Millennium Development Goals. KEY KNOWLEDGE The eight United Nations Millennium Development Goals,...
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Millennium Development Goals. KEY KNOWLEDGE The eight United Nations Millennium Development Goals, their purpose and the reasons why they are important
KEY KNOWLEDGE The eight United Nations Millennium Development
Goals, their purpose and the reasons why they are important (pages
30841) The interrelationships between health, human development and
sustainability to produce sustainable human development in a global
context (pages 3424) Chapter 9- Millennium Development Goals KEY
SKILLS describe the eight United Nations Millennium Development
Goals, their purpose and reasons why they are important (pages
3456) evaluate the progress towards the Millennium Development
Goals (pages 3467) analyse in different scenarios the
interrelationships between health, human development and
sustainability (pages 34850).
Slide 3
Millions of people in developing countries are dying or
becoming ill from preventable causes such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and
malnutrition. The underlying issues contributing to the high
morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries include
gender inequality, lack of education, lack of access to nutritious
foods, lack of access to clean water and sanitation, limited or no
health care and environmental degradation. WHY THE GOALS ARE
IMPORTANT ?
Slide 4
Developed countries can have a significant impact on reducing
morbidity and mortality rates through fair trade arrangements,
providing developmental assistance and debt relief, and ensuring
access to health care and technology. The Millennium Development
Goals have been developed to: Provide a framework for ensuring that
significant improvements can be made in the health status and human
development of populations globally.
Slide 5
In September 2000, many of the worlds leaders came together at
the United Nations headquarters in New York and formalised the
United Nations Millennium Declaration. This declaration, which was
endorsed by 189 countries, recognised the importance of all
countries developing global partnerships that aimed to reduce
extreme poverty by 2015 through the achievement of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs).
Slide 6
Eradicating extreme poverty continues to be one of the main
challenges of our time, and is a major concern of the international
community. Ending this scourge will require the combined efforts of
all, governments, civil society organizations and the private
sector, in the context of a stronger and more effective global
partnership for development. The Millennium Development Goals set
timebound targets, by which progress in reducing income poverty,
hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter and exclusion while
promoting gender equality, health, education and environmental
sustainability can be measured. They also embody basic human rights
the rights of each person on the planet to health, education,
shelter and security. The Goals are ambitious but feasible and,
together with the comprehensive United Nations development agenda,
set the course for the worlds efforts to alleviate extreme poverty
by 2015.
Slide 7
The Goals were created by the United Nations and have the
target date of 2015
Slide 8
KEY TERM DEFINITIONS Biodiversity- The different plants,
animals and micro-organisms, their genes and the ecosystems of
which they are a part Extreme poverty - People who live on less
than US$1 a day Gender parity- Ensuring that males and females have
equal opportunities in areas such as education, employment, voting
and decision making, and access to health care and other resources
Malnutrition- Medical condition caused by an improper or
insufficient diet Sustainable human development- The capacity for
current and future generations to achieve their full potential and
lead productive, creative lives in accordance with their needs and
interests
Slide 9
Slide 10
Why is Goal 1 important? Poverty means that a country does not
have the economic resources to develop infrastructure and invest in
education, health, political and legal systems, and public
institutions. Failure to invest in these areas means that people
are unable to improve their lives and escape the cycle of poverty.
How does poverty impact on individuals? Not being able to purchase
the quality of food needed to sustain life. Not being able to
access the required health care to treat a preventable
illness.
Slide 11
Target 1 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
whose income is less than US$1 a day
Slide 12
There are two ways to measure a countries wealth what are they?
The percentage of the population who live on less than US$1 a day,
which is referred to as extreme poverty. Measuring extreme poverty
enables comparisons to be made between countries to determine the
relative level of poverty within a country. Gross domestic product
(GDP). GDP refers to the total value of all goods and services
produced by a country. This is divided by the total population in
order to get an indication of average income. GDP measurement
enables comparisons to be made between countries, including both
developing and developed countries. This provides an indication of
relative poverty on a global scale.
