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Page 1: Military Parade 32
Page 2: Military Parade 32

WORLDWIDE SALES REPRESENTATIVES

HEAD OFFICEPassport Press Agency Office 811, 24 Pravdy St., Moscow 125137, Russia Tel/Fax: (095) 257-4102, 257-4002e-mail: [email protected]

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MILITARY PARADE LTD.

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EDITORIAL BOARD: Yuri Antipov,Yuri Babushkin, Alexander Degtyarev,

Stanislav Koval, Oleg Kustov, Alexander Mozgovoi,Nikolai Spassky, Victor Surikov, Yuri Churyanov, Anatoly Shatalov

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Military Parade Ltd.: 35 Mosfilmovskaya St., Bldg. 1, Moscow 117330, RussiaPhone: (095) 143-9650, 143-9651, 143-9656 Fax: (095) 143-9651, 937-9632http://www.milparade.ru e-mail: [email protected]

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RUSSIA’S ARMS CatalogEditor-in-ChiefNikolai Spassky

© Copyright MILITARY PARADELtd.

The Magazine is registered in the Committee for Press and Information of the Russian Federation. Certificate #012310. ISSN 1029-466X. All rights reserved. Reproduction in part or whole is allowed only with the explicit authorization of the publisher.The responsibility for correctness and authenticity of the published material rests with the authors. Written materialsnot ordered by the editorial staff are not reviewed and returned to the authors.

Approved for publication March 31, 1999.

MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COUNCIL:

Yuri MaslyukovFirst Deputy Chairman of the Russian Federation Government

Yuri AntipovVice-President of the Association of Investors in the Conversion of Russia’s Defense Complex

Yuri BaluevskyHead of the Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Anatoly BelosvetChief Designer of the Aircraft Research and Production Complex “MIG”

Boris BunkinGeneral Designer of Almaz Research and Production Association

Anatoly DolgolaptevPresident of the League of Assistance for Defense Enterprises of Russia

Alexander DondukovChairman of the Board of Directors and General Designer of the Yakovlev Design Bureau

Mikhail FaleyevDeputy Minister of Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Liquidation of the Aftermath of Natural Disasters

Vyacheslav FilimonovDirector General of the PromexportFederal state Unitary Enterprise

Victor GlukhikhCouncil Chairman of the International Congress of Industrialists and Enterpreneurs

Yuri GlybinCorresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Rocket and Artillery Sciences

Leonid IvashovChief of the Main Directorate for International Military Coop-eration of the Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation

Igor KasatonovFirst Deputy Commander in Chief of the Navy of the Russian Federation

Vladimir KireyevPresident of the Russian Academy of Rocket and Artillery Sci-ences

Vladimir KlimenkoDeputy Minister of Emergency Situations

Valentin KlimovDirector General of the Tupolev Aircraft Research and Engineering Complex

Anatoly KornukovCommander in Chief of the Air Force of the Russian Federa-tion

Vladimir KovalkovDirector General of the Irkutsk Aircraft Industrial Association

Vladimir KuroyedovCommander in Chief of the Navy of the Russian Federation

Nikolai MakarovetsDirector General of Splav State Research and Production Enterprise

Ivan MaterovFirst Deputy Minister of Economics of the Russian Federation

Victor MerkulovDirector General of the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association

Nikolai MikhailovState Secretary and First Deputy Defense Minister of the Russian Federation

Valery MikhailovHead of the Department for Industry Reforms and Conversion of the Russian Federation Government

Sergei MikheyevGeneral Designer and President of the Kamov JSC

Valery MironovColonel-General, Cand. Sc. (Military)

Victor MironovChairman of the Committee for Military and Technical Policy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Zinovy PakState Secretary and Deputy Minister of Economics of the Russian Federation

Valentin PashinDirector of the Krylov Central Research Institute

Stanislav PolovnikovPresident of the Kompomash Corporation

Grigory RapotaDirector General of the RosvoorouzhenieFederal State Unitary Enterprise

Boris SaltykovDirector General of the Russian TechnologiesFederal State Unitary Enterprise

Arkady ShipunovHead and General Designer of the Instrument-Making Design Bureau

Alexei ShulunovFirst Vice-President of the League of Assistance for Defense Enterprises of Russia

Alexander ShlyakhtenkoHead and General Designer of Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau

Mikhail SimonovGeneral Designer of the Sukhoi Design Bureau

Georgy SinelshchikovGeneral Designer and Director General of the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant

Oleg SoskovetsChairman of the Association of Financial-Industrial Groups of the Russian Federation

Alexander StarovoitovPresident of the Academy of Cryptology of the Russian Federation

Valery VenkovDirector General of the Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant

Gennady VoroninChairman of the State Standards Committee of the Russian Federation

Oleg YefimovHead of the Sipbuilding Department of the Ministry of Eco-nomics of the Russian Federation

Vladimir YukhninHead and General Designer of Severnoye Design Bureau

Nikolai ZlenkoDeputy Chief of the Main Directorate for International Military Cooperation of the Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation

Page 3: Military Parade 32

CONTENTS 2/99

Photos and sketches by:

Vyacheslav Afonin, Vassily Aldakushkin, Alexander Belyayev, Vadim Bondarev, Yevgeny Bulakevich, Arkadi Chiryatnikov, Victor Drushlyakov, Yefim Gordon, Pavel Maslov, AlexeiMikheyev, Yuri Pakhomov, Sergei Pashkovsky Albert Pushkarev, Artur Sark -isyan, Vladimir Sulzhenko, Leonid Yakutin. Also photos con-tributed by Alexei Sokolov from his personal archives and by ITAR-TASS,design bureaus, research institutes and plants.

EXCLUSIVES

Russian "Desert Fox"

hunters ......................................8

Pantsyr-SI air defense

missile-gun system

and its modifications .................14

IDEX ’99

Modernization of Russian

close-in air defense system ......18

Start launchers

at sea and in air ........................22

Combined

ECM operations ........................24

Control system

to improve missile complex

effectiveness ............................26

Upgraded P-18 radar

offers new capabilities ..............28

Projectile or armor:

Which is stronger? ....................32

Modernization of battle tanks

and infantry combat vehicles

via upgrading their electrical

equipment ................................36

TMM-6 heavy

mechanized bridge ...................38

Bagira and Varyag

to replace Makarov ...................42

Aviation

Meet the Kamov Ka-60

Kasatka helicopter ....................46

Navy

Transas:

Electronic technologies

take effect ................................52

Prime manufacturer

of control systems

for unique naval

weapons Complexes .................56

History

Levkov's hovercraft ...................62

14

439

46

63

Page 4: Military Parade 32

Vladimir Svetlov, Member of the Russian Academy of Rocket and Artillery Sciences, General Designer of Fakel Engineering Design Bureau

EXCLUSIVES

The military actions that havetaken place over the last decadehave typically been limited-scale,air offensive operations which werewell-coordinated both in time andspace, and involving the massemployment of precision-guidedmunitions. It should be empha-sized, however, that such opera-t ions are only poss ib le i f theopposing act ion in i t ia ted by adefender’s air defense assets areinsignificant. Today, one can hardlyname a state in which just a fewprecisely delivered missile-bombattacks on their most vulnerableinstal lat ions —such as nuclearpower plants, dams, control cen-ters, warehouses, etc.—would notmean a nationwide disaster result-ing in serious environmental dev-astation, as well as other extremelygrave consequences. The ravagecaused by such attacks is compa-rable with nuclear aftermath, caus-ing irreparable damage both to thenature and economic infrastruc-ture.

