAMIDE BY INTERACTING WITH THE CB1 RECEPTOR IN THE BRAIN

– SOME OF THESE SYNTHETICS HAVE A HIGHER AFFINITY FOR THE RECEPTOR THAN CANNABIS THC AND MAY BE PARTICULARLY LONG ACTING

– OFTEN LARGE AMOUNTS OF TOCOPHEROL (VITAMIN E) ADDED TO MASK ANALYSIS


• PHARMACOLOGY (CONTINUED)– SMOKING MIXTURES ARE USUALLY

SOLD IN METAL-FOIL SACHETS TYPICALLY CONTAINING THREE GRAMS OF DRIED VEGETABLE MATTER TO WHICH ONE OR MORE OF THE CANNABINOIDS HAVE BEEN ADDED

• TRADE NAMES– “SPICE GOLD”, “SPICE SILVER”,

“YUCATAN FIRE”, “CHILL X”, “SENSE” AND MANY OTHERS

GHB (CNS DEPRESSANT)

• γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid

• Naturally occurring substance found in the human Central nervous System (CNS)

• General anesthetic, to treat conditions such as insomnia, clinical depression, narcolepsy, and alcoholism, and to improve athletic performance (elevates Human Growth Hormone). It is also used as an intoxicant or as a “date rape drug”. Has a salty taste like baking soda

GHB• Georgia Home Boy", "Juice", “Grievous Bodily

Harm”, "Liquid Ecstasy", "Mils", "G", "Liquid X", and "Liquid G", as well as "Fantasy"

• Its effects have been described anecdotally as comparable with alcohol and ecstasy use, such as euphoria, disinhibition, enhanced sensuality and empathogenic states

GHB

GHB

GHB TOXICITY• LOW DOSE (.5-1.5 GRAMS)• EQUAL TO 1-3 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS)

– Reduces anxiety– Acts as a depressant– Slurred speech– Energetic– Playful – Reduction in motor skills– Mild dizziness

GHB TOXICITY• MEDIUM DOSE (1-2.5 GRAMS)

– Affectionate and sensual response– Increased erectile capacity– Heightened orgasm– Tactile sensitivity– Nausea and grogginess– Increased appreciation for music, dancing

and/or talking

GHB TOXICITY

• High dose (2.5 grams +)– Euphoria– Increased grogginess and nausea/vomiting

• Overdose (greater than 2 grams)– Nausea and vomiting– Like other CNS depressant drugs( alcohol,

heroin)– Seizure activity– Coma

NOTE: Dose is hard to titrate so might quickly move from medium to overdose

SALVIA DIVINORUM

• DIVINER’S SAGE• INDUCES DISSOCIATIVE STATES AND

PRODUCER OF “VISIONS” AND OTHER HALLUCINATORY EXPERIENCES

• SIERRA MAZATECA OF OAXACA, MEXICO• USED BY MAZATEC SHAMANS FOR

RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL HEALING SESSIONS

SALVIA DIVINORUM

SALVIA DIVINORUM

SALVIA DIVINORUM

SALVIA DIVINORUM

SALVIA DIVINORUM PHARAMCOLOGY

• ACTIVE INGREDIENT SALVINORUM A IS A POTENT K-OPIOID AND D2 RECEPTOR AGONIST

• USUALLY SMOKED OFTEN WITH WATER PIPE

• POTENT NATURALLY OCCURRING HALLUCINOGEN ALTHOUGHT DOES NOT SEEM TO WORK THROUGH THE SEROTONIN SYSTEM

SALVIA DIVINORUM-SUBJECTIVE

• POSITIVE– SHORT DURATION ESPECIALLY WHEN

SMOKED– RADICAL PERSPECTIVE SHIFTING– INCREASE IN SENSUAL APPRECIATION– DREAMLIKE EXPERIENCES– INSIGHT INTO SELF

• NEUTRAL– CHANGE IN BODY TEMPERATURE,

FLUSHING– SENSATION OF ENTERING OR PERCEIVING

OTHER DIMENSIONS

SALVIA DIVINORUM-SUBJECTIVE

• NEUTRAL (CONTINUED)– FEELING OF PRESENCE OR ENTITY

CONTACT– DISSOCIATION AT HIGHER DOSES

• NEGATIVE– OVERLY-INTENSE EXPERIENCES– FEAR, TERROR AND PANIC– MILD TO MODERATE HEADACHE– COORDINATION PROBLEMS

KROKODIL• RAMPANT ABUSE IN RUSSIA• MIXTURE OF CODEINE AND GASOLINE,

PAINT THINNER, IODINE, HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND RED PHOSPHOROUS

• DESOMORPHINE-SYNTHESIZED IN US IN 1932

• HEROIN-LIKE EFFECTS (8-10 stronger than morphine)

• MUCH CHEAPER TO OBTAIN-CODEINE SOLD OTC IN RUSSIA

KROKODIL PHARMACOLOGY• Half-life short so have to inject every 90 -120

minutes• Short half-life means Acute Abstinence

Syndrome comes on very quickly• Pharmacology similar to other opioids with

typical subjective effects and acute abstinence syndrome

KROKODIL

KROKODIL

KROKODIL

KROKODIL

KROKODIL

KROKODIL• Name comes from the appearance of the

skin of chronic users and the derivative of codeine (chlorocodide) used in production

• Severe tissue damage, phlebitis and gangrene

• The amount of tissue damage is so severe the life expectancy of a chronic addict is only 3-4 years

“JENKEM” (INHALANT)• FERMENTATION OF HUMAN WASTE• FECES AND URINE STORED IN TIGHT

CONTAINER FOR SEVERAL DAYS• REACTION PRODUCES METHANE GAS• “HUFFED” BY USERS TO CREATE ANOXIA

Documents

MIND ALTERING… SYNTHETIC (DESIGNER) AND …€“ “bath salts ” – khat ... religious and spiritual healing sessions. salvia divinorum. ... •feces and urine stored in tight