Slide 13
Target 2 Achieve full and productive employment and decent work
for all, including women and young people
Slide 14
List the limitations to employment that impact on womens health
Women are required to be the Caregivers within families and perform
all domestic duties, including growing food or carrying water long
distances. Jobs, involving hard labour, and the heavy workload can
be detrimental to their health. Paid less than men even though they
may be required to perform the same duties. Limited Education
impacts significantly on the opportunities to be employed in higher
paid positions. Cultural constraints, women have limited legal
rights, lack opportunities for training and for land ownership and
access to credit.
Slide 15
List the limitations to employment that impact on childrens
health Limited Education Often forced into Child Labour, where they
are required to work long hours in environments that are not
regulated to ensure their safety. Many children die as a result of
unsafe work practices, or suffer lifelong physical damage which
impacts on their capacity to earn an adequate income in the future,
thereby continuing the cycle of poverty into the next
generation.
Slide 16
Target 3 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
who suffer from hunger
Slide 17
Hunger The continuing deprivation in a person of the food
needed to support a healthy life. Malnutrition A lack of specific
nutrients required for the effective functioning of the body. An
individual may have the required quantity of food to sustain life
but they may not be consuming the required range of nutrients,
which may put them at risk of diseases such as iron-deficiency
anaemia. Define.
Slide 18
MDG 1 target 1 ImprovementsOngoing concerns Target 1: Halve
between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people whose income is less
than US$1.25 a day Rates of poverty and the number of people living
in extreme poverty have fallen in every developing region. The
halving of extreme poverty rates will be achieved at the global
level by 2015. Significant poverty reductions occurred in China,
India, Southern Asia and sub- Saharan Africa. A significant
proportion of the global population will still be living in extreme
poverty.
Slide 19
MDG 1 target 2 ImprovementsOngoing concerns Target 2: Achieve
full and productive employment and decent work for all, including
women and young people The number of workers living on less than
$1.25 a day has declined. 352Progress in the reduction of the
proportion of workers living in poverty has slowed. Women and young
people are the most likely to be in insecure and poorly paid
employment.
Slide 20
MDG 1 target 3 ImprovementsOngoing concerns Target 3: Halve
between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people who suffer from
hunger Significant reductions occurred in the proportion of
children under the age of five who were underweight in developing
regions. Millions of children are still at risk of stunted
development due to under-nutrition. Even though income poverty has
decreased, there has been a lack of progress in reducing hunger in
several developing regions. The number of undernourished people
increased sharply in sub- Saharan Africa due to increasing food
prices. Children in rural areas and poorer children are more likely
to be underweight when compared to their counterparts in urban
areas and richer households.
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Why is Goal 2 important? Education leads to greater employment
prospects, thereby increasing levels of income. This in turn
improves the individuals capacity to access adequate nutrition,
shelter and health care, not only for themselves but also for their
family members. Those who are educated are more likely to
understand health-related information, which is vital for promoting
positive health behaviours. Often in developing countries,
governments do not have the funding to provide education for all
children and, as a result, schooling is only available for those
who can afford to pay for it. Through achieving primary education
for all children, the opportunities for individuals to improve
their standard of living, develop to their full potential and lead
productive lives according to their needs and interests are greatly
improved. Those who are educated are more likely to ensure that
their own children are educated.
Slide 24
What is the purpose of Goal 2? Achieve universal primary
education Is to provide both boys and girls in developing countries
with access to primary schooling to improve literacy and numeracy
skills. It also offers opportunities to gain the skills and
knowledge to engage in health-promoting behaviours.
Slide 25
Target 1 Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and
girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary
schooling
Slide 26
Measuring the success of Goal 2 MDG 2 targetImprovementsOngoing
concerns Ensure that by 2015 children everywhere, boys and girls
alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary school.