In the light of this situation, thedevelopment of air defense missilesystems has been given top priori-ty over the last few years. Indeed,their availability and conformitywith up-to-date standards, or, con-versely, their obsolescence ormere deficiency, predetermine, to

a large extent, the behavior of astate on the international arenaand influence its ability to respondadequately to the emerging con-flicts in which air attack assets arelikely to be used. Such countriesand regions as Lybia, the Balkans,Sudan, Afghanistan or Iraq, whichhas now turned into a test ingground for the latest technologicaldevelopments in the field of airattack capabilities, are just a fewexamples over the past years, con-firming this premise. The eventsmaterializing around the Russian-made S-300PMU 1 air defensemissile (ADM) system, planned tobe delivered to Cyprus, may beadded to the list.

What all this means is that effec-tive protection against possible airattacks must continue to be of vitalimportance to a l l nat ions. Thestrategic, tactical and maritime avi-ation airplanes and helicoptersarmed wi th var ious precis ion-guided missiles and bombs, as wellas the missiles fired from ships arethe basic components of modernair attack assets. Today, any mod-ernization or development programenvisions extensive use of «stealth»technology to make aircraft unde-tectable by radar and enhancetheir rates of survivability (use ofarmor-protected pilot cabins; pro-

tection of fuel tanks, autopilots,control systems against fragments,etc.).

The effectiveness of modern airdefense (AD) systems is largelydependent upon their ability tocounter tactical ballistic missilescurrently operational in more thana dozen states. The substantial dif-ferences between aircraft and mis-siles in their performance charac-teristics and methods of combatemployment, demand a solution ofspecific and, often, almost contra-dictory problems. Ballistic missilesare primarily noted for their highspeed and the extremely shorttime that they are in an AD cover-age zone, the unpredictability oftheir employment due to the diffi-culty of detecting mobile missilelaunchers, and the inabi l i ty todetect a missile launch. The lowvulnerability of ballistic missiles,achieved due to their speci f icdesign features and small dimen-sions of main components, is alsobecoming a factor. This was vividlydemonstrated by the repulsion ofIraqi Scuds by U.S.-made Patriotmissles.

Cruise missiles, and other preci-sion-guided missiles, may be con-sidered somewhat antipodal to bal-l ist ic missi les. They f ly at anextremely low altitude (including inthe terrain-following mode), andtheir large radius of action andhigh target accuracy alone pre-sents a severe problem for thedefender. Furthermore, recent dra-matic breakthroughs in electronicshave allowed designers to createhighly accurate weapons with a

8 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

RUSSIAN «DESERT FOX» HUNTERS

In the near future, the latest versions of the ADM systems, ground-based and shipborne, will receive thenew 9M96E and 9M96E2 missiles developed by the Fakel Engineering Design Bureau.

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91 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

standoff launching range farbeyond the reach of the majority ofAD systems currently in service.Modernization and developmentprograms of such weapons call forthe introduction of «stealth» tech-nology into their design, the reduc-t ion of the weight of onboardequipment, the employment oflow-sensi t iv i ty explos ive com-pounds to enhance survivabilityand, consequently, to increase theweight of the warhead and theflight range. Presently, a wholerange of antiship and other low-fly-ing supersonic missiles capable ofperforming intensive approachmaneuvers are either in the designor fl ight-test stages. Naturally,designers of ADM systems theworld over are trying to solve thecomplex engineering problem ofcountering targets of various class-es through the use of multipurposeADM systems which are capable ofeffectively engaging ballistic andaerodynamic targets. Developmentof weapons systems suited for thisrole can be justified from the engi-neering, tactical and economicviewpoints. The world’s best ADMsystems which can perform awhole range of missions are theRussian S-300, U.S.-made Patriot(version RAS-2) and Patriot RAS-3nearing adoption for service, aswell as the Franco-Italian SAMP/Twith the Aster-15 and Aster-30missiles.

In Russia, multipurpose ADMsystems have, for years, beendeveloped by an association ofmanufacturers, research institutes,and design bureaus. In recentsyears, their cooperative effort hasled to such operational ADM sys-tems as the S-300PMU, -1, -2, andtheir shipborne versions, designat-ed Rif and Rif-M. These systemsintegrate, to a maximum possibledegree, the abil i t ies that makethem effective against ballistic andaerodynamic targets. In the nearfuture, the latest versions of theADM systems, ground-based andshipborne, will receive the new9M96E and 9M96E2 miss i lesdeveloped by the Fakel Engineer-ing Design Bureau and incorporat-ed in the Oboronitelnye Systemy(Defense Systems) Ffinancial andIndustrial Group.

These missiles are a new step inthe creat ion of ADM systems.Obviously, the development of anew missile is a fairly long processand, therefore, it is very importantfor its designers to make a correctassessment of current trends inthe evolution of air attack and air

defense weapons.Today, new generation

of surface-to-air missiles(SAMs) have come toreplace their predeces-sors. This tendency mani-fests itself most vividly inthe replacement of medi-um-range SAMs whichconstitute the backboneof air defense systems inthe majority of the world’smost developed nations.While basic componentsof the ADM systems suchas radars, communica-tions systems, and com-mand posts are beingimproved gradually, sur-face-to-air missiles havemade a dramatic qualita-tive leap forward in theirdevelopment. This is pri-marily attributed to therevolutionary advancesthat have been made inthe missile flight controlmethods and in the on-board equipment itself.

New generat ions ofSAMs feature a combina-t ion of act ive homingheads with devices ensur-ing their high agility. Thisinnovation has broughtabout a drastic increasein the missile target accu-racy and has made i t ,bas ica l l y , a sor t o f akinetic weapon, i . e. aweapon that kills its tar-get with a direct hit.

Another feature ofthese new missiles is thesignificant reduction intheir launching weight:from 1 - 1.8 t (U.S.-madePatriot RAS-1 and RAS-2,a n d R u s s i a n - m a d e S-300PMU SAM systems)to 300 - 500 kg (U.S.-made Patr iot RAS-3, Franco-Italian Aster-15,and Aster-30, as well asRussian-made 9M96Eand 9M96E2).

