INDEX I1

Note: Page numbers in boldface refer to boldface terms in the text. Page numbers followed by italicized f, t, or b indicate fi gures, tables, and boxes.

Abiotic, 57, 57fAbyssal zone, 170Accuracy in measurements, S3Acid deposition, 69, 71, 473, 47983Acidic solution, 37, S40Acidity, 37Acid mine drainage, 359Acid rain, 69, 479, 482bAcquired immune defi ciency syndrome.

See AIDSActive solar heating system, 411, 411f, 412fAcute effect, 454Adaptation, 82Adaptive trait, 82Administrative laws, 644Advanced light-water reactors, 395bAdvanced sewage treatment, 554Advanced tissue culture, 284Advocates for Animals, 205b Aerobic respiration, 59, 67Aerodyne Research, 475b Aerosols, 473, 505Aesthetic value, 190, 191f, 616Affl uence in China, 15 environmental effects of, 19Africa AIDS in, 438 e-waste in, 560 tuberculosis (TB) in, 442Aftershocks, 350Agenda 21, 653Age of genetic engineering, 283Age of oil, S64fAge of wind power, 420Age-structure diagram, 130, 131f, 132fAge structure of populations, 109, 13033Agribusiness, 282Agricultural revolution, 16Agriculture industrialized, 27980, 28283 sustainable, 280, 3079, 307f traditional, 28081Agrobiodiversity, 29192Agroforestry, 303A horizon, 281b AIDS epidemic, 438, 44243, 465 population decline and, 13233, 438Air circulation, 141, 142f, 14344Air plants, 106, 106fAir pollution, 46893 chemical reactions that form, 473t dealing with, 48893

defi ned, 470 global warming and, 505 health effects of, 48688 laws and regulations to control, 48890 marketplace to control, 490 in Mexico City, 59798 reducing, 49192 sources of, 47071, 472fAlaska oil supplies in, 370, 37778 public lands in, 640, 641fAlberta, Canada oil sand resources in, 37980Alcoa, 521Algal blooms, 549Algeria oil reserves in, 376 solar thermal power in, 44Alien species, 92Allen, Trip, 572b Alley cropping, 302f, 303Alligator, American, 77, 77f, 97Alpine tundra, 152Aluminum, 355American bald eagle, 202American Society of Civil Engineers, 592American Solar Energy Association, 515Amino acids, 38, S42Ammonifi cation, 69Amphibians, vanishing, 9395, 94fAmplitude, 350Amyris Biotechnologies, 426Anaerobic respiration, 59Anderson, Ray, 622b, 625Anemia, 277Angola oil reserves in, 376Animal farms, 209Animal manure, 305, 422Anopheles mosquitoes, 445Antarctic ozone depletion and, 52324Antibiotics genetic resistance to, 443bAntiquities Act of 1906 (U.S.), S36, S37Anthracite, 353Apollo 8, S35Appalachia, 35758Appliances, energy-effi cient, 408Applied ecology, 244Aquaculture, 279, 285, 285f, 305 6, 306f advantages and disadvantages of, 293f effects on ecosystems, 293Aquariums, 20910Aquatic biodiversity, 16280Aquatic life zones, 56, 163 organisms in, 16465 types of, 16364Aquatic systems

acid deposition and, 481 aquaculture and, 293 general nature of, 16365 importance of, 16570 invasive species in, 252, 252f, 253b, 26970 sustaining biodiversity of, 25072 threats to, 25057Aquifers, 65, 316, 316f, 32123, 321f, 322f,

323f, 324bAral Sea disaster, 33031, 331fArbitration, 64546Arboreta, 209Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, 510Arctic tundra, 150, 151f, 152, 178, S55f global warming and, 510Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) oil supplies in, 370, 37778Area measurements, S2Area strip mining, 357, 357fArcher, Cristina L., 419Argentina fi re ant, 199200, 200fArizona State University, 651Army cutworm moths and grizzly bears, 102Arnason, Bragi, 399Arrhenius, Svante, 499Arsenic in groundwater, 544Artemisinins, 446Artifi cial coral reef, 261bArtifi cial selection, 88b, 283Asia water resources of, 315Asian Brown Cloud, 468, 475b, 493Asian carp, 270Asian swamp eel, 252Assadourian, Erik, 631Asteroid collisions with earth, 85Asthenosphere, 345, 346fAthabaska River, 379Atmosphere, 54, 46970, 470f ocean and, 143, 144fAtmospheric Brown Cloud Project, 468Atmospheric pressure, 469, S47-48Atomic charge, 36Atomic number, 36Atomic theory, 35Atoms, 3536, 36f, 52f Atatrk Dam, 326fAudubon, John James, 183Audubon Society, 421, 649Auffhammer, Maximillian, 499Australia incandescent lightbulbs in, 409 coal reserves in, 384 gold mining in, 344 wind power production in, 420Austria solar water heaters in, 412Autotrophs, 58Avian fl u, 444b

Index

I2 INDEX

Baby boom (U.S.), 127, 13132, 132fBaby bust, 132Background extinction, 8788, 185Back-to-the-tap movement, 547Bacon, Sir Francis, 119Bacteria drug-resistant, 443b natural selection and, 82, 83f nitrogen fi xing and, 6869Bagasse, 424Bainbridge Graduate Institute, 631Balanced chemical equations, S4445Balance of nature, 118Baleen whales, 257, 258fBangladesh air pollution in, 468 fl ooding in, 33940 global warming and, 523 microlending in, 62627Bank of America, 650Bar graphs, S78, S7f, S8fBarnett, Tim, 327Barrier beaches, 16869, 170fBarrier islands, 168Barrios, 597Basal cell, 526b27bBasel Action Network, 560, 578Basel Convention, 560, 584Baseline data, 73, 74Basic solution, 37, S40Bathyal zone, 170Bats, ecological roles of, 192bBats and moths (coevolution), 105fBatteries, hybrid vehicle, 406bBaum, Julia, 96Beal, John, 537bBeavers, 96Bechtel Corporation, 320Bedrock, 281b Bees colony collapse disorder, 2023 nonnative, 93Belcher, Anela, 406bBelgium coal subsidies in, 621Bennett, Hugh, 304Bentham, Jeremy, S76Benthic zone, 174, 175fBenthos, 164Benz, Carl, 373Bequest value, 190, 616Berea College, 651Beta-carotene, 275, 275fBeyer, Peter, 275B horizon, 281b Bhutan gross national happiness (GNH) and, 620Bias and scientists, 35Bible, S77Bicycles, 600, 600fBiddle, Mike, 572bBig Dry, the, 319Biocultural restoration, 242bBiodegradable pollutants, 16Biodiesel, 406, 42324, 424f, 552Biodiversity, 23, 23f, 7880 aquatic, 16280, 25072 coral reefs and, 170 climate and, 14159 components of, 79, 79f ecosystem approach to preserving, 23945

extinction and, 8789, 183211 food, biofuel production and, 29192 global warming and, 506, 51112 plant, map, S2223f priorities for sustaining, 27172 speciation and, 86 species diversity and, 8991 wilderness and, 238Biodiversity-friendly development, 239Biodiversity hotspots, 239, 240, 241fBiofuels, 42226 production and biodiversity, 29192Biogeochemical cycles, 65Biological capacity, 14Biological community, 53Biological diversity. See biodiversityBiological evolution, 80Biological extinction, 185, 255Biological hazards, 44048Biological magnifi cation, 454Biomass, 62 as energy source, 371, 42226, S70fBiomass plantations, 422Biomes, 55, 55f, 145 air circulation, ocean currents, and, 144f climates effect on, 14557 components and interactions in, S5358 major types of, 146f of North America, S27f wind, climate, and, 140Biomimicry, 366Biomining, 363Biophilia, 192Biophobia, 192Bioplastics, 573bBioremediation, 578Biosphere, 52f, 53, 55 economic systems and, 61215 nutrients cycle in, 65 water cycles through, 6567Biosphere reserves, 237, 237fBiosphere 2, 660, 672Biotic, 57, 57fBiotic potential of species, 109Bird fl u, 444bBirds, decline of species, 19597Birth dearth, 132Birth rate, 126 factors affecting, 128Bisphenol A (BPA), 453bBitumen, 379Bituminous coal, 353Blackburn, Jim, 646bBlackfoot Challenge, 245Blackfoot River Valley and reconciliation

ecology, 24445Black rhinoceros (mutualism), 106fBleaching, 554Bluefi n tuna, 255Blue revolution, 285, 341Blue whales, 258Bogot, Colombia, 606Bolivia water ownership in, 320Bonds (chemical), S4042Boom-and-bust population cycles, 113Boomerang effect, 298Boreal forests, 155, S57fBormann, F. Herbert, 28Boswash, 593, 593f Botanical gardens, 209

Botswana AIDS in, 438Bottled water, 54647Bottom-up population regulation, 113, 114fBraungart, Michael, 624Brazil biodiesel production in, 423 biofuel production in, 423 ethanol production in, 424 hydropower production in, 418 incandescent lightbulbs in, 409 integrated pest management in, 300 renewable energy sources and, 410 solar water heaters in, 412 sustainable city in, 588, 608 tropical forests and, 22427Breeder nuclear fi ssion reactors, 395bBritish Petroleum (BP), 370, 376, 521Broadleaf deciduous trees, 155Broadleaf evergreen plants, 153Broad-spectrum agents, 294Brown-air smog, 477Brownfi elds, 366, 583Brown, Lester R., 15, 137, 310, 400, 409, 497,

515, 516, 606, 631, 628, 629Brown tides, 549Brown tree snake, 11011Buckyballs, S45Buddhism, S76, S77Buffer zone concept, 23637, 237fBuffet, Warren E., 448Buildings cooling naturally, 41213 energy savings in, 4069Burger King, 306Burmese python snake, 200Bush, George H. W., S3637Bush, George W., 261, 519, S3738Bush meat, 2056, 206fBus transportation, 601, 601fButane, 381Butterfl y (Julia Hill), 650bBuyers and sellers, 613Bycatch, 255

Cahn, Robert, 661Calderia, Ken, 504Calhoun County, Texas, 646bCalifornia energy effi ciency and, 43334 greenhouse gas reductions in, 52021California condor, 210California Water Project, 32930, 330fCallender, Jim, 266b Camoufl age, 102Campbell Soup, 297Canada energy effi ciency in, 401 geothermal power in, 427 gold mining in, 344 hydropower production in, 418 incandescent lightbulbs in, 409 oil reserves in, 376 oil sand resources in, 37980 solar energy availability in, S67f solid waste in, 56364 tidal fl ow power plants in, 419 water resources in, 315 wind power production in, 420Cancer, 448, 526b27bCannon, 625

INDEX I3

Cap-and-trade program, 490, 519, 615, 624, 624fCapital types of, 612Captive breeding, 20910Caplow, Ted, 607bCarbon capture and storage (CSS), 516f, 51617Carbon cycle, 6768, 68fCarbon dioxide, 472 atmospheric concentration of, S71f capturing and storing, 516f, 51617 emissions per person, S71f oceans and, 504Carbon Disclosure Project, 521Carbon footprint, calculating, 521Carbon monoxide, 472Carbon neutral, 520Carbon offsets, 521Carbon oxides, 472Carbon tetrachloride, 524Carcinogens, 448Carlton College, 651b Carnivores, 59Carrier, 625Carrying capacity (K) in populations, 110, 111,

112fCars. See Motor vehiclesCar-sharing networks, 599600Carson, Rachel, 294, 295b, S35Carson, Richard, 499Carter, Jimmy, S35Case reports, 457Case study. See also Core case study air pollution in the past, 41 air pollution laws in U.S., 48990 aquifer depletion in U.S., 32223 Aral Sea disaster, 33031 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and oil,

37778 arsenic in groundwater, 544 Bangladesh, fl ooding in, 33940 biodiesel, 42324 biodiversity hotspot in East Africa, 240 Blackfoot River Valley, 24445 California condor, 210 California and energy effi ciency, 43334 California and greenhouse gas reductions,

