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DELHI SULTANATEIMPERIAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

OVERVIEW

• SLAVE DYNASTY

• KHILJI DYNASTY

• TUGHLAQ DYNASTY

• SAYYID DYNASTY

• LODHI DYNASTY

TIMELINE AND SPREAD

SLAVE DYNASTY

• Major developments of Slave Dynasty –• Qutb Minar

• Quwat-ul-islam

• Tomb of Iltutmish

• Tomb of Balban

QUTUB MINAR

Ceiling

• Starting from its base of 47 ft(14.3 m) diameter, it tapers to a width of 9 ft (2.7 m).

• The top storey is approached by a central spiral staircase with 360 steps as it stands today.

• The four balconies projected out over an elaborate system of Stalactite-like pendentives.

• The multiple Niches below the balcony mark the Hindu carver’s graduation in the art of non-figurative Islamic carving.

IRON PILLAR

USE OF CALLIGRAPHY

THE ENTRANCE CARVINGS

QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM

ONE OF THE COLUMN

The Qutb complex consists of a mosque and two minarets enclosed within a series of cloistered precincts.

Complex measures about 235 m (north-south) by 155 m (east-west) along the exterior.

It was entered via four monumental gates along the north, east and south walls, of which only the southern gate (Alai Darwaza) remains.

Quwwat ul Islam Mosque, occupies the southwest corner of the complex.

QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM

A tall screen wall with pointed archways runs along the western edge of the precinct, creating a qibla wall for the prayer spaces.

Also contains several smaller buildings: the Tomb of Iltumish, Ala al-Din Khalji's madrasa, and the Imam Zamin Mosque

The Qutb Minar (minaret) stands in the southeastern part of this enclosure.

TOMB OF ILTUMISH• Iltutmish managed to build the initial

arch across the right-angular junction corners of the walls below.

• These arches in turn were covered with intricate and beautiful Islamic arabesques delicately sunk both into sandstone and marble panels.

• Today there’s just a square base of 30 ft (9m) diameter dome having collapsed long ago.

TOMB OF BALBAN

• Here for the first time a True Arch was put together (in India) and bonded on the scientific system originally formulated by the Roman engineers.

• For the unobtrusive true arches built with radiating voussoirssymbolises the confidence with the subsequent Islamic dynasties to continue.

KHILJI DYNASTY

Ala-ud-din khilji was one of the most prominent ruler of the dynasty that attracted most of the Muslim luminaries like Amir Khusaro.

He inscribed his name as Alexander II in his coins

His architectural projects reflected his character.

In his rule, Islamic builders took a definitive step forward in their art, venturing into many a grandiose and foolhardy projects.

EXPANSION OF QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM

• While Iltutmish had been content with increasing the size by three times, Ala-ud-din increased it by more than six times.

• This was achieved by throwing yet another asymmetrically arranged cloister around the existing one.

• In the center of Northern extn. there were foundations of Alai Minar

• At asymmetrical intervals along the outer walls, it was proposed to install six gateways.

ALAI DARWAZA

JALI WORK

• Alai Darwaza at the Qutb Complex has been built in red sandstone and marble.

• It has exquisite inlaid marble decorations and latticed stone screens.

• Displays remarkable artisanship of Turkish and local artisans who worked on it.

• The main structure of the Alai Darwaza consists of a single hall 34½ feet on the inside and 56½ feet on the outside.

• Domed ceiling rises to a height of 47 feet.

ALAI DARWAZA

VIEW OF ALAI DARWAZA FROM IMAM

ZAMIN’S TOMB

• The three doorways on the east, west, and south are lofty pointed arches, in the shape of a horseshoe, which rise above the flanking side bays.

• A series of squinches of pointed shape, one recessed within the other, in the upper section of each angle of the hall, changes the square into an octagon, and then the octagon into the circle of the dome with an interweaving sixteen-sided shaft formed by a bracket at each end of the octagon.

JAMAT KHANA MASJID

• The first of these large spaces to be produced by rationally conjoining together three cubic compartments each with its own dome , was assembled in the building of Jamat Khana.

• For the first time, the prosaic liwan is transformed into one composite rectangular hall, uninterrupted by columns.

• The three arched openings in the eastern wall satisfactorily replace the maqsura or attached screen of arches.