In October 1998, Russ-ian miss i les were d is-played for the first time inOctober 1998 at theDefendory ‘98 exhibitionin Athens. With suchadvanced foreign coun-terparts as the RAS-3 andAster, the Russian mis-siles stood out from therest in terms of their per-formance characteristics.The 9M96E and 9M96E2

The Rif missile lift-off

Page 6: Military Parade 32

missi les carry simi lar onboardequipment, payload and are identi-cal in construction. The only differ-ence between the two missiles isthat the 9M96E2 model isequipped with a more powerfulpropuls ion motor featur ing agreater power-to-weight ratio. Withlittle difference in size and weight,the 9M96E and 9M96E2 missilesmay engage targets at a range of1 to 40 km (9M96E) and 120 km(9M96E2) and at an altitude of 5 mto 20 km (9M96E) and 30 km(9M96E2), outperforming their foreign counterparts.

To develop new missiles, engi-neers and designers had to revisetraditional approaches, devise fun-damentally new engineering solu-tions, review previous experienceand investigate current trends. The

experience gained by Fakel indeveloping reliable high-rate-of-firemissi les was also taken intoaccount.

The new missile concept andarchitecture have been chosen inclose cooperation with the coun-try’s leading research and designorganizations. Owing to this coor-dinated effort, the new develop-ments incorporate the latest engi-neering advances and have beendevised with a view to virtually allmajor SAM development trends.Confident of the precision andsoundness of the assessmentsmade, Fakel developed therequired technical documentationfor the missiles, using the mostadvanced CAD methods. The flighttests performed in the late 1980sdemonstrated the basic advan-tages of these new missiles.

As the work on the 9M96E and9M96E2 missiles was going on, allefforts were focused on creating

highly effective surface-to-air mis-siles capable of destroying all cur-rently operational and future mis-siles and aircraft.

The pr imary a im of an a i rdefense missile is to destroy theincoming missile’s payload in theinterception phase, lest it shouldfal l in the area of a protectedinstallation (e.g. near an electricpower station or ship). The attack-ing missi le’s payload can bedestroyed either by a direct hit onthe payload section or, in the eventof an insignificant miss, by theSAM’s warhead splinters.

To understand how this missioncan be accomplished by new mis-siles, consider the principle of theiroperation in the target interceptionphase. Unlike foreign counterparts,the 9M96E (9M96E2) missile usesthe so-called «cold» vertical lift-off:before its sustainer motor is start-ed the missile is expelled from itscontainer to a height of over 30 m.

10 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

The 9M96E missile

Each container holds four 9M96E or 9M96E2 missiles

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111 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

While the missile is ascending, itsgas-dynamic system causes theweapon to tilt towards the target.Once the sustainer motor is start -ed the missile assumes inertialcontrol via radio link at the initialand mid-course legs of the flightpath (to assure maximum noiseprotection). In the target intercep-tion phase, the missile switchesover to the radar homing mode.Whenever the missile has to per-form a maneuver to get to its ren-dezvouz point i t can activate a«superagility» mode, for which pur-pose the gas-dynamic control sys-tem is enabled. The systemincreases the missile’s aerodynam-ic overload capacity by about 20units within 0.025 seconds.

It should be pointed out here thatthe «superagility» feature of the9M96E and 9M96E2 missiles, aug-mented by their enhanced guidanceaccuracy, provides a guided pathmost suitable for target engage-ment by the missile, as well as thelethality of the missile’s payload.

The introduction of a consider-able number of new components inthe new missiles called for a pro-found optimization of their designfeatures, component units andassemblies on the ground in themost realistic operational and fly-ing conditions. A multitude of labo-ratory and r ig tests (f ire, heatresistance, environmental, weath-er, special electronic, etc.) werecarried out.

While development work on the9M96E and 9M96E2 missiles wasin progress, extensive use wasmade of advanced computer-aidedmodeling methods which allowedthe designers to use the results ofthe ground and flight-rig tests ofindividual components as the inputdata. The results of the tests indi-cated the ability of the new mis-siles to destroy the payload of the

Scud ballistic missile (or its updat-ed version) and the Harpoon anti-ship missile with a probability of 70percent. The 9M96E and 9M96E2missiles carry a 24-kg warheadwhich produces a controlled killingzone. The use of such a warheadmakes these missiles highly effec-tive against all aircraft types.

The provision of the 9M96E and9M96E2 missiles with the data-ware-controlled payload is anotherway to enhance the effectivenessof modern air attack means. Thiskind of payload is designed to«stop» a piloted target, i.e. causeits structural disintegration uponinterception, and to destroy (dis-able) the payload carr ied byremote-piloted vehicles (RPVs).

The payload is act ivated viaradio fuze which uses all the dataavailable on board the missile forits adaptation to the conditions ofthe target-missile rendezvous. Theradio fuze sets the time the pay-load should be detonated. Todestroy the vulnerable portion of

the target, the set time must agreewith the velocities of fragmentsand fragmentation spray direction.

The directed spray is achievedwith the aid of a controllable blast-fragmentation warhead using amultipoint initiation system. Oncethe radio fuze generates a com-mand for the initiation of the war-head in the controlled mode in thepresence of the «miss» informa-tion, the system activates initiationof the explosive charge at periph-eral points facing the requireddirection (towards the target). As aresult, the energy of the explosionis concentrated in this directionand the bulk of the fragmentationfield is flung towards the target atan increased velocity. If there isno «miss» information in the sys-tem, the warhead’s explos ivecharge is initiated at the centerand fragments scatter symmetri-cally in all directions.

The 9M96E and 9M96E2 mis-siles are fully adapted for use in airdefense systems of the Air Forceand Navy. A considerable reduc-tion in their size and weight hasmade it possible to accommodatefour missiles into one container,which has the same dimensions asthe one used by the S-300PMU,Rif-5V55R, 48N6E and 48N6E2ADM systems. The greater numberof missiles at hand makes the sys-tem more flexible in action, andallows it to remain operational for alonger time before running out ofmiss i les as a resul t of heavyattacks conducted by the enemyusing precision-guided munitionsor RPVs.

Fakel’s designers and engineershave developed missi les whichoutperform their foreign counter-parts, including American andFrench ones, and incorporate thelatest technological advances inthe field made by the military-industrial complexes of the USAand Western Europe.

These new missiles fully meetthe requirements of the 21st cen-tury. They incorporate theadvances of Russia’s missile-build-ing industry, science and technolo-gy made over the past decade,and demonstrate that Russia,despite the economic and financialcrisis, is still one of the world’sleading missile-producing nations.

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 9M96E AND 9M96E2 MISSILES

9M96E 9M96E2

Target engagement envelope, km:Range:

minimum 1 1

maximum 40 120Altitude:

minimum 0.005 0.005

maximum 20 30Weight, kg:

missile 333 420

warhead 24 24container with four missiles 2,300 2,700

Average velocity, m/s 750 1,000

First shot hit probability:piloted target 0.9 0.9

unpiloted target 0.8 0.8

target’s payload 0.7 0.7

Page 8: Military Parade 32

Arkady Shipunov, General Designer and Head of the Instrument Design BureauVyacheslav Dudka, First Deputy General Designer, Chief Engineer of the Instrument Design BureauVladimir Obrazumov, Branch Chief Designer

EXCLUSIVES

In modern military operations, air

attack weapons can deal strikes atvital facilities of the armed forces,

economy and power idustry through-out the entire depth of a country,

resolve strategic tasks and predeter-mine the outcome of war before thebeginning of ground combat actions.