52021 carbon dioxide, capturing and storing, 51617 Chattanooga, Tennessee, and environmental

transformation, 2122, 21f Chernobyl nuclear power plant, 39091, 391f Chesapeake Bay, 17273, 173f children and toxic chemicals, 455 Chinas new affl uent consumers, 1516 Chinas one-child policy, 13536 coal usage in China, 38485 cockroaches, 92 Colorado River, 32728 Costa Rica and conservation, 23738 decline of bird species, 19597 ecocity in China, 607 Endangered Species Act, U.S., 2078 ethanol, 42426 Everglades restoration, 26768 forest regrowth in U.S., 223 freshwater resources of U.S., 31718, 317f,

318f fuelwood and deforestation, 229 Ganges River, 538 grazing, urban development in American

West, 233

Great Lakes and invasive species, 26970 Great Lakes and pollution, 54041 hazardous waste regulation in U.S., 58283 honeybees, disappearing, 2023 human energy use, 37273 human species and evolution, 83 industrial ecosystems, 366, 367f industrial fi sh harvesting, 25657 industrialized food production in U.S., 28283 inland wetlands losses in U.S., 179 kudzu vine, 198 lead pollution, 47475 malaria, 44447 managing U.S. public lands, 64042 marine turtles, 25960 mass transit system destruction in U.S., 602 Mexico City, 59798 microloans to the poor, 62627 Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC),

649 New Orleans and fl ood control, 17778 PCBs, 449 pesticide use in North Borneo, 29798 point-source pollution reduction in U.S.,

55253 polar bears and global warming, 203 radioactive wastes in U.S., 393 radon-222, 48586 recycling e-waste, 57778 recycling paper, 571 recycling plastics, 57172 refi llable containers, 56869 Rocky Mountain Institute, 412, 413f sharks, protection of, 9697 slowing population growth in India, 13637 smoking, death from, 46263 soil erosion in U.S., 3034 Three Gorges Dam, 32829 Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, 390 trash production and recycling in New York

City, 564 tuberculosis (TB), 442 United States and immigration, 12930 urbanization in U.S., 59192 U.S. General Mining Law of 1872, 36364 U.S. national parks, stresses on, 23435 vanishing amphibians, 9395 watershed protection, 546 whales, 25759 white-tailed deer populations, 11415 wilderness protection in U.S., 23839Cash crops, 279Catastrophic events evolution and, 85 extinction and, 8889Catskill Mountains, 546Cells (atmospheric), 141, 144, 144fCells (biological), 38, 38f, 51, 52f eukaryotic, 51, 52f prokaryotic, 51, 52fCell theory, 51Cellulosic ethanol, 425Center-pivot, low-pressure sprinklers, 334, 335fCentral Arizona Project, 330fCentral Intelligence Agency, U.S., 284Central receiver system, 413, 414fCFCs. See Chlorofl uorocarbons Chain reaction, 40Chambers, Jeffrey Q., 511Chaparral, 15253, 152fChapter projects, S7882

Chattanooga, Tennessee, 2122, 21f ecoindustrial park in, 366Chemical bonds, 37Chemical change in matter, 40Chemical composition, 39Chemical equations, S4445Chemical formula, 37Chemical hazards, 44860. See also Toxic

chemicals effects of, 44853 evaluating and dealing with, 45360Chemical reaction, 40Chemical warfare by species, 102Chemistry, basic, S3945Chemosynthesis, 59Chernobyl nuclear power plant, 39091, 391fChesapeake Bay, 17273, 173fChevron, 376Chimeraplasty, 291China acid deposition in, 480 affl uence and consumers, 1516, 19 air pollutants from, 140, 468 air pollution in, 468 aquaculture in, 285 food production and global warming in, 285 biofuel production in, 423 birth defects in, 44849 carbon dioxide emissions and, 499 carbon emission reduction and, 520 coal reserves in, 384 coal subsidies in, 621 coal usage in, 382, 38485 coastal waters pollution in, 548 composting toilets in, 555 cultural eutrophication in, 539 dams in, 325, 32829 desalinization in, 332 desertifi cation in, 288 ecocity in, 6078 electrical grid system in, 403 energy-effi cient building design in, 407 environmental law and policies in, 647 e-waste in, 560, 57778 fl ooding in, 339 food supply defi cit, 284 fossil fuel consumption in, 372 geothermal power in, 427 giant panda and, 92 glaciers, melting, in, 509 grain importation, 284 grassroots environmental action in, 642 groundwater pollution in, 543 hydropower production in, 418 incandescent lightbulbs in, 409 industrial smog in, 476 irrigation and, 290, 334 Kyoto Protocol and, 519 lead pollution in, 474, 475 meat production in, 293 Ministry of Science and Technology building

in, 407 NRDC in, 653 nuclear power plants in, 395b oil consumption in, 376, 377 oil production peak in, 376 one-child policy and, 13536 per capita ecological footprint of, 14, 122, 136 photochemical smog in, 477 population and resource use per person, 122f poverty in, 626

I4 INDEX

Commercial energy, 372 use by world and U.S., 373fCommercial extinction, 254Commercial fi shing methods, 25657, 256fCommercial inorganic fertilizer, 305Commoner, Barry, S35Common law, 644Common property rights, 13Communicable disease, 440Community (biological), 52f, 53 ecosystems, environmental changes, and,

11519Community-based conservation, 244Community-supported agriculture (CSA),

30910Compact cities, 598Compact fl uorescent lights, 402, 403, 4089Comparative risk analysis, 460, 461f, 462fCompetition reduction by natural selection, 1078Competitive exclusion principle, 102Complex carbohydrates, 38, S42Composite materials in vehicles, 406Compost, 305, 57071Composting toilets, 555Compounds, 35, S40 important to environmental science, 37t inorganic, 38 organic, 38Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act (U.S.), 582, S35

Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), 268

Conduction, 41Conference on Population and Development

(U.N.), 13435Confi ned animal feeding operations, 284Confi ned aquifer, 317fConiferous evergreen trees, 156Consequentialism, S76Conservation, 12Conservation concessions, 231Conservation International, 239, 648, 649Conservationist school of conservation, S32Conservation land trusts, 650Conservation-tillage farming, 303Constitutional democracy, 63637Consumers, in ecosystems, 59Consumption, and species extinctions, 201Contagious disease, 440Containment shell, 388Continental crust, 347Continental glaciers, 348Continental shelf, 166Contour planting, 302, 302fContour strip mining, 357, 357fControlled scientifi c experiment, 28, 28fControl group, 28Control rods, 387Control site, 28Convection, 42Convection cells, 347Conventional natural gas, 381, 383fConventional oil, 375 advantages and disadvantages of, 378, 379fConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 207Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species (CITES), 2067, 257, 648

Climate change, 5, 496528. See also Global cooling; Global warming

costs to mitigate, 518 evolution and, 8485, 85f, 86b extinction of toad, frog species and, 87 forests and, 222, 222f, 230b geo-engineering and, 51718 government actions to reduce threat of,

51821 preparing for, 52223 slowing, 51323 as threat to aquatic systems, 254 vanishing amphibians and, 95Climate change tipping point, 514Climate stabilization wedges, 51415, 515fClimate zones of earth, 142fClimax community, 118Clinton, Bill, S37Closed-loop recycling, 569Clownfi sh (mutualism), 106fClumping, population dispersion and, 108, 109fCluster housing development, 605Cockroaches, 92, 92fCoal, 382 advantages and disadvantages of, 382 consumption of, world, S61f deposits of, North America, S62f formation of, 383f pollution from, 476, 517 versus nuclear power, 392fCoal bed methane gas, 381Coal-burning power plant, 383f effi ciency of, 402 mercury pollution by, 451bCoal gasifi cation, 386Coal liquefaction, 386Coal-to-synfuels, 517Coastal coniferous forests, 156Coastal wetlands, 166Coastal waters pollution, 54749, 548fCoastal zone, 165Cobalt, 355, 361Cobb, Vincent, 568Cockroach droppings, 484Coevolution, 104, 105fCogeneration, 403Cohen, Joel, 660Cohen, Michael J., 469Cold deserts, 148, 149fCold forests, 153, 154f, 15556Cold front, S47Cold grasslands, 150152, 151f, 152f, S55fColegio Santa Maria, 671bCollapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed

(Diamond), S31Colleges environmental awareness at, 65051, 651bCollins Pine, 228bColonizing species, 115Colony collapse disorder, 2023Colorado River, 326, 32728, 327f, 328fColumbia oil sand resources in, 379Columbia River, 270Columbia University, 447Columbia University Center for International

Earth Science Information Network, 654Comanagement of fi sheries, 264Combined heat and power (CHP), 403Commensalism, 101, 106, 106f

China (contd) rapid mass transit in, 599 rapid-rail system in, 601 renewable energy sources and, 410 replacement-level fertility and, 135 rivers in, 32627, 32829 salinization in, 289 SARS in, 444 second green revolution in, 282 solar cell power systems in, 416 solar hot water heaters in, 408, 41112, 412f SouthNorth Water Transfer Project,

33132 stream pollution in, 537, 538f tidal fl ow power plants in, 419 tuberculosis (TB) in, 442 urban sprawl in, 604 vehicle fuel economy in, 404f as waste producer, 562 water ownership in, 320 water resources in, 315, 321, 334 water shortages in, 318 wind power production in, 420Chiquita Banana, 649Chitosan, 578Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 38Chlorination, 554Chlorofl uorocarbons (CFCs), 459b, 524, 525bChloroplasts, S44C horizon, 281b Christianity, S77Chromium, 355, 361Chromosomes, 38, 38fChronic effect, 454Chronic malnutrition, 277Chronic undernutrition, 277Circle of poison, 298Citibank, 627Cities and urban areas. See also Urbanization alternatives to motor vehicles in, 6002 ecological footprints of, 594 environmental and resource problems of,

59498 land-use planning in, 6024 livability and sustainability of, improving,

6058 major, 590f motor vehicles in, 598600 population trends in, 58993, S16f poverty in, 59697, 597f sprawl of, 59293, 592f, 593f sustainable, 588608 transportation in, 598602Citigroup, 650Citrus-based solvents, 459bCivilian Conservation Corps (CCC), S34Civil suits, 644Clarke, Arthur C., 561Class-action suits, 644Clean Air Acts (U.S.), 482, 48890, 521, 646Clean Air Act of 1956 (U.K.), 471Clean Water Act (U.S.), 546, 55253Clean coal technologies, 517Clear-cutting, 219, 219f, 220fClimate, 141, 470, 506 biomes, wind, and, 140 biodiversity and, 14159 cities and, 596 effect on biomes, 14557Climate Action, 648

INDEX I5

Convention on Migratory Species, 511Conventions, 654Convergent plates, 347Coolant, 387Copenhagen Protocol, 527, 654Copper, 355Coral bleaching, 162Coral reefs, 162, 170, 171f, 180, 250, S58f artifi cial, 261bCore, 345, 346fCore case study air pollution in Asia, 469, 493 American alligators ecological role, 77, 97 Biosphere 2, 660, 672 controlled scientifi c experiment, 28, 47 climate change and volcano study, 496, 528 coral reefs, 162, 180 Curitiba, Brazil, 588, 608 disappearing tropical rain forests, 50, 74 electronic waste, 560, 585 exponential growth, 5, 24 golden rice, 275, 310 gold mining and the environment, 344, 367 gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park,

214, 245 HIV/AIDS epidemic, 438, 465 Iceland and renewable energy, 399, 434 Lake Washington, 531, 557 Nashua River, 634, 657 Nile perch in Lake Victoria, 249, 253, 272 new economic and environmental vision,

611, 631 oil supplies, 370, 396 passenger pigeon, 183, 211 population of earth and resource

consumption, 122, 137 southern sea otters, 100, 119 water confl icts in Middle East, 313, 341 wind, climate, and biomes, 140, 159Corn, 279 ethanol production and effect on world

hunger, 277 production of, 282, 282fCorporate average fuel economy (CAFE)

standards, 404Corporations environmental sustainability and, 65455Corruption food insecurity and, 277Costanza, Robert, 218, 611Costa Rica, 87 carbon emission reduction and, 520 conservation and, 23738, 238f leatherback turtle nesting areas in, 260 tropical dry forest restoration, 242bCost-benefi t analysis, 618Costs, actual, 619Countries of the world, map, S1011fCousteau, Jacques-Yves, 180Covalent bonds, S40Covalent compound, S40Cover crop, 3023Crabtree, Robert, 235bCradle-to-grave, 560, 582Crater Lake, 349Croplands, 279 global warming and, 51213Crop residues, 422Crop rotation, 305Crossbreeding, 283