JAMAT KHANA MASJID WITH THE JAMA MASJID VISIBLE BEHIND

TUGHLAQ DINASTY

• Tomb of Ghias ud din Tughlaq

• Tughlaqabad

• Feroz Shah Kotla

• Khirki Masjid

• Hauz Khas

• Tomb of Telangani

• Buildings were constructed with walls at 75◦ with ground.

• The tomb is connected to the fortress by a 250 yard (228.6m) long causeway, built over what at one time must have been a large sheet of water.

• the tomb has 61ft (20 sqmt) square base.

• Has arched form of constructing and the lintel beam method.

TOMB OF GHIAS-UD-DIN TUGHLAQ

TUGHLAQABAD

• The walled city and fort of Tughlaqabad with its 13 gateways lies east of the Qutab MinarAND 15 GATES IN THE PAST .The third city of Delhi, it was built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq.Its construction involved a legendary quarrel with the saint Nizamuddin, when the Tughlaq ruler took away the workers the latter wanted for work on his shrine.

• CONSTRUCTED IN 14TH CENTURY

• PROBABLY CONSTRUCTED IN 6 YRS FROM 1321-1327 NEAR QUTUB BADHARPUR ROADFOR NEARLY 7KM.

• PURPOSE-DEFENCE MECHANISM AND IMPOSING CAPITAL.

• OCTAGONAL IN SHAPE AND DIVIDED IN3 SECTION , THE FORTS BUILT MASSESARE ALMOST 15M HIGH.

RUINS OF THE CITY OF TUGHLAQABAD

The city is planned as a slightly irregular rectangle, half a mile (800m) long a quarter mile (400m) wide, defined by moderately defensive walls.

The eastern side and longer side are parallel and face the bank of the river.

Main entrance is in the middle of the side opposite to the river.

Directly opposite to this was the Diwan-i-am and just behind was the Diwan-I-khas.

The areas of North and South of the central axis were divided into smaller rect courtyards which had water gardens, tanks, barracks, armoury and servants.

FEROZ SHAH KOTLA

VIEW OF FEROZ SHAH KOTLA

TOMB OF FEROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ

• The mosque's interior is divided into a series of bays by pillars and topped by individual domes.

• To let enough light in, Junan Shah left four large openings in the roof besides building a series of windows in the outer walls.

• Steps lead up to the mosque's roof, from where you have an excellent view of the domes: there would have been 81 in all but nine have collapsed.

KHIRKI MASJID

TIERED DOMES OF THE MASJID

The madrasa complex measures 76 meters N-S by 138 meters along the E-W. The six individual domed pavilions are all scattered in the gardens of

The main structure, which consists of the connected pavilions and domed towers, is a single building in the shape of two arms (or an "L") that run along the south and east edges of the reservoir and intersect at the southeast corner in FiruzShah's tomb. the eastern part of the complex.

South pavilion - One enters through a forecourt facing a two-storied domed tower, of which the central dome has a diameter of 6.15 meters.

HAUZ KHAS

• This was the tomb of Firuz Shah’s Prime Minister, Khan-e-Jahan Telangani.

• Its square in plan except for the Sultan Ghari which was octagonal in plan.

• The spread out base provided by the surrounding veranda certainly lent visual credence to the structure.

• Small kiosks are installed along the base of the dome and the veranda.

TOMB OF TELANGANI

Khizar Khan, the founder of the Saiyids Dynasty, claimed to be a descendent of the Prophet of Islam, Hadrat Muhammad (S. A. W.). Thus his established rule is known as the Saiyids Dynasty. Khizar collaborated with Timur during his invasion on India. As a reward, on his departure from the area. When Mahmud Shah, the last of the Tughlaq rulers, died in 1412, Daullat Khan Lodhi and Khizarboth attempted to occupy the throne of Delhi. In 1414, Khizar won the battle and established the rule of his dynasty in Delhi.

SAYYID DYNASTY

CONCLUSION

The Delhi Sultanate is the only Sultanate to stake a claim to possessing one of the few female rulers in India, Princess RaziaSultana (1236-1240). The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion left lasting monuments in architecture, music, literature, and religion. The architecture of this period greatly influenced the further Mughal style to great extents and also succeeded in changing the face of the city of Delhi.

THANK YOU• 14SA156-NISHIKESH TATHE

• 14SA163-POOJA GOSWAMI

• 14SA165-PRIYANKA BHANUSHALI

• 14SA177-SHUBHANGI ASNANI