The organization of effective airdefense, as is acknowledged in the

world, is based on the echelonedair defense including close-range

systems such as the Tunguska, Tor,Roland and Crotale systems, medi-um- range s y s t ems such as t he

HAWK and Buk and long-range sys -

tems such as the Patr iot and S-300. Being highly effective in terms

of combat employment, the medi-um- and long-range systems can -

not implement their capabilities infighting small-size low-flying targetsin the close zone and varied terrain

environment. In addition, a tacticalstratagem is used against such sys -

tems to expend sophisticated andexpensive surface-to-air missi les

(SAM) by using cheap and massivetargets such as var ious remotelypiloted vehicles (RPV). The number

of such systems is always insuffi-cient owing to their high cost.

The reliable protection of manyvital military and industrial facilities is

poss ib le on ly in case of us ing aclose-in air defense system.

Such a system must meet strin -gent requ i rements per ta in ing tocombat effectiveness at a relatively

low cost.The deve lopment o f a sys tem

possess ing the p roper t i es o f aclose-range system (engagement of

low-flying and surprise targets, oper-ation on the move during protectionof mechanized convoys, relatively

low cost, especially that of SAMs)and medium-range systems (capa -

bility of fighting air attack weaponsbefore their use of onboard ammuni-

tion, high capacity to engage targetsper unit of time and jamming immu-nity) will allow the organization of

two-level air defense based on a uni-versal close-in system and long-

range systems.Such a universal system is repre -

sented by the Pantsy r -S1 a i rdefense missile-gun system devel -oped by the Tula Instrument Design

Bureau and intended for air defenseof mobile units, strategically impor-

tant military and industrial facilities

14 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

PANTSYR-S1 AIR DEFENSE MISSILE-GUN SYSTEM

AND ITS MODIFICATIONS

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBAT VEHICLE

Targets to be engaged strategic and tactical aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters, onboard precision-guided weapons,

remotely piloted vehiclesArmament missiles and gunsAmmunition load:

missiles on launchers 8 - 12artillery rounds 1,400

SAM guidance system components TAR, target and missile tracking radar (centimetric and millimetric), thermal imaging sight, IR direction finder

Range, km:aircraft detection 36 - 38aircraft tracking 24 - 30

Engagement zones, m:missiles:range 1,000 - 18,000altitude 5 - 10,000

guns:range 200 - 4,000altitude 0 - 3,000

Maximum speed of engaged targets, m/s 1,000SAM guidance system radio commands with IR and radio direction findingNumber of simultaneously engaged targets 2 (within 90 x 90o in azimuth and elevation)Reaction time, s 4 - 6Missile salvo fire ensuredEngagement of ground targets ensuredCombat crew 3

Page 9: Military Parade 32

151 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

(airfields, military bases, communi-

cation nodes and industrial facilities)and surface ships under any battleenvironment.

PANTSYR-S1 SYSTEM

FEATURES

The in tegrated miss i le and

gun armament creating an uninter-rupted engagement zone of 18 to20 km in range and of up to 10 km

in altitude.The small-size surface-to-air

missile with high flight and ballisticcharacteristics (Vmax = 1,300 m/s)

and a highly powerful fragmentationrod warhead (it weighs 20 kg with

the sustainer weight being 30 kg).Absolute jamming immuni ty

attained via a common multimodeand multispectral radar and opticalcontrol system operating in the deci-

metric, centimetric, millimetric andIR wave bands.

The capability to fire on themove of gun and missi le system

which no other air defense system inthe world can do (the Tunguska sys-tem can deliver only gun fire on the

move).The universal nature of target

engagement, i.e., engagement of awide range of air targets: aircraft

and helicopters before they fire theirweapons, small-size guided missiles,as well as lightly armored ground

targets and manpower.The comp le te l y au tomat ic

mode of battle performance of aseparate combat vehicle and several

combat vehicles acting as part of anair defense uni t , which improvest ime character ist ics and reduces

psycho log ica l and phys io log ica lloads on crew members.

The great number of targets

engaged per time unit due to the

short reaction time, high speed ofSAM flight and the availability of two

independent gu idance channe lsoperating in a wide sector (90 x 90o

in azimuth and elevation).

Autonomous operation due tothe fact that each combat vehicle

contains equipment for detection,tracking and engagement of targets.

The command system of SAMguidance ensuring high effective -ness of the small-size agile missile.

The passive mode of operationand superhigh accuracy of guid-

ance due to the use of the long-waveband IR channel with logical signal

PANTSYR-S1 ENGAGEMENT ENVELOPE

PANTSYR-S1 VERSIONS

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SAM

Speed, m/s:maximum 1,300average at range of 18 km 780

Weight, kg:in container 85launch 71

Length of container, mm 3,200Diameter, mm:sustainer 90booster 170

Weight, kg:warhead 20explosive 5.5

Fuze type contact + proximity, radar, adaptiveFuze radius of action, m 9

Page 10: Military Parade 32

process ing and automat ic targettracking.

The modular construction andcompactness, which make it possi-

ble to install the system on trackedand wheeled vehicles and in shelters.

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

COMBAT ASSETS:— combat vehicle (up to six in a

battery);— surface-to-air missile;

— 30mm round;— transloader (one for two com-

bat vehicles).

MAINTENANCE FACILITIES:— maintenance vehicle (for main-

tenance and repair of mechanicalassemblies);

— repair and maintenance vehicle(for maintenance and repair of elec-tronic equipment);

— adjustment vehicle (for adjust-ment operations);

— SPTA vehicle (for transportationof group SPTA set).

TRAINING AIDS:— classroom trainer;— mobile trainer.

POSSIBLE VERSIONS

OF PANTSYR-S1 AIR DEFENSE

MISSILE-GUN SYSTEM

The main structural feature of the

system is a unified turret which can

be installed on tracked and wheeledvehicles, surface ship decks, build-

ings, in stationary structures andshelters.

MAIN PROPERTIES OF GUIDANCE SYSTEM

Simultaneous engagement of twotargets approaching from different

directions owing to two independentposts (radar post and optical post).

H igh immun i ty to any type o finterference due to the integration of

radar and optronic means into a uni-fied system operating in the deci-metric, centimetric, millimetric and

IR wave bands.Two-missile salvo at one target in

the radar mode of operation.Short reaction t ime (4 to 6 s)

owing to automatic tracking of upto 20 targets by the target acquisi-tion radar (TAR) and target desig -

nation accurate to 0.4 o in azimuth,0.7 o in elevation and 50 m in range

ensuring rapid target search andlockon by the target and missi le

tracking radar and the TV-opticalsystem.