Crown fi res, 22021, 220fCrude birth rate, 126Crude death rate, 126Crude petroleum, 375, 549, 551Cruise ship pollution, 548Crust, 55, 56f, 347 Crutzan, Paul, 423Cuba integrated pest management in, 300 organic agriculture in, 307Cultural carrying capacity, 125Cultural eutrophication, 175, 53941Culture, 16Culturesphere, 656Cundiff, Diane, 671bCuritiba, Brazil, 588, 594, 597, 601, 604, 608Currents (earth), 347Currents (ocean), 143, 143f, 144f global warming and, 51011Curtis Prairie, 243, 243fCuyahoga River, 536Cyanide heap leaching, 344Cyclic population fl uctuations, 113Cyclodextrin, 578Cyclones, tropical, S5051

Dafur, Sudan, 652Dai, Aiguo, 507Daimler, 399Daly, Herman, 611, 614Dam(s), 32429 for hydropower production, 418, S34 New Orleans and fl ood control, 17778Danube River, 326, 344Dartmouth College, 651bDarwin, Charles, 78, 80, 101Daszak, Peter, 446bData, 30DDT, 201, 201f, 294, 294b, 447, 459Dead zones, 549Death, major causes of, 441fDeath rate, 126 AIDS and, 13233 factors affecting, 12829Debt-for-nature swaps, 23031Decentralized power systems, 431, 431fDecomposers, 59, 60f, 61, 164Deductive reasoning, 32Deep aquifers, 324bDeep ecology worldview, 66465Deep-well disposal, 580, 580fDefendant, 644Defenders of Wildlife, 421Deforestation, 193, 22223, 222f, 223f fuelwood and, 229 of tropical forests, 22327, 224f, 225f, 226fDegradable wastes, 542Deltas, 17778Demand, 613Demand-side approach, 431Democracy, 63637 in U.S., 63839Demographic bottleneck, 113Demographic transition, 133, 134fDemographic trap, 69Denmark industrial ecosystem in, 366, 367f integrated pest management in, 300 renewable energy sources and, 410 wind power production in, 420

Denitrifi cation, 69Density, 469Density-dependent population controls, 113Density independent, 113Depletion time, 361Deposit feeders, 170Desalinization, 33233, 333bDescartes, Ren, S76Desert(s), 148 types of, 148, 149fDesertifi cation, 288, 288f, 289f, 305Detritivores, 59, 60fDetritus, 59Detritus feeders, 59, 61Devall, Bill, 664Developed countries, 1011, 11f fertility rate, graph, S14f infant mortality rate, graph, map, S15f urban population in, S16f stream pollution in, 53637Developing countries, 11, 11f deforestation and, 222 fertility rate, graph, S14f infant mortality rate, graph, map, S15f megacities in, 590, 591 population growth and, 13334 poverty in, 626 stream pollution in, 53738, 539f urban poor in, 59697, 597f urban population in, S16f Dew point, S48Diamond, Jared, S31Dieback (crash), 111, 112fDieldrin, 29798Diesel cars, 406Differential reproduction, 82Direct price, 619Dirty dozen, 459, 584Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), 441Discharge trading policy, 552Discontinuity, 46Discount rate, 61617Diseases, 44048 water-borne, 533, 534tDisinfection, 554Dispersed cities, 598Dissolved oxygen (DO) content, 58, 535bDistillation, 332District heating systems, 422Divergent plates, 347DMS, 71DNA, 38, 38f, 88b, S42, S43f using to protect elephants, 191bDoll, Richard, 463Dolomite, 353Dominican Republic, whale watching in, 259Dongtan, China, 6078Dorr, Ann, 367Dose, 454Dose-response curve, 455Dow Chemical Company, 403, 646bDownshifters, 668Drainage basin, 176, 317Dr. Hydrogen, 399Drift-net fi shing, 257Drinking water disease and, 533, 534t laws to protect, 546 pollution problems and, 54247 purifying, 54446

I6 INDEX

Drip irrigation, 334, 335fDrought, 288, 315f, 318, 319 global warming and, 5078Dry casks, 388Dry deposition, 479Dubois, David, 307Dubos, Ren, 6, 663Dunes, 169, 170f, 288fDuPont, 362f, 459, 521, 525bDust Bowl, 304, 304fDust mites, 484, 485fDuwamish River, 537

Early conservation era (U.S.), S3132Early (pioneer) successional species, 116Earth biomes of, 146f climate zones of, 142f conditions for life and, 86b features of, map, S2021f life-support system of, 5455 population and resource consumption, 123 surface of and effect on climate,

14445, 145fEarth-centered worldview, 66365Earth Charter, 670, 671bEarth Council, 621Earth Day, S35Earth Policy Institute, 284, 420Earthquakes, 84, 34953, 350, 350fEarth Summit of 1992, 670Earth tubes, 413East Africa biodiversity hotspot, 240 Nile perch in Lake Victoria, 249Easter Island, 31bEco-certifi cation, 615, 621Ecocities, 588, 6068Eco-economy, 611Eco-effi ciency, 654Eco-hoods, 608Ecoindustrial parks, 366Ecoindustrial revolution, 366Eco-labeling, 615, 621Eco-lease, 624E. coli, 535b Ecological defi cit, 14, S26fEcological economists, 611, 61415, 615fEcological effi ciency, 62Ecological extinction, 185Ecological footprint, 1416, S26f of cities, 594 cultural changes and, 16 in North America, S2829f Ecological identity, 666Ecological medicine, 446bEcological niche, 91, 93f, 1012Ecological reserve, S26f Ecological restoration, 242, 242bEcological services estimating value of, 218b of rivers, 270fEcological Society of America, 291Ecological succession, 115, 118bEcological value, 191Ecologists, 72Ecology, 7, 51, 52, S35Ecology of Commerce, The (Hawken), 622b Economic development, 10, 611Economic growth, 1011, 14, 24, 611

Economic incentives, to sustain aquatic biodiversity, 259

Economic Policy Institute, 618Economics, environment, and sustainability,

61131Economic system(s), 612 biosphere and, 61215 market-based, 61314ECONorthwest, 643bEco-philanthropists, 236Ecosystem(s), 78, 52f, 53 alligator and, 77, 79 carbon cycle and, 6768 communities, change, and, 11519 energy and, 6165 energy fl ow, nutrient cycling and, 6061 food chains, food webs and, 6162 forest, threats to, 21527 four-point approach to protect, 239 freshwater, 17479 human effects on freshwater, 179 human effects on marine, 17173 human effects on terrestrial, 15859 limiting factors, 58 living and nonliving components, 5758 major components of, 5760, 60f matter and, 6572 nitrogen cycle and, 6870 nutrient cycle and, 65 phosphorus cycle and, 70 producers and consumers, 5859 production of plant matter and, 6465 roles of species in, 9197 scientifi c study of, 7274 species-rich, 9091 sulfur cycle and, 7072 usable energy in food web or chain and,

6264 water cycles and, 6567Ecosystem approach to preserving biodiversity,

23945, 261Ecosystem diversity, 79Ecosystem services natural, 240 priorities for sustaining, 27172Ecotaxes, 62223EcoTimber, 231Ecovillage movement, 608Ecuador water ownership in, 320E-cycling, 560Eddington, Arthur S., 47Edge habitat, 114Edmondson, W. T., 531, 535Education and sustainability, 66567Edward, Michael, 443bEgg pulling, 209Egypt water resources in, 313 water shortages in, 318Ehrenfeld, David, 663Ehrlich, Paul, S35Einstein, Albert, 32Eisenhower, Dwight D., 656Eisley, Loren, 163El-Ashry, Mohamed, 333, 434Electricity costs from different sources, 416tElectric Power Research Institute, 403Electric resistance heating, 402

Electromagnetic radiation, 42Electronic waste, 560, 585, 57778Electron probability cloud, 36, 36fElectrons (e), 36, 36fElements, 35 important to environmental science, 36tElephants, protecting using DNA, 191bEliat, Israel, 261bEl NioSouthern Oscillation (ENSO), S4849Emergency action strategy, 239Emigration, 129Emissions trading program, 490Emmanuel, Kerry, 511Endangered species, 186, 187f, 189fEndangered Species Act (U.S.), 188, 2078,

209b, 214, 244, 257, 646, S35Endemic species, 87, 193, 240Endocrine system, 452, 452fEnergetech, 333bEnergy, 4043 changes, 4243 conservation, 4002 consumption, 42, S59f, S60f content, 42 ecosystem and, 6165 effi ciency, 43, 399434 food production and, 290, 290f forms of, 4042 human use of, 37273 measurements, S2 nonrenewable, 37096 productivity, 43 quality, 42, 43, 56 renewable energy, 399434 S70f use per person, global, S59fEnergy effi ciency, 43, 400 as energy resource, 4002Energy fl ow and ecosystems, 6061, 62Energy resources, 13 evaluation of, 373, 374bEnergy-saving measures, 402, 40310 in buildings, 4069 in industry, 403 in transportation, 4046Energy, sustainable future, 43034Environment, 6Environmental audits, 650, 65151Environmental backlash in U.S., S36Environmental century, S38Environmental decade, 648, S35Environmental decisions, making, 2021 steps in, 21fEnvironmental Defense, 362f, 649Environmental degradation, 12, 12fEnvironmental economists, 611, 61415Environmental ethics, 20, 22b, 661Environmental groups industries working with, 649 roles of, 64852Environmental hazards and human health,

43865Environmental history, S3138 of U.S., S3138Environmentalism, 8Environmental justice, 584Environmental justice principle, 637Environmental law, 64448 arbitration and mediation and, 64546 attacks on, 64748 as basis for policy, 644

INDEX I7

lawsuits and, 64445 types of, 64647Environmental literacy, 66566, 666fEnvironmentally honest market system, 62021Environmentally sustainable economy, 611 transitioning to, 62831Environmentally sustainable economic

development, 11Environmentally sustainable society, 911 and economic growth, 1011Environmental movement, S35Environmental Performance Index (EPI), 654,

655, S30f Environmental policy, 636 implementing more sustainable and just,

65557 individuals and, 642, 643f leaders and, 64243 making of, 63843, 639f principles for making, 63738Environmental problems causes of, 1721, 18f poverty and, 62528 solving, 2021 viewpoints of people and, 20Environmental refugees, 129Environmental resistance, 110Environmental revolution, 16, 24fEnvironmental science, 68 fi elds of study related to, 7t goals of, 7 as interdisciplinary study, 7fEnvironmental security, 65255 importance of, 652, 653b international policies and, 65354 governments and, 65455Environmental wisdom worldview, 20, 664Environmental worldview(s), 20, 661 ethics, sustainability, and, 66072 major, 66165Environmental Working Group, 363Environment and economics. See Economics,

environment, and sustainabilityEnzymes, S42Epidemic, 441Epidemiological studies, 457Epicenter, 350Epiphytes (commensalism), 106, 106fEquations, chemical, S4445Erosion, 354f Erosion hotspots, 303Escherichia coli. See E. coliE-Stewards Initiative, 578Estuaries, 166, 167fEthanol production, 42426 effect on world hunger, 277Ethical concern for life, 66465, 665fEthics genetic engineering and, 88b nature and, S7677 protection of species and, 19192, 192b worldviews, sustainability, and, 66072Ethiopia water resources in, 313Eukaryotic cells, 51, 52fEuphotic zone, 170Euphrates River, S31European Union biofuel production in, 423 cap-and-trade system in, 519

carbon dioxide emissions and, 499 fossil fuel consumption in, 372 pollution prevention in, 45960 renewable energy sources and, 410Eutrophication, 539Eutrophic lake, 175, 175fEvaporation, 65Everglades National Park, 267Everglades restoration, 26768, 268fEvergreen coniferous forests, 154f, 15556, S57fEvolution biological, 80 catastrophic events and, 85 climate change and, 8485, 85f, 86b geological processes and, 84, 85f myths about, 84Evolutionary divergence, 108E-waste. See Electronic waste Exclusive economic zones, 260Executive branch, 638Existence value, 190, 191, 616Exotic species, 92Experiments, 30 controlled, 28Experimental group, 28Experimental site, 28Exponential growth, 5, 110 and fossil fuels use, 5 of human population, 5f, 123External costs, 619External geological processes, 348External waste, 569Extinction, 87 biodiversity and, 8789 mass, 8889, 183, 185 passenger pigeon, 183, 211 preventing, reasons for, 18992 southern sea otters and, 100 of species and human role, 18489,