Gender parity has been achieved in the enrolment rate of girls and
boys in primary education. Enrolment rates of primary school aged
children have increased in sub- Saharan Africa. Excluding
sub-Saharan Africa, more than 90 per cent of primary school aged
children are enrolled in school. Globally, the proportion of
females out of school has declined. The percentage of students
finishing the last year of primary school has increased. In all
areas except for sub-Saharan Africa, girls and boys have similar
chances of completing primary education. The proportion of young
people who can read and write a simple statement about their daily
life has increased The proportion of literate young women has
increased. There is still a significant proportion of children in
developing regions who are not attending school. In some regions,
females make up a significantly larger proportion of the children
who are out of school. In sub-Saharan Africa, boys are more likely
to complete primary education. In sub-Saharan Africa, a significant
proportion of children who complete primary school do not continue
on to secondary school. A significant proportion of adolescents are
out of school globally. Young adolescents from the poorest
households are more likely to be out of school compared to those
from the wealthiest households. There is still a significant
proportion of young people who are unable to read or write a short,
basic statement about their daily life.
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Why is Goal 3 important? Females are generally less likely than
males to have access to education. Education has the ability to
empower women; it enables them to access higher paid employment and
work in jobs that are less likely to impact negatively on their
health. As the traditional primary caregivers of families, it is
important for women to develop their knowledge regarding
health-related behaviours, including the skills to be able to read
and understand health information. The numeracy and literacy skills
taught in schools may also assist women in developing a personal
business. With greater income, women are able to exert more control
over their lives and make decisions that are in their best interest
and those of their families.
Slide 30
What is the purpose of Goal 3? To raise the socioeconomic
status of women in developing countries through ensuring that
females have equal access to education. This goal also aims to
empower women through ensuring their involvement in decision making
processes that affect themselves, their families, their communities
and their countries.
Slide 31
Target 1 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education by no
later than 2015
Slide 32
Outline 5 factors that contribute to decreased attendance rates
by women in education Drought, food shortages, armed conflict,
poverty, child labour and HIV/ AIDS, lack of access to water and
sanitation results in females spending significant proportions of
the day fetching water. Lack of private and decent sanitation
facilities also impacts on girls enrolment at school. Families are
less likely to send their female children to school if separate and
private toileting facilities are not provided for girls. For
families with limited income, male children are often provided with
educational opportunities before their female siblings.
Slide 33
Measuring the success of Goal 3 MDG 3 targetImprovementsOngoing
concerns Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education by no
later than 2015. Globally, gender parity has been achieved in the
enrolment rates of girls and boys in primary education. The
proportion of girls enrolled in primary education has increased
significantly in sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia. Western and
Southern Asia had the greatest gains in the enrolment of girls in
secondary school. In Latin America and the Caribbean, more girls
than boys were enrolled in secondary school. In developing regions,
significant gains were made in terms of the enrolment of females in
tertiary education. Globally, the proportion of women in paid jobs
outside of the agricultural sector increased. Increases have
occurred in the number of women obtaining top positions in
parliament. Not all countries in developing regions had achieved
equivalent rates of girls and boys enrolled in primary education.
Girls from the poorest households face the greatest barriers to
education. Only a relatively small proportion of senior management
positions are held by women. Women tend to hold lower paid jobs, in
a narrower range of occupations. Women more often than men work in
informal employment without social protection and lacking
entitlement to employment benefits such as paid annual leave or
sick leave. The proportion of women holding parliamentarian seats
remains low. The number of countries with women as head of
government, head of state or both has remained low. Violence
against women is undermining efforts to achieve all Millennium
Development Goals.
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Why is Goal 4 important? Most causes of U5MR in developing
countries can be prevented or treated by inexpensive means. Some of
the most deadly causes of disease, such as measles, can be
vaccinated against. The risk of diarrhoea can be reduced through
breastfeeding and using good hygiene and sanitary practices, and
providing access to clean water. Other conditions such as pneumonia
can be treated with antibiotics. More than 10 million children
under the age of five die annually and more than 20 million
children under the age of five are severely malnourished (WHO,
2009). As children represent the future, it is the responsibility
of the global community, including governments, to promote their
health and reduce the child mortality rate.
Slide 37
What is the purpose of Goal 4? To reduce the number of deaths
of children under the age of five (U5MR).
Slide 38
Target 1 Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the
under-five mortality rate.