Computat ion of target dynamic

parameters and its motion, weaponselection and assignment of the kind

of fire.Implementation of the full cycle of

battle performance from search of

targets until their defeat in the auto-

matic mode.Operation of the system by the

crew in the semiautomatic mode.

57E6YE SURFACE-TO-AIR

MISSILE

FEATURESShor t f l i gh t t ime a t the boos t

phase ( t = 1 .5 s , Vmax = 1 ,300m/s).

High agility after separation of the

booster.Small ballistic deceleration during

post-boost flight (40 m/s for 1 km offlight).

Expanded engagement zones upto 20 km in range and up to 10 kmin altitude.

Heavy weight of the warhead (20kg) at the small launch weight of the

SAM.Employment of rod subprojectiles

in the warhead ensur ing posit iveengagement of a broad class of tar-gets.

Availability of the air-dynamic con-trol actuator (without limitations in

terms of service life).Microminiature onboard equip-

ment.

2A38 AUTOMATIC GUN

The gun armament comprises two2A38 twin-barrel automatic guns of

the Tunguska air defense systemcapable of engaging air and ground

16 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

MAINTENANCE FACILITIES:

Adjustment vehicle

SPTA vehicle

Maintenance vehicle

Repair and maintenance vehicle

Page 11: Military Parade 32

171 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

targets up to 4 km in range and upto 3 km in altitude.

FEATURES

High rate of f i re (up to 5,000rds/min).

Large ammuni t ion load (1,400rounds).

Potential use of different types of

ammunition (AP-T, F-T, HEF-I).Delivery of fire in the automatic

and semiautomatic modes.Engagement of aircraft and heli-

copters with a probability of 0.6.

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS

Caliber, mm 30Weight of one automatic gun, kg 2,230

Muzzle velocity, m/s 970Barrel life, rds at least 8,000

Feed belt

VARIANTS

OF COMBAT EMPLOYMENTProceeding from the expected

intensi ty of str ikes by a ir at tackweapons, peculiarities of facil it ies

under defense and relief of the terrain,the most typical variants of combatemployment of the Pantsyr-S1 system

will be the following: full strengthemployment (six combat vehicles),

reduced strength employment (threecombat vehicles) and autonomous

operation of the combat vehicles.Each variant must comply with an

assigned mission and ensure:

— the utmost use of the arma-ment capabilities;

— re l iab le pro tec t ion f rom a l ldirections;

— uninterrupted cooperation withobjects under protection and adja-cent units;

— prompt maneuvering;— the use of terrain conditions to

the best advantage;— ease of control;

— electromagnetic compatibility.

MODES OF OPERATION

Depending on local conditions in

the area of combat operations andvariants of combat employment, thePantsyr-S1 system can operate in

one of the following modes.AUTONOMOUS OPERATION

Each combat vehic le operatesindependent l y and ensures the

implementation of the full operatingcycle: search, detection, identifica-tion, dangerous target selection, tar-

ge t des igna t ion , supp lementa lsearch, lockon, tracking and target

engagement by missiles and guns.COMBINED OPERATION

The battery operates as a unit ofsix combat vehicles interconnectedby telecoded communication. Each

combat vehicle accomplishes thefu l l cyc le of bat t le per formance

against selected targets and sendsinformation on the selected targets

to the other battery’s vehicles thatexclude them from the list of thetargets to be handled.

OPERATION UNDER BATTERYCOMMAND POST CONTROL

Each of the six combat vehiclesaccomplishes all the stages of battleperformance beginning from acquir-

ing target designation data from thecommand post.

OPERATION ON THE LEADER-FOLLOWER PRINCIPLE

The battery operates as a unit ofsix combat vehicles, one of which isassigned as a leader and the others

as fol lowers. The leading combatveh ic le operates as a command

post and also performs the func-tions of a combat vehicle as in the

case of autonomous operat ions.Each fo l l ow-on comba t veh i c l ereceives target designat ion data

from the leader and operates underthe control of the battery command

post in all other respects.

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE FACIL-

ITIESThese are designed to:

— ensure constant combat readi-ness;

— detect faulty units of the com-

bat vehicle with the aid of built-intest devices;

— detect faulty functional assem-blies in the units with the aid of spe-

cial maintenance facilities;— recover units by replacing faulty

funct ional assembl ies wi th those

taken from the system SPTA set;— inspect SAMs during their stor-

age.

TRAINING AIDS OF PANTSYR-S1 SYSTEMThe training aids are designed to

instruct and practice combat vehiclecrews in the basic procedures of

battle performance and maintenanceand are represented by the class-

room and mobile versions of train -ers.

TRAINING AIDS

Mobile trainer

Classroom trainer

Page 12: Military Parade 32

Vyacheslav Abanin, Director of the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant

Close-in air defense (AD) systems play

special role among field air defense

weapons. Their primary task is to provideair defense of motorized and tank units

and subunits in maneuvering combat and

on the march by delivering fire on themove. Besides, practical close-in fighting

requires that the systems be outfitted

with effective AD guns capable of engag-ing both air and ground targets. The

most successful type of these weapon

systems is Russia’s famous Shilka self-

propelled AD gun mount developed in the

early 1960s and designed to fight primar-ily tactical aircraft and helicopters. The

advent of tactical precision-guided

weapons (PGW) called for the introduc-tion of a missile channel to fight aircraft

and helicopters before they could fire

PGW.As a consequence, the renowned

Tunguska AD gun-missile system was

developed by the Tula Instrument DesignBureau and built in the 1980s.

The intense development of air attack

weapons has changed the approach tothe modernization of this class of AD

weapons. According to experts, the

modernization potentialities of such sys-tems as the Shilka and Tunguska have

not yet been exhausted and optimal

updating can considerably extend theirservice life, while their combat effective-

ness canl satisfy the

present-day requirements.The principal lines of modernization of

these systems are described below.

ZSU-23-4 Shilka Self-Propelled

Air Defense Gun Mount

The modernization seeks for state-of-the-art design and technologies to

update the self-propelled (SP) air

defense gun mounts and make themeffective in heavy electronic countermea-

sures (ECM) environments, in adverse

weather and dust-laden conditions, in anyseason and at any time of day or night.

The modernization envisages:

1. Integration of the modernized Shilkagun mounts into a unified army informa-

tion system of air target reconnaissance

and designation by organically assigninga mobile air target reconnaissance and

control post (MRCP), Sborka, to the bat-

tery as its command post (BCP).2. Improvement of the gun mount’s

main part—the RPK-2 radar-computer

complex (85 percent of the equipmentaccommodated in the turret) and creation

of a new complex, the RPK-2U.