193206Extinction rate, 18586, 186f, 188bExtreme poverty, 11, 11fExxonMobil, 376Exxon Valdez, 549Ezzati, Majjid, 460

Facilitation, 118Failed states, 652Failing states, 229, 652, S19fFamily planning, 134Famine, 278Farrell, Alexander, 423Favelas, 597Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide

Act (U.S.), 298Federal Land Policy and Management

Act (U.S.), S35Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972

(U.S.), 552, 646Federation of American Scientists, 392FedEx, 649Feedback, in systems, 44Feedback loops, in systems, 4446 negative (corrective), 4546, 45f positive, 45, 45fFeeding level, 58Feedlots, 279, 284, 284f advantages and disadvantages of, 292fFee-per-bag waste collection, 570Fermentation, 59

Fertility rate, 126 factors affecting, 128 world, developing countries, developed

countries, graph, map, S14fFertilizer, 305Field, Christopher, 499Field research, 72Filter feeders, 170Fine particles, 474Fires in forests, 22021, 220f, 22728First decade of the environment, S35First-generation pesticides, 294First green revolution, 282First law of thermodynamics, 42, 56, 60, 374bFish consumer choices of, 265 mercury contamination of, 450b51bFisheries collapse of, projected, 285 managing and sustaining, 26365 production of food and, 279, 285, 285f protecting and sustaining, 26971Fishery, 285Fishery populations, 263Fish exclosure, 253b Fish Forever eco-label, 265Fishing, 25457 regulating harvests, 26365, 265fFishprint of Nations 2006, 254Fissure, 349Fitness, in biology, 84Flexible-fuel cars, 424Flooding, reducing threat of, 33841Floodplain(s), 178, 338Floodplain zone (surface water), 176, 177Flowing (lotic) freshwater life zones, 174Flow rate, 370, 376Flows (throughputs), in systems, 44Flu. See Infl uenzaFocus, 350Food biodiversity and, 29192 energy inputs in production of, 290 environmental problems in production of,

28693 locally grown food, 30910 major production systems, 29 management, 275310 production, 27985, 301 security, 27679, 301Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), U.N.,

222, 277, 307Food chain, 61, 62fFood insecurity, 27677Food Quality Protection Act, 298Food security, 27679 improving, 301Food Security Act (Farm Act), 304Food web, 61, 63fForage, 231Ford, Henry, 573bForeign Policy magazine, 377Foreshocks, 350Forest fi re management, 22728Forest fragmentation and old-growth

trees, 195bForest management, 22731Forest regrowth, 223Forest Reserve Act of 1891 (U.S.), S32Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), 228b, 621

I8 INDEX

Forest systems, 153 cutting of trees in, 219220 economic and ecological services of, 217, 217f management of, 22731 threats to, 21527 types of, 15356, 154f value of ecological services of, 217f, 218bFormaldehyde, 485Formosa Plastics, 646bFort Erie, Ontario, Canada, 267f Fossil fuel era. 373Fossil fuels, 67, 354, 37172, 410Fossil record, 81, 82fFossils, 81, 82fFoundation species, 92, 9596Founder effect, 113France coal subsidies in, 621 energy effi ciency in, 401 geothermal power in, 427 nuclear power use in, 388 smoking bans in, 463 tidal fl ow power plants in, 419 wind power production in, 420Friends of the Earth, 362b, 649Freebate, 405, 489Free enterprise, 635Free Geek, 560Free-market economic system, 613Free-market school, 66263Free trade, and the environment, S7475Friedman, Milton, 611Freons, 524Freshwater availability of, 315 competition for, 31920 dams and reservoirs to increase supplies of,

32429 desalinization of seawater to produce, 33233 global uses of, 317 groundwater as source of, 316, 316f, 32124 for irrigation, 318, 33436 management of, 31415 ownership of, 32021 reducing waste of, 33338 resources, in United States, 31718 shortages of, 31820 surface water as source of, 31517 transferring, to increase local supplies, 32932Freshwater life zones, 56, 16364 human effects on, 179 importance of, 17479 protection of, 271 types of, 174Froelich, Claus, 503Front, S47Frontier environmental worldview, S32Frontier era (U.S.), S32Frontier science, 33Fuel energy consumption in U.S. by, S60fFuel assemblies, 387Fuel cells, 399, 402, 406, 429, 429fFuel economy, 404f, 4045Fuel-effi ciency standards, 489Fuel rods, 387Fuelwood crisis, 422Fuelwood and deforestation, 229Fuentes, Carlos, 597Fulghum, Thomas, 657

Full-cost pricing, 615, 620, 636Functional diversity, 79Fundamental land, 604Funding of policies, 638Fungicides, 294Future of Nuclear Power, The (MIT), 394

Gandhi, Mahatma, 646b, 650b, 668, 670Ganges River, 326, 538, 539fGangue, 359Garbology, 566bGardner, Gary, 609, 670, 671bGasohol, 424Gasoline contamination of groundwater,

54344, 543fGasoline costs, 4045Gates, Bill, 448Gates, Melinda, 448Gender benders, 452Gender imbalance in China, 136Gene banks, 2089General Agreement for Sustainable Trade

(GAST), S75General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),

S7475General Electric, 333b, 417, 521, 631General Motors, 406b. 649Generalist species, 91, 91fGene revolution, 283Genes, 38, 38fGene splicing, 88bGenetic diversity, 53, 53f, 79 small populations and, 113Genetic drift, 113Genetic engineering, 88b, 283, 283f in pest control, 299, 299fGenetic information, 38, 190Genetic library, 292Genetic makeup of population, changes in,

8182Genetic resistance, 82, 83fGenetic traits, changing, 88b Genetic variability, 82Genetically engineered crops, 28384, 283f advantages and disadvantages, 291f golden rice, 275, 275f, 27778, 310Genetically modifi ed (GM) food, 291 advantages and disadvantages of, 291fGenetically modifi ed organisms (GMOs),

28384, 283fGenuine progress indicator (GPI), 61920Geo-engineering, 51718Geographic information system (GIS) software,

7273, 73fGeographic isolation, 86, 87fGeologic processes, 34553 evolution by natural selection and, 84, 85f geothermal energy production from,

42628Geology, 34469 defi ned, 345 earth structure and, 34548 minerals, rocks, and rock cycle, 35354 plate tectonics and, 34749Georgia Power Company building, 407Geosphere, 55Geothermal energy, 59, 399, 426 advantages and disadvantages of, 42628 reserves of, S69f, S70fGeothermal heat pumps, 413, 42627, 427f

Germany coal subsidies in, 621 energy effi ciency in, 401 solar cell power systems in, 415, 416 solar power industry in, 417 solar water heaters in, 412 wind power production in, 419, 420Geysers, the, 427Glacial periods, 497Glaciers, 65, 348 global warming and, 501, 508b, 509Glen Canyon Dam, 32728, 327fGlobal air circulation, 142fGlobal Amphibian Assessment, 94Global cooling, 497Global Earth Observatory System of Systems

(GEOSS), 73Global Environment Facility (GEF), 653Global Footprint Network, 14Global Governance Initiative Report, 654Global Health Atlas, 442Global Institute for Sustainability, 651Global ocean, 163Global sustainability movement, 649Global trade, and the environment, S7475Global Treaty on Migratory Species, 257Global warming, 57, 68, 144. See also Climate

change air pollution and, 505 biodiversity and, 502, 51112 burning of tropical forests and, 22627 conventional oil and, 378 croplands and, 51213 cycles of, 49798, 498f drought, desertifi cation, and, 288, 5078 effects of, 50513 environmental refugees and, 129 extinction of toad, frog species and, 87 fl ooding and, 339 food production in China and, 285 forests and, 222, 222f health threats from, 513 human activities as cause of, 5003 impacts of, S72f, S73f Louisiana coast and, 178, 178f melting ice and snow as result of, 508b, 5089 nuclear power and, 394 oceans and, 504 ocean currents and, 51011 permafrost and, 150, 152, 510 polar bears and, 203 reducing threat of, 51416 scientifi c consensus on, 33b, 5003 sea levels and, 50910 sun and, 5034 as threat to kelp forests, 104b weather, extreme, and, 511Global Water Partnership, 648Global Water Policy Project, 537Glossary, G118Glyphosate, 296bGlyphosate-resistant crops, 296bGoddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA), 319Goiter, 278, 278fGold, 355Golden Age of Conservation, S32Golden Gate Park, 244Golden rice, 275, 275f, 27778, 310Golden toad, 87, 87fGoldman Sachs, 519, 630

INDEX I9

Gold mining, 344, 358f, 35960, 360fGoldsteib, David, 396Gombe National Park, 205b Goodall, Jane, 204, 205b, 670Good earthkeeping, 670Google, 416Gore, Al, 501Gould, Stephen J., 667Government intervention in market economy, 614 role in transition to sustainable society,

63538Graedel, Thomas, 361Grain crops, 279 production of, 282, 282fGrameen Bank, 626, 648Grancrete, 365Granite, 353Graphs, reading of, S48Grasshopper effect, 478Grasslands, 150 management of, 23133 types of, 150152, 151fGrassroots environmental action, 642, 648,

64950Gravel, 355Gravity, 56Gray water, 337Gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park,

reintroducing, 214, 235b, 245Graying of America, 132Grazing and urban development in American

West, 233Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 262fGreat Bear Rainforest, 649Great Britain. See also United Kingdom smoking bans in, 463Great Depression, S32, S34Great Lakes invasive species, 26970, 269f pollution in, 54041, 541fGreat Plains, 304, 304fGreece solar water heaters in, 412Green Belt Movement: Sharing the Approach and the

Experience (Maathai), 230bGreen Belt program in Kenya, 230bGreen architecture, 407Greenbelt, 604Green building certifi cation standards, 407Green businesses, 630 Green careers, 630f aquaculture, 305 bioprospector, 190 desalinization engineer, 333b ecological medicine, 446b ecologist, 72 ecosystem modeler, 73 ecotourism guide, 190 environmental design, 407 environmental nanotechnology, 362b fi shery management, 271 fuel-cell technology, 406 GIS analyst, 73 hydrogen energy, 430 hydrogeology specialist, 324 indoor air pollution specialist, 485 industrial ecology, 366 infectious disease prevention, 448 integrated pest management, 300 limnology, 271

nanotechnology, S45 paleontologist, 81 reconciliation ecology specialist, 244 remote sensing analyst, 73 rooftop garden designer, 244 sustainable forestry, 227 wetlands restoration expert, 266 wildlife biology, 271Green cities, 588, 6068Greenhouse agriculture, 27980, 280fGreenhouse effect, 144 natural, 49899Greenhouse gases, 33b, 54, 57, 144. See also

Climate change; Global warming human activities and, 499500 meat production and, 292 reducing, 51822 warming of lower atmosphere and, 144Green jihad, S76Greenland global warming and, 508b Norse civilization of, S31Green manure, 305Greenpeace, 648, 649Green Plan (Netherlands), 65556Green planning, 655Green revolution, 282, 28990Green River Formation, 380Green roofs, 407, 407fGreen Seal labeling, 621Green taxes, 62223Green tides, 549Grizzly bears and army cutworm moths, 102Gross domestic product (GDP), 10, 61920Gross national happiness (GNH), 620Gross primary productivity (GPP), 64 of U.S., S27fGross world product, graph, S10fGroundwater, 65, 31617, 316f arsenic in, 544 extracting, 32123 gasoline contamination of, 54344, 543f MTBE contamination of, 544 pollution prevention in, 544 pollution problems and, 54247Group, S39Guanacaste National Park, 242bGulf of Mexico dead zone, 292, 550b oil reserves in, 377 oxygen depletion in, 550bGut inhabitant mutualism, 106