Slide 39
Identify 5 preventable causes of death that contribute to U5MR
Diarrhoea Pneumonia Measles Malnutrition Neonatal Causes Sepsis
Congenital anomalies Tetanus malaria
Slide 40
MDG 4 targetImprovementsOngoing concerns Reduce the under-five
mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. Globally,
significant reductions have occurred in the under-five mortality
rate. Within developing regions, progress on reducing under- five
mortality rate has accelerated. Accelerated efforts to reduce
measles deaths have resulted in a decrease in global measles
mortality. Significant reductions have occurred in the percentage
of measles deaths in sub-Saharan Africa due to increased
immunisation coverage and large-scale immunisation programs.
Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania have not achieved the reductions
required to meet the target. Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia
make up a large proportion of the world total of under-five
mortality. The rate of reduction in neonatal mortality has declined
over the past two decades. Children from rural areas in developing
regions are at a disadvantage with regards to living past their
fifth birthday. Children from the poorest households are more
likely to die before their fifth birthday compared to children from
the wealthiest households. Millions of children in developing
regions did not receive the vaccine against measles. There was an
increase in reported measles cases in 2010, and large outbreaks
were reported in Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, Eastern
and South-Eastern Asia, and Oceania.
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Why is Goal 5 important? Improving maternal health is important
for both the mother and the child, as well as the entire community.
Reducing the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth
significantly reduces the maternal mortality rate. Maximising the
health of mothers enables them to continue in their caregiving
role, not only for the newborn child but also for other family
members. Providing access to reproductive health services means
that women are better able to take care of themselves and their
children through seeking advice and treatment, as well as being
able to plan the timing and spacing of births.
Slide 44
What is the purpose of Goal 5? The purpose of goal 5 is to
improve maternal health by reducing the number of deaths of women
that occur as a result of pregnancy and childbirth and to increase
access to reproductive services.
Slide 45
Haemorrhage (excessive bleeding), Sepsis (whole body
infection), Unsafe abortion, Obstructed labour (often due to a
small pelvis restricting the baby from being born via a vaginal
birth) and Hypertensive disease during pregnancy. Identify 5 causes
of maternal deaths
Slide 46
In developing countries, many women and young girls of
reproductive age do not have access to family-planning services,
which are important for allowing individuals to plan the number of
children they have and the spacing and timing of births. Family
planning can ensure the family is financially able to meet the
needs of an additional child, providing them with access to
education and a decent standard of living (Human development). For
those living in poverty, the impact of having to feed another child
is often too much to bear and an abortion is considered the only
alternative. In developing countries these are often unsafe,
performed in unhygienic environments and by unqualified individuals
and can lead to an increase in maternal mortality (Health).
Slide 47
MDG 5 targetsImprovementsOngoing concerns Achieve by 2015,
universal access to reproductive health. The proportion of
deliveries attended by skilled health personnel has increased in
developing regions since 1990. Antenatal care coverage has
increased in developing regions since 1990. Developing regions with
the highest maternal mortality had a limited proportion of births
attended by skilled health personnel. Large differences exist in
terms of access to antenatal care in the countries in the African
region. Almost half of pregnant women in developing countries did
not have the minimum requirement for antenatal care as recommended
by the World Health Organization. The rate of decline in
pregnancies in adolescents has slowed or even reversed in some
developing regions. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest birth rate
among adolescents, with little progress occurring since 1990. A
significant proportion of women of child- bearing age in
sub-Saharan Africa did not have access to contraception in
2010.
Slide 48
MDG 5 targetsImprovementsOngoing concerns Reduce by three
quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. The
global maternal mortality rate has declined since 1990. The
maternal mortality ratio in developing regions has declined. The
maternal mortality ratio is significantly higher in developing
regions. Sub-Saharan Africa has a high maternal mortality ratio,
with AIDS being a contributing factor.
Slide 49
Target 5.B: Achieve universal access to reproductive health
More women are receiving antenatal care. In developing regions,
antenatal care increased from 63 per cent in 1990 to 81 per cent in
2011. Only half of women in developing regions receive the
recommended amount of health care they need. Fewer teens are having
children in most developing regions, but progress has slowed. The
large increase in contraceptive use in the 1990s was not matched in
the 2000s. The need for family planning is slowly being met for
more women, but demand is increasing at a rapid pace. Official
Development Assistance for reproductive health care and family
planning remains low.