The radar has been virtually replaced bya new one, operating on the same frequen-

cy band but based on solid-state compo-

nents: all units and systems of the radarhave been subjected to modernization and

the radar equipment is accommodated in

five cabinets (instead of seven).The RPK-2U complex incorporates:

— digital computer system (DCS)

18 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIAN CLOSE-IN AIR DEFENSE SYSTEMS

The modernization seeks for state-of-the-art design and technologies to update self-propelled

air defense mounts and make them effective in heavy electronic countermeasures environments, in adverse and dust-laden conditions, in any season

and at any time of day or night.Shilka SP gun mount

IDEX’99

Page 13: Military Parade 32

191 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

which jointly with the radar makes up a

fire control radar system (base sys-

tem);— television-aided sight and laser

rangefinder which together with the radar

and digital computer system form anoptical-radar fire control system (ORFCS)

operating in the passive mode both day

and night (moonlight at a quarter of themoon);

— equipment, including:

(a) data receiving/transmitting (DRT)equipment for the gun mount to

exchange information with the Sborka

battery command post via a telecodedcommunication channel for reception of

external target designation signals and

operational control of the Shilka batteryengaging a target by one, two, three and

more gun mounts;

(b) digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters;

(c) trainer for radar operators;

(d) built-in equipment for check andadjustment of the RPK-2U complex low-

frequency automatics and turret laying

drives (2E2) in static and dynamic con-ditions;

(e) commander’s guidance unit (CGU).

3. Replacement of a number of sys-

tems, units and assemblies by up-to-date

ones boasting higher technical and oper-

ating characteristics.4. Updating of the base tracked vehi-

cle and crew life support system.

The fire control radar system has beenmodified with the aim to:

— extend the air situation information

field by integrating the gun mount intothe unified field AD system;

— reduce the time of information pro-

cessing in the fire control system (deadtime);

— redistribute regular and random

errors and pass bands of the follow-upsystems and groups of the radar-

computer complex systems;

— change the principle of introducingcorrections for the angles of tilt and turn

of the mount on the move;

— change the principle of error deter-mination in the generation of total laying

angles of the automatic guns;

— introduce and automatically accountfor meteorological data, corrections for

changes in the muzzle velocity due to

barrel bore wear, corrections in orienta-tion and others (all refer to know-how);

— change the method of processing

secondary information;— modify some existing modes of bat-

tle performance.

The followinginnovations have

been introduced:

– modes ofoperation to han-

dle low-flying tar-

gets in heavy ECMenvironments (by

the stored rate of

range variation,stored target coor-

dinates received

from the digitalcomputer system,

moving target indication (MTI) by radar

angular coordinates;

— automated control of the gun mountbattle performance from a higher com-

mand post (HCP);

— built-in check of the electronicequipment;

— mode of radar operators’ training.

The above innovations have made itpossible to:

— cosiderably enhance the air target

search potential and acquisition probabili-ty;

— improve the radar immunity to pas-

sive jamming (with the introduction ofangular automation channel protection

and modernization of the MTI system

range channel), active range deceptionjamming and tracking a jammer by angu-

lar coordinates (with the introduction of

modes of tracking by the stored rate oftarget range variation and its inertial

range and angle-aided tracking by signals

from the digital computer system);— provide the security of operation in

heavy ECM environments (with the intro-

duction of the optical-radar system);— improve the precision characteris-

tics of the follow-up systems and groups

of the radar-computer complex systems;— reduce the surveillance time of the

fire control system.

The implementation of the abovemodifications has enhanced the effec-

tiveness of fighting high-speed (up to

500 m/s) and small targets maneuver-ing at altitudes down to 25 m (0 m with

the introduction of the ORS) rather than

100 m.The air target (aircraft, helicopter) kill

probability during one pass of the engage-

ment zone at an ammunition expenditureof up to 300 rounds per gun mount con-

stitutes 0.3 to 0.74 (rather than 0.07 to

0.12) and depends on the organization of

Ranzhir

Battery command post:Sborka MRCP

Page 14: Military Parade 32

control over the combat activity of the bat-tery gun mounts from the higher com-

mand post and engagement of the target

by one, two, three and more mounts.In addition to better technical charac-

teristics, the operating characteristics

have been also improved by providing:— prompt functional check of the

radar-computer complex and its

components;— means to upgrade training and

practice of radar operators in handling air

targets in heavy ECM environments with-out aircraft flights (up to five targets with

simulation of operation under conditions

of passive and noise jamming);— better controllability and maneuver-

ability of the tracked vehicle and reduced

labor content required to maintain andoperate the vehicle;

— higher reliability of starting the trac-

tion engine;— better habitability conditions.

The service life of a modernized gun

mount after the overhaul of non-modern-ized systems, units and assemblies has

been extended, with spare parts being

supplied.The modernization of the Shilka SP gun

mount changes the latter into a modern

AD system which fits readily into training,repair and operating structures of clients

and can provide cover of stationary instal-

lations, tank and motorized columns on themarch in adverse weather and dust-laden

conditions, in any season and at any time

of day or night where other systems outfit-

ted with optical guidance and control sys-

tems prove ineffective.

Tunguska-M1 Air Defense

Gun-Missile SystemCompared to the Tunguska-M, the

Tunguska-M1 system ensures:

— automatic guidance of AD missiles(with manual correction for minor guid-

ance deviations);

— automatic exchange of informationwith the battery command post (for high-

er efficiency of battery activity);

— batter immunity of the missile guid-ance channel (engagement of targets

using optical decoys);

— engagement of small targets (cruisemissiles of the ALCM type) owing to the

use of a radar proximity target sensor

(PTS) with circular radiation pattern;— increase of the engagement zone

within a range of 8 to 10 km.

Overall, the combat effectiveness ofthe Tunguska-M1 system in ECM envi-

ronments is 1.3 to 1.5 times higher than

that of the Tunguska-M system.As compared to the 9M311 air

defense missi le, the 9M311-1M is

noted for:— installation of a radar proximity tar-

get sensor in place of the 8-beam laser

one;— installation of a pulsed light on the

sustainer in place of the flare;

— increased operating time of the mis-sile components which has allowed the

firing range to be extended from 8 to 10

km.

The Tunguska-M system can be mod-

ernized by the manufacturing plant up tothe Tunguska-M1 level.

The modernization package for the

series-produced Tunguska-M systemincludes:

1. Introduction of reception and auto-

matically controlled external target des-ignation equipment in the SP mount. The

equipment is interfaced with the battery

command post over a radio channelwhich allows automatic distribution of

targets among the battery SP mounts

from the Ranzhir battery command postand considerably enhances the system

combat effectiveness to repel mass

attacks.2. Introduction of a relief circuit to sig-

nificantly facilitate the gunner’s work in

optical tracking of a moving air target asif it were a stationary one. This consider-

ably reduces tracking errors, which is

essential for engagement of a target by amissile as in this case the miss value

should not exceed 5 m.

3. Improvement of the coordinatedetermination equipment due to the

application of a new type missile outfitted

with a pulsed light in addition to thesource of continuous light. This innova-

tion significantly enhances the immunity

of the equipment to optical decoys andthe kill probability of targets using optical

decoys. The employment of the new mis-

sile extends the target engagementrange up to 10,000 m.