H2AU, 333bHabitat, 53 destruction, degradation, and fragmentation,

19396Habitat conservation plan (HCP), 207Habitat islands, 90b, 193Habitat corridors, 237Haiti, and fuelwood crisis, 229Halons, 524Halpern, Benjamin S., 252Halweil, Brian, 272Hamm Creek, 537Hansen, James, 496, 514Happy planet index, 620Hardin, Garrett, 13, S35Hard-path approach, 431Hard-rock minerals, 33

Harvard University, 393Harvesting of trees, 219fHawken, Paul, 123, 622b, 629, 630Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), 488Hazardous waste, 562, 57783. See also

Solid waste detoxifying, 578, 579f, 580 integrated management of, 577, 577f international treaties and, 584 storing, 58082Health hazards, 43940 cities and, 59596 global warming and, 513 types of, 440Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003

(U.S.), 228Heat, 4142Heavy-rail systems, 600Heffner, Robert A. III, 382Heinz Foundation, 74Heliostats, 413Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 44344Herbicides, 294, 296bHerbivores, 59Heritable genetic trait, 82Heterotrophs, 59Hexachlorobutadiene, 524Hidden costs, 619High, S48Higher-level consumers, 59High-input agriculture, 27980High-grade ore, 355High-quality energy, 42, 56, 374bHigh-quality matter, 39, 39fHigh seas, 260High-temperature, gas-cooled reactors, 395bHigh-throughput economies, 614, 614fHighwall, 357Hill Julia, 650bHinduism, S7677HIPPCO, 193, 251, 252, 254, 269Hirschorn, Joel, 465History, environmental, S3138HIV, 438, 44243, 465 adults infected with, map, S18fHoegh-Guldberg, O., 172Home Depot, 231, 650Homer-Dixon, Thomas, 652Honeybees, disappearing, 2023Honeycreepers, resource sharing and, 108, 108fHoover Dam, 32728, 327fHoover, Herbert, S32Horizons, of soil, 281b Hormonally active agents (HAAs), 452Hormone blockers, 452Hormones, 299, 452, 452f, S42Horwich, Robert, 244Hotspots, 207Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 28, 28f,

37f, 47, 482bHubbert, M. King, 376Hughes Aircraft, 459bHuman capital, 612Human-centered environmental worldview,

661, 66263Human immunodefi ciency virus. See HIVHuman population factors affecting size of, 125130 growth of, 5, 5f, 124b growth projections, 125f

I10 INDEX

Human population (contd) impact of, 12237 slowing growth, 13337Human resources, 612Human rights principle, 637Human species competing for resources, 102 effects on freshwater ecosystems, 179 effects on marine ecosystems, 17173 effects on terrestrial ecosystems, 15859 energy use by, 37273 mass extinction and, 183 natural selection and, 83 population controls and, 114 role in extinction of species, 18489,

193206Humility principle, 637Humus, 281b Hunger, 277, S17fHunt, Terry L., 31Hunter-gatherers, 16Hurricane Katrina, 17778, 339, 432, 511Hurricane Rita, 511Hurricanes, S5051, S52f global warming and, 511 New Orleans and fl ood control, 17778Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 51Hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles, 404, 4056,

405f, 406bHydraulic mining, 358Hydrobromofl urocarbons (HBFCs), 524Hydrocarbons, 38Hydroelectric power, S70f Iceland and, 399Hydrogen bonds, 67b, S4142Hydrogen chloride, 524Hydrogen power advantages and disadvantages of, 42830 Iceland and, 399, 428Hydrologic cycle, 65, 66f, 315Hydrological connection, 317Hydrological poverty, 313, 31819Hydroponics, 27980Hydropower advantages and disadvantages of,

41819 as energy source, 371, 418Hydrosphere, 55Hydrothermal reservoirs, 427Hydrothermal vents, 59Hypercities, 590Hypereutrophic (lake), 176Hypothesis, scientifi c, 30 vs. theory, 32

IBM, 521Iceland environmental history of, S31 geothermal power in, 427 renewable energy in, 399, 410, 434Icelandic New Energy, 399Iglesias-Rodrguez, M. Debora, 504Igneous rock, 353Immigration, 129 United States and, 12930, 129f Inbreeding, 113Immune system, 449 S42Inaccurate energy pricing, 410Incandescent lightbulb, 43, 401wIncentive-based regulations, 624

Income in countries, map, S12fIndia air pollution in, 468 carbon dioxide emissions and, 499 carbon emission reduction and, 520 coal reserves in, 384 coal usage in, 382 e-waste in, 560 Ganges River, 538, 539f industrial smog in, 476 nuclear power plants in, 395b smoking bans in, 463 solar cell power systems in, 415 solar water heaters in, 412 slowing population growth in, 13637 stream pollution in, 537 sustainable dairy industry in, 306 tidal fl ow power plants in, 419 tuberculosis (TB) in, 442Indicator species, 92, 93, 535bIndirect costs, 619Individuals matter, 9, 22 Aldo Leopold, 22b Diane Cundiff, 671b Diane Wilson, 646b energy saving in homes, 409f environmental policy and, 642, 643f Jane Goodall, 205b Jim Callender, 266b John Beal, 537b Julia Hill, 650b Mike Biddle, 572b Rachel Carson, 295b Ray Anderson, 622b Ray Turner, 459b Reuven Yosef, 261b Wangari Maathai, 230b water waste, reducing, 338fIndividual transfer rights (ITRs), 264Indonesia biodiesel production in, 423 carbon dioxide emissions and, 499 geothermal power in, 427 integrated pest management in, 300 oil reserves in, 376 tsunami of 2004 in, 352fIndoor air pollution, 472, 48386, 49293Indoor urban farming, 607bInductive reasoning, 32Indus River, 326Industrial ecosystems, 366, 367fIndustrialized agriculture, 27980, 28283Industrial fi sh harvesting, 25657, 256fIndustrialmedical revolution, 16Industrial Revolution greenhouse gases and, 499Industrial smog, 476Industrial solid waste, 561Inequitable energy subsidies, 410Inertia, 119Infant mortality rate, 128, 129, S15fInfrastructures, urban, 592Infectious disease, 440 pathways to humans, 441f seven deadliest, 442fInfl uenza, 442, 444bInformationglobalization revolution, 16Inherent value, 663Inhibition, 118Injunction, 644

Inland wetlands, 17879 losses in United States, 179Innovation-friendly regulations, 624Inorganic compounds, 38 In-place mining, 363Input pollution control (pollution

prevention), 17Inputs, in systems, 44Insecticides, 294Insects, importance of, 54b In-situ mining, 363Inspiring Progress: Religions Contributions to

Sustainable Development (Gardner), 671bInstitute for Resource and Security

Studies, 392Institute for the Analysis of Global

Security, 377Instrumental value, 18991, 662, 663Integrated approach to agriculture, 308bIntegrated coastal management, 173, 26263Integrated pest management (IPM), 300, 552Integrated waste management, 565, 565fInteractions among species, 1017 types, 101 commensalism, 106 competition, 1012 mutualism, 106 parasitism, 105 predation, 102104Interface, 622bInterglacial periods, 497Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC), 33b, 288, 319, 339, 340, 500 2007 report on global warming, 501, S38Internal combustion engine, 402Internal geological processes, 348Internal waste, 569International Alert, 506International Atomic Energy Agency, 389International Basel Convention, 560International Center for Technology Assessment,

404, 599International Committee of the Red

Cross, 653bInternational Convention for the Regulation of

Whaling, 258International Convention on Biological

Diversity, 257International Development Enterprises

(IDE), 334International Energy Agency (IEA), 370, 417International environmental policies, 65354International Forum on Forests, 648International Fund for Animal Welfare, 204International Institute for Strategic Studies, 506International Obesity Task Force, 278International Red Cross, 523International Rice Research Institute, 275International Rivers, 648International treaties, to protect wild species,

2067, 257International Union for the Conservation of

Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 186, 260, 262

International Water Association, 539International Water Management Institute, 290International Whaling Commission (IWC), 258Interspecifi c competition, 101Intertidal zone, 16869, 169f, 170fIntrinsic rate of increase (r) in populations, 109

INDEX I11

Intrinsic value, 191, 663Introduced species, 197201Invasive species, 92, 197201 controlling, 201, 201f in aquatic systems, 252, 252f, 253b, 26970 in forests, 22122, 221fIodine (dietary), 277, 278, 278fIonic bonds, S40Ionic compounds, 36, S40Ions, 3637, 37f, S40 important to environmental science, 37tIran natural gas reserves in, 381 oil reserves in, 376Iraq oil reserves in, 376 water resources in, 313Ireland smoking bans in, 463Iroquois Confederation of Native Americans,

663Iron (dietary), 277Irregular population changes, 113Irrigation, 318, 33436 consequences of, 28889Irruptive population cycles, 113Islam, S76Island biogeography, theory of, 90b, 188b, 194Islands, species richness on, 90bIsoprene, 474Isotopes, 36 radioactive, 40 unstable, 40Israel artifi cial reef in, 261b solar water heaters in, 412IUCN-World Conservation Union, 96Ivory trade, 191bIzaak Walton League, 649

Jackson, Wes, 309b Jacobson, Mark Z., 419Jane Goodall Institute, 205bJanzen, Daniel, 242bJapan carbon dioxide emissions and, 499 coal consumption in, 384 coal subsidies in, 621 energy effi ciency in, 401 geothermal power in, 427 liquefi ed natural gas imports and, 381 nuclear power plants in, 395b nuclear power use in, 388, 391 oil consumption in, 376 purifi cation of drinking water in, 545 recycling in, 569 solar cell power systems in, 416 solar water heaters in, 412Jatropha shrub, 42324Jet streams, S47Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable

Development, 625Johns Hopkins University, 475Johnson & Johnson, 521Jordan water resources in, 313Jordan River, 313JPMorgan Trust, 650Judaism, S77Judicial branch, 638

Kansas, 309b Kant, Immanuel, S76Kaposis sarcoma, 438Kelp forests, 104bKenaf, 229, 229fKenya, and Green Belt program, 230bKerogen, 380Keystone species, 92, 9596, 100Killing of wild species, 2045Kinetic energy, 4042King, David, 506Kingdoms, 80, 81fKing, Martin Luther, 646b, 650bKiribati, 261Krafl a geothermal power station, 399Kramer, Sasha B., 308bK-selected species, 112, 112fKudzu vine, 198, 200fKuwait oil reserves in, 376Kyoto Protocol, 51920, S37

Laboratory research, 73Lake Chad, 326Lakes, 17476 pollution in, 53541 protecting and sustaining, 26971 running dry, 326Lake Mead, 32728, 327fLake Powell, 32728, 327fLake Victoria Nile perch and, 249, 253, 272 running dry, 326 water hyacinth and, 252f wetlands and, 265Lake Washington, 531, 535, 540, 548, 557Lake Wingra, 253b Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 319Land ethic (Leopold), 22bLand Institute, 309b Landslides, 353Land subsidence, 323, 359Land trust groups, 236Land-use planning (urban), 6024La Nia, S49Large marine systems, 263Late successional plant species, 117Lathrup, Richard, 253b Lateral recharge, 316Laurance, Bill, 195bLava, 349Lava rock, 353Lavaca Bay, Texas, 646bLaw of conservation of energy, 42Law of conservation of matter, 40, 60Law of nature, 32Law of the Sea Treaty, 260Laws, 638. See also Regulations to control outdoor air pollution, 48890 environmental, 62324, 64448 on hazardous wastes, 58283 major U.S. environmental, 640f on pesticide use, 298 to protect drinking water, 546 to reduce pollution from point sources,

55253Lawsuits, environmental, 64445, 645fLea, Adam, 511Leaders and environmental policy, 64243Lead poisoning, 47475, 476f

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program, 407

LEDs. See Light emitting diode lightsLEED, 407Leatherback turtles, 25960, 260fLegislative branch, 638Lehigh Technologies, 563fLeibniz, Gottfried W., S76Length measurements, S2Lentic (standing) freshwater life zones, 174Leopold, Aldo, 20, 22b, 22f, 184, 188b, 245,

276, 642Le Quere, Corinne, 504Levin, Donald, 186Levin, Philip, 186Lewison, R. I., 260Lichens, 475b Life-centered environmental worldview, 661,

66365Life expectancy, 129Life in the Woods (Thoreau), S32Life raft ecosystems, 240LifeStraw, 545Life-support system, earths, 5455 biomes and, 5556 conditions for life, 86b factors sustaining life on, 56 four spheres of, 5455 solar energy and, 5657Light-dependent reactions, S44Light emitting diode lights (LEDs), 402, 403, 409Light-independent (dark) reactions, S44Light oil, 375Light pollution, 596Light-rail systems, 6001, 602Light-water reactor, 387Lignite, 353Likens, Gene, 28, 482bLimestone, 353, 355Limiting factor principle, 58Limiting factors, 58Limnetic zone, 174, 175fLine graphs, S47, S4f, S5f, S6f, S7fLipids, 38, S43Liquefi ed natural gas (LNG), 381Liquefi ed petroleum gas (LPG), 381Liquid biofuels, 42326Lithium-ion battery, 406bLithosphere, 346f, 347Littoral zone, 174, 175fLiu, Henry, 569Livestocks Long Shadow (U.N.), 307Living machines, 556bLiving roofs, 407, 407fLobbying, 638Local extinction, 185Localizing economic production, 62829Locally grown food, 30910Lockwood, Mike, 503Lofoten fi shery, Norway, 263Logging, 217220Logistic growth in populations, 110, 111bLonglining, 257Logging in U.S. national forests, 643bLos Angeles Ecovillage, 608Losey, John, 54b Lotic (fl owing) freshwater life zones, 174Louisiana coast and global warming, 178, 178fLove Canal, S3536Lovelock, James, 518

I12 INDEX

Lovins, Amory, 405, 412, 431Low, S48Low-energy, precision application (LEPA)

sprinklers, 334, 335fLowes, 650Low-grade ore, 355, 364Low-quality energy, 42Low-quality matter, 39, 39fLow-tech irrigation methods, 336Low-throughput (low-waste) economy,

629, 629bLow-waste society, 58385Loyless, Betsy, 421Luna, 650b Lyman, Edwin, 395bLyme disease, 446bLyons, Jim, 417

Maathai, Wangari, 230bMacArthur H., Robert, 90b, 141Macromolecules, 38, S42Macronutrients, 277, 277tMacroscale, S45Mader, Paul, 307Madison, Wisconsin, 253b Magma, 347Magnitude, 350Mainline environmental groups, 64849Makesicko City, 597Malaria, 44447Malaysia biodiesel production in, 423Malpai Borderlands, 232Management of forests, 22731Man and Nature (Marsh), S32Manganese, 355, 361Manganese nodules, 364Mangrove forests, 166, 168f, 168 protection and restoration of, 255bMantle, 55, 345, 346fManufactured capital, 612Manufactured resources, 612Manure, 293, 305, 422Maps, reading of, S4, S89, S9fMarble, 353Marginal cost, 617Marginal land, 290Marine aquatic systems. See also Aquatic systems human effects on, 17173 importance of, 16570Marine fi sheries, managing and sustaining,

26365Marine life zones, 56, 163Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972

(U.S.), 257Marine protected areas (MNAs), 26061Marine sanctuaries, 26062Marine snow, 170Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), 265, 621Marine turtles, 25960Market-based economic system, 613Market failures, 614, 636Market price, 619Market price equilibrium point, 613Marland, Gregg, 499Marshes, 178Marsh, George Perkins, S32Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 406bMass extinction, 8889, 183, 185Mass measurements, S2

Mass wasting, 353Material-fl ow economy, 624Materials-recovery facilities (MRF), 570Materials revolution, 365Mather, Stephen T., S32Matter, 35 changes in, 3940 concentration, 39 consumption, 40 creation and destruction, 40 ecosystem and, 6572 life and, 38 levels of organization, 52f physical states, 39 structure of, 3537Matter quality, 39Matter recycling and reuse economies, 628Maximum contaminant levels, 546Maximum sustained yield (MSY), 263MBA Polymers, Inc., 572b Mbeki, Thabo, 625McDonalds, 306, 649McDonough, William, 336McGinn, Anne Platt, 585McKibben, Bill, 223Mead, Margaret, 22, 493, 528Medin-Ramon, Mercedes, 513Meadows, Donella, 629Measurement units, S2Meat alternatives to, 307 environmental effects of production, 29293 production and consumption, 28485, 306Median lethal dose (LD50), 455, 456tMediation, 646Megacities, 590Megalopolises, 590, 593, 593fMegareserves, 238Melanoma, 526b27bMelting, 354fMenander, 74Mercury pollution, 450b51b, 646bMesotrophic lakes, 176Metallic mineral resources, 13 life cycle of, 355fMetallic minerals, 354Metalloids, S39Metals, S39Metamorphic rock, 353Metamorphism, 354f Methane, 474Methane hydrate, 381 deposits of, North America, S63fMethicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.

See MRSAMethyl bromide, 524Methyl chloroform, 524Methylmercury, 450bMethyl tertiary butyl ether. See MTBE Mexico geothermal power in, 427 oil production peak in, 376Mexico City, 59798 subsidence in, 323, 59798Microbes, 61bMicrobiological ore processing, 364Microfi ltration, 332Microfi nance, 626Micro-hydropower generators, 419Microirrigation, 334, 335f

Microlending, 62627Microloans to the poor, 62627Micronutrients, 27778, 278fMicroorganisms, 61bMiddlebury College, 651b Middle East oil reserves in, 376 water confl icts in, 313, 341Midgely, Thomas Jr., 524Midsuccessional plant species, 116Migration, 129Mildew, 484Militant environmental groups, 650Millennium Development Goals, 62728Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, U.N., 10,

70, 74, 184, 185, 240, 252, 648Mill, John Stuart, S76Mimicry, 103Minerals (dietary), 27778, 278fMineral(s) defi ned, 353 fi nding substitutes for, 365 rocks, and rock cycle, 35354, 354fMineral resources, 35467 defi ned, 354 environmental effects of using, 35460 global distribution of, 36061 nonrenewable, 35467 recycling and reuse of, 365 rocks, rock cycle, and, 35354, 354f supplies of, 36064 sustainable use of, 36567Mining, 35560 environmental impact of, 35760 gold, 344, 358f, 35960, 360f of lower-grade ores, 364 major methods of, 35557 in ocean, 364 removing metals from ores, 35960 water pollution caused by, 359, 533Minimum-tillage farming, 303Minimum viable population size, 113Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company

(3M), 36566, 459Mississippi River, 17778, 341, 550bMistletoe (parasitism), 105fMitigation banking, 266Mitigation cost, 616Mixed-use zoning, 603Model(s), 30, 73Mold, 484Molecular compounds, 37Molecule, 37, 52fMolina, Mario, 524, 525bMolybdenum, 355Monocultures, 279Monogrowth tree plantation, 216fMonomers, 38, S42Monsanto, 296b Montague, Peter, 366, 517, 555Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve, 87Montreal Protocol, 527, 654Mosquitoes, and disease, 44547Motor vehicles alternatives to, 6002 cities and, 598600Mountains, 157, 157f as islands of biodiversity, 157Mountain-top removal, 357, 358fMount Emmons, 363

INDEX I13

Mount Pinatubo, 349, 496Mount St. Helens, 349Moving energy, 40MRSA, 443bMTBE contamination, 544Muddy-boots biology, 72Muir, John, 159, S32, S33fMller, Paul, 294Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), 454Multicropping, 282, 290Multilateral environmental agreements

(MEAs), 654Multiple cropping, 282Multispecies management, 263Municipal solid waste, 561, S18f, S19fMutagens, 82, 448Mutations, 82Mutualism, 101, 106, 106f in coral reefs, 162Myers, Norman, 186, 239, 240, 513, 621, 652Mysterious Island, The (Verne), 430

Naess, Arne, 664Nanomagnets, 578Nanometer, S45Nanoscale, S45Nanosolar, 417Nanosolar cells, 41617Nanotechnology, 362b, 406b, 416, S45Narrow-spectrum agents, 294NASA, 496, S45Nashua River, 634National Academy of Sciences, 266, 268, 300,

320, 332, 384, 392, 393, 405, 420, 577National ambient air quality standards

(NAAQS), 488National Energy Act (U.S.), 646National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA),

64647National Environmental Policy Plan

(Netherlands), 65556National Forest System (U.S.), 223, 640,

641f, 642 logging in, 643bNational Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 207National parks management of, 23439, 236f, 64042 threats to, 23435, 642National Park Service (U.S.), 640, 642, S32National Park Service Act (U.S.), S32National Park System (U.S.), 640, 641f, 642, S36National Priority List, 582National Resource Lands (U.S.), 640National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 271National Wilderness Preservation System (U.S.),

640, 641f, S35, S36National Wildlife Federation, 649, 651National Wildlife Refuge System (U.S.), 208,

640, 641f, 642Native species, 92Natural capital, 8f, 9, 612 acid deposition, 479f air pollution, 481f Antarctic and ozone depletion, 524f aquifer depletion in U.S., 322f, 323f aquatic zones, 164f Aral Sea, 331f atmosphere, 470f biodiversity and, 7880, 79f, 80 biomes of earth, 146f

biomes of North America, S27f carbon cycle, 68f causes of species depletion and extinction, 193f cells, 52f Chinas rivers, 538f climate zones, 142f coastal waters pollution, 548f cod fi shery, 254f components of ecosystem, 60f deforestation, 223f, 225f, 226f, 339f degradation, 9, S2425f, S2829f depletion of nonrenewable resources, 361f desertifi cation, 289f Dust Bowl, 304f endangered and threatened species, 187f, 189f energy sources, nonrenewable, 372f extinct species, 185f fl ooding and deforestation, 339f food production, 286f forests and road-building, 218f freshwater systems, 174 geothermal heat pumps, 427f gray wolves in Yellowstone, 214, 245 groundwater contamination, 542f, 543f groundwater pumping in Saudi Arabia, 322f groundwater system, 317f hydrologic cycle, 66f insects, 54b lichens, 475b life and vertical zones of ocean, 166f lichens, 475b marine ecosystems, 165f mountain-top removal, 358f natures pharmacy, 190f Nile perch in Lake Victoria, 249f nonrenewable mineral and energy

resources, 356f ocean bottom, 251f off-road vehicle damage, 234f old-growth forests, 216f open-pit mining, 356f orangutans, 189f oxygen depletion in Gulf of Mexico, 550b passenger pigeon, 183 phosphorus cycle, 71f precipitation and temperature, 147f prices and, 1920 rangeland restoration, 233f reductions in ranges of species, 194f restoration, 233f river basins, stress on, 320f rock cycle, 354f salinization, 289f soil erosion, 287f solid waste, 562f species as vital part of, 18992 spiders, as insect predators, 294f structure of earth, 55 subsidies and, 20 sulfur cycle, 72f Summitville gold mine, 360f urban areas, 595f use of, 15f U.S. national forests, parks, wildlife

refuges, 641f valuing, 61618 wetlands restoration, 267f Natural capitalism, 616Natural ecological restoration, 16Natural ecosystem services, 240

Natural enemies, 29394, 299, 299fNatural gas, 381 advantages and disadvantages of, 38182 consumption of, world, S61f deposits of, North America, S62fNatural greenhouse effect, 33b, 5657, 68Natural income, 10Natural radioactive decay, 40, 41fNatural recharge, 316Natural resources, 8f, 9 consumption of, 14fNatural Resources Conservation Service,

3034, S34Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC),

546, 647, 649, 653Natural selection, 80 benefi cial genetic traits and, 8283 human species and, 83 limits to adaptation and, 8384 myths about evolution through, 84 reduction of competition among species

and, 1078Natural services, 8f, 9Natural systems agriculture, 309b Nature Conservancy, 236, 252, 259, 262,