4. Modified system for measurement

of tilt, gradient and course angles toallow an appreciable reduction in the

perturbing action on gyros which occurs

during movement of the SP mount,reduce errors in measurement of tilt and

course angles of the SP mount, enhance

the automatic gun fire control loop sta-bility and, consequently, the kill probabil-

ity.

The Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant, theleading producer of renowned and

advanced close-in and medium-range air

defense weapons, offers modernized ver-sions of the Shilka and Tunguska-M sys-

tems.

These are our offers for your consid-eration. Should you accept them, you will

acquire highly effective air defense sys-

tems to ensure your country’s nationalsecurity.

ULYANOVSK

MECHANICAL PLANT

94 Moskovskoye Shosse,Ulyanovsk 432008, Russia

Phone: +7 (8422) 31-7558

Fax: +7 (8422) 32-6168

20 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

Tunguska-M1 SP mount

Page 15: Military Parade 32

Gennady Muratshin, Director General of the Start Research and Production Enterprise

In the 1960s and 1970s, antisub-marine rocket launchers fitted with

loading mechanisms were devel-oped for the Vikhr and Metel sys-

tems. These launchers featuredautomatic loading of rockets ontolaunch rails and their remote direc -

tion towards a target.In the same years, Start devel -

oped mu l t ip le launchers fo r theGrad-M and Ogon systems intend-

ed to attack enemy coastal posi-

tions by fire before landing opera-tions commence.

The Grad-M system launcher,designated MS-73, features servo

drives used to direct the launchertowards the target as the ship isroll ing and pitching. The launcher

is intended to equip medium-dis -p l a cemen t amph i b i o u s a s s au l t

ships. It accommodates eight rock-et b locks, 20 rockets each, in a

drum. In action, the rocket blocks

are transported in pairs onto thelaunch rai ls. The rockets can befired in ripples with a separation

interval of 0.5 s. After each ripple,the empty blocks are lowered into

the drum, whi le the next pair istransported onto the rails. The high

ra te o f f i r e and the long f i r i ngrange of up to 20 km assure effec-tive support to a landing party.

The MS-227 launchers o f theOgon system have a small weight

and size, as they are intended toequip high-speed small-displace-

men t l a nd i ng c r a f t . One suchl aunche r ca r r i e s a b l ock o f 22rockets, and the reload rounds can

be a r r a nged unde r deck , i fr equ i r ed . The s y s t em ’ s des i gn

a l lows load ing the tubes in theunderdeck position. In action, the

launcher is raised above the deckand rockets are fired in ripples witha sepa r a t i o n i n t e r v a l o f 0 . 2 s .

Depending on the rocket type, tar-gets are hitted out to a range of

22 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

START LAUNCHERSAT SEA AND IN AIR

Througout its semicentennial history, the Start Research and ProductionEnterprise has been involved in the development of weapon launchers for the Navy, and it was one of its priority tasks. The beginning of the work dates back to the 1950s when a multiple antisubmarinerocket launcher was under development.

IDEX’99

The MS-227 launchers of the Ogon system

Page 16: Military Parade 32

231 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

4.5 to 10 km.

In the 1970s, the company tookpart in the development of the Shtil

and Klinok shipborne air defensemissile (ADM) systems intended formedium- and large-displacement

ships. The ZS-90 launcher developed

by Start for the Shtil ADM systemca r r i e s 24 m i s s i l e s , t ype 9M38

(Buk-M1), in an underdeck drum.The missi les can be loaded ontothe launcher ra i ls automat ica l ly .

The raming rate is 3 m/s. The aim-ing drives angular rate is 46 deg/s

i n e l e v a t i o n and 84 deg / s i nazimuth, the rate of f i re being 5

sho t s pe r m i nu t e . T he 3S95launcher of the Klinok ADM systemcompr i ses 3 o r 4 modu les o f 8

con t a i ne r - l aunche r s each . The

launcher directs the missiles of theTor-M1 type in azimuth. The rate of

f i r e o f 24 l aunches pe r m inu teallows simultaneous engagement of

several targets.In 1975, Start began developing

an internal rotary launcher (IRL) for

firing cruise missiles from aircraft.The sys tem was ordered by the

Tupolev Design Bureau.The challenging task called for

the diversification of the entire pilotp r oduc t i on t o t he a v i a t i o nspecifics. There were no analogs

o f t h i s equ i pmen t i n Rus s i a o rabroad at that time, so an exten-

sive research, design and experi-mental work had to be carried out

t o de ve l op t he des i gn . Ha v i ngstudied d i f ferent var iants of thesystem, the choice was made in

favor of a rotary version with a cat-apult fitted inside a drum accom-

modating six lever-motion mecha-nisms designed to hold the mis -

s i les and guide them when theyare being ejected from the missilebay of the carrier aircraft. An air-

hydraulic accumulator chargeablefrom the platform’s hydraulic sys -

tem and capable of being quicklyreloaded for firing single missiles

or missile salvos was used as thecatapult. The drum had a rotary

drive to set any of the six missilesto the f ir ing posit ion. Following a

series of experiments the systemunde rwen t r i g t e s t s and was

accepted. As a result, the MKU-5-6 system entered service with the

Tu-95MS aircraft. It was followedsimilar systems developed for Tu-22Ms and Tu-160s.

Operation of these systems byAir Force units for over 10 years

proved their outstanding perfor -mance charac te r i s t i cs and h igh

reliability, which made it possible toincrease the overhau l l i fe by 20percent at a later stage. Presently,

Start performs full-scale overhaulsof the systems.

S i n ce 1983 , a l o ng w i t h t h edevelopment of IRLs for air-to-sur-

face miss i les , the company hasbeen engaged , j o i n t l y w i t h t heSukhoi Design Bureau, in research

and development of various kindsof air-to-air missi le launch cata-

pults.

Maintaining its engineering and intellectualpotential, Start welcomes cooperation withRussia’s defense industry enterprises and foreign partners in military-technical field,including equipment deliveries.