648, 649Nature reserves designing and connecting, 23637, 237f management of, 23439Negligence, 644Nekton, 164Nelson, Gaylord, 612, S35Neoclassical economists, 611, 614, 619Nervous system, 449Net energy, 374b, 402Net energy effi ciency, 402Net energy principle, 637Net energy ratio, 374bNetherlands environmental policy planning in, 65556 meat substitutes in, 306Net primary productivity (NPP), 6465, 64fNeurotoxins, 449Neutral solution, 37, S40Neutrons (n), 36, 36fNew Orleans and fl ood control, 17778, 177f,

178f, 339New urbanism, 605New York City trash production and recycling in, 564 use of LED lighting in, 403New Zealand coal subsidies in, 621 farm subsidies and, 301 hydropower production in, 418 tidal fl ow power plants in, 419Niche (ecological), 91, 93f reduction of overlap, 107, 107fNietzsche, Friedrich, S76Niger solar cell power systems in, 415fNihilism, S76Nile perch in Lake Victoria, 249, 253, 272Nile River, 313, 326Nitrate ions, 544Nitrate salts, 473Nitric acid, 473Nitric dioxide, 473Nitric oxide, 473Nitrogen cycle, 6870, 69f

I14 INDEX

Nitrogen fi xation, 68Nitrogen-fi xing bacteria, 68Nitrogen input into environment, 70, 70fNitrogen oxides, 473Nitrous oxide, 473Nixon, Richard, S35Noise pollution, 596, 596fNondegradable pollutants, 16Nondegradable wastes, 543Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 637,

64849Nonmetallic mineral resources, 13Nonmetallic minerals, 354Nonmetals, S39Nonnative species, 9293Nonpoint sources, 16, 532, 55152Nonrenewable energy, 37096Nonrenewable mineral resources, 35467 environmental effects of using, 35460 market prices and, 36163 supplies of, 36064 sustainable use of, 36567Nonrenewable resources, 1314Nonthreshold dose-response model, 456Nontransmissible disease, 440Nonuse value, 19091, 616Nonviolent civil disobedience, 650bNo-problem school, 662Norse Greenland civilization, S31Norsk Hydro, 399North Slope, 377North Borneo, pesticide use in, 29798North Korea tidal fl ow power plants in, 419Northland College, 651b Norway carbon emission reduction and, 520 hydropower production in, 418 oil production peak in, 376 smoking bans in, 463 tidal fl ow power plants in, 419No-till farming, 303N-propyl bromide, 524Nuclear changes in matter, 40, 41fNuclear fi ssion, 40, 41f reactors, 38688, 387fNuclear fusion, 40, 41f, 39495Nuclear power advantages and disadvantages, 38696 capacity, worldwide, S65f future of, 396 and terrorism, 392 versus coal, 392fNuclear power fuel cycle, 374b, 388, 389fNuclear power plants decommissioning of, 394 effi ciency of, 402, 402f new types of, 395b population density and locations of, U.S., S65f workings of, 38688, 387fNuclear Regulatory Commission, 394Nucleic acids, 38, S42Nucleonics Week, 395bNucleotides, S42Nucleus (atomic), 36Nucleus (cellular), 38f, 51Nuisance, 644Nutrients, 27778, 277t, 278f, S39Nutrient cycles, 65Nutrient cycling, 9, 9f, 23f, 24, 56, 6061

Obaid, Thorya, 135Oberlin College, 521, 651b Obesity, 27879Oceanic crust, 347Oceanic fi sheries, 279Oceanic ridges, 347Ocean life zones, 56Ocean mining, 364Oceans. See also Aquatic life zones, Aquatic

systems atmosphere and, 143, 144f currents, 143, 143f, 144f ecological and economic resources of,

16566 global, 163 global warming and, 504 pollution in, 54751Ogallala aquifer, 32223, 323fO horizon, 281b Oil advantages and disadvantages of, 37580 deposits of, North America, S62f history of, S64f pollution of oceans, 54951 reserves, 376 supplies of, 370, 396 world consumption of, 376, S61fOil sand, 379Oil shales, 380, 380fOlberdorster, Eva, S45Old-growth forest, 21516, 216f, 642Old-growth trees and forest fragmentation, 195bOld villageism, 605Oligotrophic lakes, 174, 175f, 539Omnivores, 59One-child policy in China, 13536On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

(Darwin), 80OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting

CountriesOpen access renewable resource rights, 13Open dumps, 574Open-pit mining, 356f, 357 Open sea, 170Open space in urban areas, 604Opportunist species, 112Optimum sustained yield (OSY), 263Option value, 616Oral rehydration therapy, 448Ore, 35455, 35960Oregon State University, 450bOre mineral, 359Organelles, 51Organic agriculture, 3079, 307f, 308f,

308b, 310fOrganic compounds, 38, 562, S4243 Organic farming, 55152Organic fertilizer, 305Organic light emitting diode lights (OLEDs), 409Organic Trade Association, 621Organisms, 7, 52fOrganization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD), 339Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

(OPEC), 376Osterman, Lisa, 550bOutdated four, 402Output pollution control (pollution cleanup), 17Outputs, in systems, 44Overburden, 355

Overfi shing, 25457, 254f marketplace and, 264 subsidies and, 264Overgrazing, 23133, 232fOvernutrition, 278Oxfam, 523Oxford Research Group, 394Oxpeckers (mutualism), 105fOxygen-depleted zones, 549, 550bOxygen sag curve, 53536, 536fOysters, 173Ozone, 474Ozone-depleting chemicals, 524Ozone depletion, 52328 reversing, 527Ozone hole, 523Ozone layer, 459bOzone thinning, 523

Pacala, Stephen, 514, 515, 515fPacifi c Lumber MAXXAM, 650b Palestine water resources in, 313Pandemic, 441Papermaking alternatives, 229, 229fPaper recycling, 571Paracelsus, 439Paradigm shift, 32Parasitism, 101, 105, 105fParent material, 281b Parkinsons disease, 449Particulates, 474Passenger pigeon, 183, 183f, 211Passive smoking, 463Passive solar heating system, 411, 411f, 412fPassive solar power, 402, 402f, 411, 411f, 412fPastures, 231, 279Pauly, Daniel, 264Pay-as-you-throw waste collection, 570PCBs, 449, 459Peak oil production, 370, 375Pearce, Fred, 317Pebble bed modular reactor, 395bPeer review, 31Peking willows, 266b Pelican Island, Florida, 208Pealosa, Enrique, 606Per capita ecological footprint, 14Per capita gross domestic product (GDP), 10,

61920, 620fPer capita GDP PPP, 10Per capita genuine progress indicator (GPI),

61920, 620fPeriod, S39Periodic table of elements, S39Permafrost, 150 global warming and, 510Perpetual resource, 12Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 459, 584Persistence, 119 of chemicals, 45455 of pesticides, 294Pest, 293Pesticide Action, 648Pesticides, 294300 advantages and disadvantages of, 29597, 295f alternatives to, 299300 reducing exposure to, 297fPest management, 293300Peterson, Charles Pete, 96

Index I15

Peto, Richard, 463Petrochemical reaction, 476Petrochemicals, 375Petroleum, 375pH, 37, S4041Phelps Dodge, 363Pheromones, 299Philippines geothermal power in, 427 Mt. Pinatubo, 496Philosophy and nature, S7677Phosphate group, S42Phosphate salts, 355Phosphorus cycle, 70, 71fPhotochemical oxidants, 477Photochemical smog, 473, 47677Photosynthesis, 9, 5859, 67, S44Photovoltaic (PV) cells, 41417, 415fPhthalates, 452Physical change in matter, 39Phytoplankton, 58, 61, 164Phytoremediation, 578, 579fPiaster orchaceus sea stars, 95Pie graphs, S8, S9fPierce, David, 327Pierce, Morris A., 651b Pimental, David, 198, 297, 307Pimm, Stuart, 186Pinchot, Gifford, S32Pioneer (early) successional species, 116Pioneering species, 115Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization

(Brown), 515Planetary worldview, 20Planetary management worldview, 662Plankton, 164Plantation agriculture, 279Plasma arc torch, 580, 580fPlasmodium parasites, 445Plastics recycling, 57172, 572bPlate tectonics, 34749Platinum, 355, 361Plato, S76Playa Junquillal, Costa Rica, 260Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, 4056, 405fPlume, 542Plutonium, 392Poaching, 204, 204fPoint sources, 16, 17f, 532, 55253Polar bears and global warming, 203Policies, 636. See also Environmental policies components of, 638Policy life cycle, 636, 636fPolitical upheaval food insecurity and, 277Political tipping point, 514Politics, 634, 636 sustainable environment and, 63457Pollination, 95Pollutants, 16 effects of, 1617Polluter pays principle, 637Pollution, 1617 air, 46893 aquatic biodiversity and, 25253, 254f cities and, 59596 cleanup vs. prevention, 17 from coal burning, 38485, 384f from mining, 35859 species extinctions and, 2012, 202f

as threat to kelp forests, 104b transportation and, 404 water, 287, 53157Pollution cleanup (output pollution control), 17 problems with, 17Pollution control optimum levels, 617, 618f valuing, 61618Pollution prevention (input pollution control),

17, 300, 459, 493Pollution Prevention Pays (3P) program, 366Polovin, Jeffrey, 504Polyaquaculture, 285, 306Polyculture, 28081Polycultures of perennials, 309bPolymers, 38, S42Polyps, 162Poonswad, Pilai, 205Population(s), 52, 52f, 53f age structure, 109 changes in size, 109 dieback (crash), 111, 112fPopulation change, 126Population change types, 11314, 114fPopulation control, 23f, 24, 58Population decline, 13233, 133fPopulation density, 113, S15fPopulation distribution (dispersion), 108, 109fPopulation dynamics, 108Population growth. See also Human population age structure and, 13033 aquatic biodiversity and, 25253 in China, 13536 developing countries and, 13334 humans and, 114, 12237, 124b increase rate, map, S13f in India, 13637 J-curves and S-curves, 10911, 123 limiting by abiotic factors, 58 limiting factors, 10815, 111f minimum viable population size, 113 older people and, 132 projections of human population, 125f, S16f slowing, 13337, 307 slowing by empowering women, 135, 135f species extinction and, 201 United States and, 12627, 127f, 128f urban areas and, 58993, S16f world rate, graph, S13f young people and, 13031, 131fPopulation, human, and its impact, 12237Population timeline, graph, S12fPores, 281b Porsche, Ferdinand, 405Portland, Oregon smart growth in, 6034Portugal solar cell power systems in, 415 wave power production in, 419 wind power production in, 420Possibility, 439Postconsumer waste, 569Postel, Sandra, 333, 341Potential energy, 40, 42Potrykus, Ingo, 275Poverty, 18, 18f, 625 in cities, 59697, 597f environmental problems and, 62528 extreme, 11, 11f food insecurity and, 277, 301

malnutrition and, 18, 19f, 275 reducing, 62627 as risk to people, 460 water shortages and, 31819Power measurements, S2Power tower, 413Prairie potholes, 178Precautionary principle, 21011, 263, 459, 637Precipitation, 65Precision in measurements, S3Preconsumer waste, 569Predation, 101, 102Predator, 102, 1034Predatorprey relationship, 102 and natural selection, 1034Prescribed fires, 228Preservationist movement, S32Preservationist school of conservation, S32Presidio business school, 631Prevailing winds, 141, 143Prevention principle, 637Prey, 102 ways of avoiding predators, 1023, 103fPrice, 613Prices environmental costs in, 62021 natural capital and, 1920Primary consumers, 59Primary ecological succession, 115, 11617,

116fPrimary pollutants, 471Primary recycling, 569Primary sewage treatment, 554Primary standard, 488Principle of enoughness, 668Principle of multiple use, 643bPrinciple of sustainable yield, 643bPrinciples for making environmental policy,

63738Private goods, 614Private property rights, 1213Probability, 34b, 35, 439Producers, in ecosystems, 58Profit-making organizations, 637Profundal zone, 174, 175fProkaryotic cells, 51, 52fPropane, 381Property (resource) rights, 1213Property taxes, 602Proteins, 38, S42Protons (p), 36, 36fPublic access and participation principle, 637Public Interest Research Group, 552Public lands, U.S., managing, 64042, 641fPublic services, 614Puckett, Jim, 560Puget Sound, 531, 540Puget Sound Partnership, 540Purchasing power, 10Purchasing power parity (PPP), 10Purdue University, 533Purification of drinking water, 54446Purple loosestrife, 252Purse-seine fishing, 25657Pyramid of energy flow, 6263, 63f

Qatar natural gas reserves in, 381Quad countries, S74, S75Quagga mussel, 270

I16 INDEX

Quantum, 399Quran, S76

Radiation (heat), 41Radioactive isotopes, 40Radioactive waste, 39293, 562Radioisotopes, 40Radon-222, 48586Rail transportation, 6002Rainforest Action Network, 650Rainforest Alliance, 621, 649Rain shadow effect, 145Rainwater harvesting, 336Ramanathan, Veerabhadran, 468, 505Randall, Doug, 506Random dispersion, populations and, 108, 109fRangelands, 23133, 279 sustainable management of, 23233, 233fRange of tolerance, 57, 58fRapid-rail system, interurban, 601, 601f, 602fRathje, William, 566bRational grazing, 232Rationalism, S76Ray, G. Carleton, 250Reagan, Ronald, S36Reasoning deductive, 32 inductive, 32Rebound effect, 410Reconciliation ecology, 244 Blackfoot River Valley, 24445Red Sea corral reef, 261b Recycling, 1314, 563 advantages and disadvantages of, 57273,

573f biodegradable solid wastes, 570711, 570f encouraging, 57374 e-waste, 57778 mixed or separated, 570 of municipal solid waste, S19f in New York City, 564 two types of, 569Redefi ning Progress, 619Red Lists, 186Red Sea Restaurant, 261b Red tides, 549, 549fReef, S58f Rees, William, 14Refi llable containers, 56869Refi ned petroleum, 549, 551Refi nery, 375, 375fRefi ning, 375, 375fReganold, John B., 308bRegulations, 638. See also Laws environmental, 62324Regulatory agencies, 63940Reich, Peter, 281Relativism, S76Reliable science, 33Reliable surface runoff, 317Religion nature and, S7677 sustainability and, 670Remote sensing, 72Renewable energy, 399434, S70fRenewable Energy Policy Network, 648Renewable resource, 12Replacement-level fertility rate, 126Reproductive isolation, 86, 87fReproductive patterns of species, 112

Reproductive time lag, 111Research frontiers, 35, 250Reservoirs, 65, 32429Resilience, 119Resource, 12Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (U.S.),

582, 646Resource exchange webs, 366Resource partitioning, 107, 107fResource (property) rights, 1213Resource use optimum levels, 617, 617f valuing, 61618Response, 455Reuse, 13, 13f, 56769 encouraging, 57374Reverse osmosis, 332Reversibility principle, 637Reykjavik, 399Rice, 279 production of, 282, 282fRice University, 544Richter scale, 350Rind, David, 219Riparian zones, 232Risk(s), 439, 46065Risk analysis, 46065Risk assessment, 439, 440f, 460Risk communication, 460Risk management, 439, 440f, 460Ritz, Beate, 449River of Grass, 267River Runs Through It, A, 24445Rivers and streams, 17678 ecological services of, 270f pollution in, 53541 protecting and sustaining, 26971 running dry, 326 stress on, 319fRNA, 38, S42Roadless Rule, 239Robock, Allan, 503Rock, 353Rock cycle, 35354Rocky Mountain Institute, 412, 413fRocky shores, 168Rodale Institute, 307, 308fRodenticides, 294Rodricks, Joseph V., 458Rojstaczer, Stuart, 65Romania gold mining in, 344Romm, Joseph, 404fRoosevelt, Franklin D., S34Roosevelt, Theodore, 208, S32, S34fRosenblatt, Roger, 557Rosenzweig, Michael L., 244Roundup, 296b Rowland, Sherwood, 525bRoyal Academy of Engineering (U.K.), S45Royal Dutch Shell, 399Royal Society (U.K.), 504, S45Royal Society for Protection of Birds, 262r-selected species, 112, 112fRuckelshaus, William, 532Runge, Ford, 277Runoff, 176Russia carbon dioxide emissions and, 499 coal reserves in, 384

geothermal power in, 427 hydropower production in, 418 natural gas reserves in, 381 nuclear power plants in, 395b oil reserves in, 376 oil sand resources in, 379 tidal fl ow power plants in, 419 tuberculosis (TB) in, 442Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 390

Sabah pesticide use in, 29798Sachs, Jeffrey, 447, 652Sacramento Valley, 266b Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (U.S.), 546Safi na, Carl, 259Sagebrush rebellion, S35, S36Sahara Desert, 140, 140fSaint Lawrence Seaway, 269Salinity, 58, 163Salinization, 28889, 289f, 305, 305f, S31Salmon, 270Salt marsh, 166, 167fSaltwater intrusion, 32324Saltwater life zones, 163Sample size, 34bSamuelson, Robert, 599, 611San Andreas fault, 348fSand, 355Sand County Almanac (Leopold), 22bSandstone, 353Sandy shores, 168Sanitary landfi lls, 57475, 576fSanta Clara College, 651bSanter, Ben, 503SARS, 444Sathyanarayana, Sheela, 452Saudi Arabia desalinization in, 332 groundwater pumping in, 322, 322f oil production peak in, 376 oil supplies in, 370, 376Saunders, Mark, 511Savanna, 150, 151fScenic rivers, 271Schmidheiny, Stephan, 655Schooley, David, 446Schwartz, Brian, 475Schwartz, Peter, 506Science, 29 limitations of, 3435 and media reporting, 33b results of, 3334Science Focus acid rain and Hubbard Brook, 482b air pollutants, detection of, 475 antibiotics, genetic resistance to, 443b bats, ecological roles of, 192b batteries, hybrid vehicle, 406b bioplastics, 573b bisphenol A (BPA), 453b carp as invasive species, 253b CFCs, 525b changing genetic traits of populations, 88b conditions for life on earth, 86b deep aquifers, 324b desalinization, 333b desert life, 148b Easter Island, 31b ecological medicine, 446b

INDEX I17

Smith, Robert A., 479Smithfi eld Foods, 552Smog, 471, 47677Smokey Bear campaign, 227Smoking, death from, 46263, 463fSnake River, 270Social capital, 2021, 648Socolow, Robert, 70, 514, 515, 515fSoft-path approach, 431Soil as base of life, 281b, 281f creation of, 348 erosion and loss, 28788, 287f, 296b fertility, 287, 305 management of, 275310Soil conservation, 3025, 302f, 303fSoil Conservation Act (U.S.), S34Soil Conservation Service, 304, S34Soil erosion, 287, 3025, 304f, 348Soil Erosion Act (U.S.), 304Soil Erosion Service, S34Soil salinization, S31Solar capital, 9, 56f, 371Solar cells, 41417Solar cookers, 414, 414fSolar energy, 23, 23f, 5657, 371 advantages and disadvantages of, 41117 availability of, worldwide, S66f, S70f cooking with, 414 electricity production using, 41417, S67f heating building and water with, 41112Solar power industry, 417Solar thermal systems, 41314Solid biomass, 42223Solid waste, 56085. See also Hazardous waste burning and burying, 57476 dealing with, 56467 defi ned, 561 recycling of, 56974, S19f reducing, reusing, recycling of, 56667 reuse of, 56769 in United States, 56364Sophists, S76Soul, Michael, 190Source separation, 570Source zone (surface water), 176South Africa coal reserves in, 384 gold mining in, 344 nuclear power plants in, 395bSouthern Methodist University, S45Southern sea otters, 100, 104b, 110b, 119South Korea air pollution in, 468 nuclear power plants in, 395b nuclear power use in, 388 poverty in, 626 solar cell power systems in, 415 tidal fl ow power plants in, 419SouthNorth Water Transfer Project, 33132Spaceship-earth environmental worldview,

663, S35Spain greenhouse agriculture in, 279, 280f solar thermal power in, 413, 414f wind power production in, 420Special interest groups, 637Specialist species, 91f, 92Speciation, 86 biodiversity and, 86

Seattle, Washington, 531Sea urchins, as threat to kelp forests, 104bSecondary consumers, 59Secondary ecological succession, 115, 117, 117fSecondary pollutants, 471Secondary recycling, 569Secondary sewage treatment, 554Secondary standard, 488Second-generation pesticides, 294Second green revolution, 282Second-growth forest, 216Second law of thermodynamics, 43, 43f, 56, 60,

374b, 401Secure hazardous waste landfi lls, 58182, 582fSedimentary rock, 353Sediments, 353Seed banks, 2089, 292Seed morgues, 292Seismic risk U.S., 350f world, 351fSeismic waves, 34950Seismograph, 350Seldon Technologies, 545Selective agents, 294Selective breeding, 88b Selective cutting, 219, 219fSelf, Peter, 589Sellers and buyers, 613Sen, Amartya, 626Senauer, Benjamin, 277Sense of place, 666Service-fl ow economy, 624Sessions, George, 664Severe acute respiratory syndrome. See SARSSewage treatment, 55356Shale, 353Shale oil, 380, 380fShamanism, S76Shantytowns, 596, 597, 597fSharks, protection of, 9697Shaw, George Bernard, 635Shellfi sh, for food, 285Shelterbelts, 303Shintoism, S76, S77Short-grass prairies, 150Short History of Progress, A (Wright), 672Shrimping, 646bSick-building syndrome, 484Sierra Club, 648, S32Sierra magazine, 651b Silent Spring (Carson), 295b, S35 Simple carbohydrates, 38Simple sugars, S42Singapore poverty in, 626Single-variable analysis, 28Sinkholes, 323Sinks, planetary, 614Sisters of the Holy Cross, 671bSkin cancer, 526b27bSlash, 227Slash-and-burn agriculture, 280Slate, 353Slowly degradable wastes, 543Slums, 596Smart growth, 6034, 603f Smelting, 359Smith, Amy, 229Smith, Brian C., 394

ecological succession of species, 118b elephants, protecting using DNA, 191b Endangered Species Act, U.S., 209b environmental impacts of war, 653b extinction rate, estimating, 188b fl u scenario, 444b forest fragmentation and old-growth

trees, 195b garbology, 566b glyphosate-resistant crops, 296b gray wolves, Yellowstone National Park, 235b greening U.S. campuses, 651b Greenland and global warming, 508b human population growth, 124b importance of insects, 54b kelp forests, 104b logging in U.S. national forests, 643b mangrove forests, protection and restoration

of, 255b mercury pollution, 450b51b microbes, 61b models and systems, 44b nanotechnology revolution, 362b net energy, 374b nuclear reactors, 395b organic farming, 308b oxygen depletion in Gulf of Mexico, 550b polycultures of perennials, 309b scientifi c consensus on global warming, 33b,

502b3b skin cancer, 526b27b soil, as base of life, 281b southern sea otters, 110b species richness on islands, 90b statistics and probability, 34b sustainably grown timber, 228b tropical dry forest restoration in Costa Rica,

242b urban farming, 607b value of ecosystems ecological services, 218b vultures, wild dogs, and rabies, 197b water pollution, testing for, 535b waters unique properties, 67b wetland-based sewage treatment systems,

556bScientifi c Certifi cation Systems, 228bScientifi c hypothesis, 30 vs. theory, 32Scientifi c law, 32Scientifi c principles of sustainability, 2324, 23f,

24, 46, 47, 60, 65, 74Scientifi c process, 2932, 30f features of, 31Scientifi c reasoning, imagination,

and creativity, 32Scientifi c testing, 33Scientifi c theory, 31, 32 vs. hypothesis, 32Scientifi c theories and laws, 3233Scotland smoking bans in, 463Sea anemone (mutualism), 106fSeadrift, Texas, 646bSeager, Richard, 319Seagrass beds, 166Sea lampreys (parasitism), 105f, 269Sea levels, rising, 50910Searchinger, Tim, 424Seasonal wetlands, 178Sea stars (Piaster orchaceus), 95

I18 INDEX

manure and, 292 nanotechnology and, 362b Nashua River and, 657 Nile perch in Lake Victoria and, 249, 253, 272 nutrient cy