The Tu-22M3 bomber

The Klinok ADM system

Page 17: Military Parade 32

Valery Blokhin, Director of Gradient Research InstituteGennady Kapralov, Director General of Kvant Production Association

Recent local wars and armed con-

flicts which involved modern armsindicate that major strikes against

enemy forces were delivered by air-launched precision-guided weapon

systems (ALPGWS).At the preparatory and delivery

stages the ALPGWSs are supported

by v a r i ou s e l e c t r on i c s y s t emsdesigned to provide intel l igence,

verify the obtained data, establishcommunication between units and

guide the weapons towards theirt a rge ts . Howeve r , desp i t e the i rbroad abilities, the electronic sys-

tems have one serious disadvan-tage: they are susceptible to an

adverse affect of var ious naturaland man-made interferences. Intel-

l igence-gathering radio-electronicsystems are sensit ive to specif ictypes of jamming signals which can

either hinder the use of weaponsby the enemy or, sometimes, even

make it completely impracticable.E l ec t r on i c coun te rmeasu res

(ECM) sys tems are f ind ing ever

increasing use by the world’s lead-ing armies. Studies made in this

field indicate that joint employment

24 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

COMBINED ECM OPERATIONS

IDEX’99

SW and USW communicationsjamming company

AKPB-D

AKPB

Electronic reconnaissancecompany

Radar reconnaissance company

Airborne radar jamming battalion

Block diagram

1. Automated Battalion Command Post (AKPB) /Automated Company Command Post (APUR)2. SPN-2 (SPN-4) high-power jammer

Page 18: Military Parade 32

251 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

of combat and ECM systems con-siderably increases the overall war-

fighting capability. As a rule, ECMelements and units and subdividedinto two independent groups, each

of which performs a unique task:(a) one group suppresses enemy

radio communications and (b) theother group is responsible for his

radar and electronic facilities.Although dedicated employment

of different assets sometimes looks

very at t ract ive, the use of com -bined ECM units (or elements) is

more desirable in certain situations,provided a highly automated con-

t ro l o f t he i r j o i n t ope ra t i ons i sattained.

The Gradient Research Institute

(Rostov-on-Don) in partnership withthe Kvant Production Associat ion

(Veliky Novgorod) and subcontrac-tors, have deve loped the equip-

ment for combined ECM units andnow offer it for export.

A poss ib le var iant of an re in-

forced (combined) ECM battalion is

presented on the chart.This battalion incorporates:— modified automated battalion

command post (AKPB-D);— SW and USW communications

jamming company;— a i r bo r ne r ada r j amm ing

battalion;

— e l ec t ron i c r econna i s sancecompany;

— r ada r r e conna i s s ance company.

The command post of the rein-forced battalion is represented byt h e a u t oma t ed c ommand po s t

(AKPB) o rgan ic to the a i rbo rneradar jamming battalion. This com-

mand post is appropriately modi-f ied to control di f ferent-purpose

reinforced companies (AKPB-D).The SW and USW communica-

t i o n s j amm ing company i s

equ i pped w i t h t he R -330K ( T ) , R-325U, R-378A and R-934U jam-

ming stations.The electronic reconnaissance

company incorporates the RTR-85V6mobile automatic station and Avto-baza reconnaissance station.

The radar reconnaissance com-

pany can be equ ipped w i t h t heN e b o - S V m o d e r n s u r v e i l l a n c e

radars, as well as Obzor and Kupol3D radars which transmit (via thePORI radar data processing post)

the entire package of processedaerial situation data to the AKPB-D

command post . Th is system canalso incorporate radars in service

with the client’s armed forces.The core of the reinforced battal-

ion is the airborne radar jamming

battal ion tasked to suppress air -borne side-looking, navigation, low-

altitude flight, and weapon manage-ment radars. The battalion compris -

es three companies equipped withthe SPN-2 and SPN-4 high-powerjammers which can be act ivated

either by the operator via a controlconso le , or f rom the automated

company-level control post. The air-borne radar jamming battal ion is

capable of suppressing up to 50a i r c r a f t r ada r s s imu l t aneous l yapproaching from any direction at

an altitude of 30 meters to 30 kilo -meters. The battalion’s capabilities

were descr ibed in more detai l inMilitary Parade #6, 1997.

T he i n f o rma t i o n e x changebe tween ba t t a l i o n e l emen t s i saccompl ished by te lecoded and

radio telephone links.The proposed structure of the

reinforced (combined) ECM battal -ion provides for automatic accom -pl ishment of the whole range of

missions: from air space electronicand radar reconnaissance to opti -

ma l t a rge t d i s t r i bu t i on amongorganic jamming assets.

The ‘ c omb i ned ECM un i t ’approach helps the unit comman -der to vary the composition of his

ECM unit to respond to the specifictact ical environments adequately

and a l l ows c l i en t s t o o rde r t heequipment assortment they need or

can afford.

GRADIENT RESEARCH INSTITUTE

96 Sokolov Prospect, Rostov-on-Don 344010, Russia

Phone: +7 (8632) 32-4770, Fax: +7 (8632) 32-0345

KVANT PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION73/1 Bolshaya

Sankt-Peterburgskaya St., Veliky Novgorod 173001, Russia

Phone: +7 (81622) 27-117,Fax: +7 (81622) 24-333

RTR-85V6 station

Page 19: Military Parade 32

Alexander Zimin, First Deputy Director and Chief Designer of the Central Research Institute of Automatics and HydraulicsAnatoly Shapovalov, Deputy Chief Designer

The current tendency to reduce

nuclear and conventional forces andarms generates a need for substantial

changes in fire missions executed byadvanced theater missiles. The scopeof fire missions increases as well. An

effective engagement zone for all ele-mentary targets in the enemy area is

unattainable owing to excessive mis-sile expenditure. Hence the notions«destroyed combinat ion» and

«engagement with pinpoint accuracy»to describe fire missions, when the

destruction of one or several elemen-

tary targets makes the entire groupobjective ineffective in terms of its

main functions. Attaining this aim callsfor radically new target designation(TD) technologies to be embodied in

the missile complex control system.They are based on informat ion

derived from space and air-basedreconnaissance facilities and otherreconnaissance carriers, and comput-

ed at a data processing post (DPP).To meet the requirements for missile

accuracy, terrain comparison and

map matching guidance systems(TCMMGS) and reference preparation

posts (RPP) have been established.The augmented scope of fire mis -

sions executed by precision-guided

missiles has changed the approach tocombat planning. To ensure high mis-

sile efficiency, multiple launchers andtransporter-loaders have been devel-oped, while the nature and scope of

missions performed by the controlsystem during combat employment

26 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

CONTROL SYSTEM TO IMPROVE MISSILE COMPLEX

EFFECTIVENESS

IDEX’99

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271 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

planning have been radically revised.The advent of highly efficient recon-

naissance facilities and ground- andair-based precision-guided weapons

has called for due account of defen-sive counteraction while delivering a

strike. Therefore, the planning of com-bat employment of the precision-guid-ed missile complex control system

must include an estimate of the mini-mum essential manpower and equip-

ment, an outline of strike delivery andassets needed for its implementation,

a forecast of losses in fire weaponswhen affected by hostile fire and anestimate of reserves to compensate

for these losses. It should also provide

recommendations for echelonmentand control, as well as variants on the

disposition of firing elements andorganization of the launch area ensur-

ing the minimum time to deliver a fireattack, while minimizing the losses

inflicted by defensive counteraction.A high rate of changes in the dispo-

sition and state of firing elements dur-

ing fire attack delivery necessitatesthe processing of a large volume of

data for control over units and sub-units. This has called for the creation

of an automated control equipmentcomplex (ACEC) which is mounted onthe command and staff vehicle (CSV).

Here, information is processed andsubmitted to authorities in a form suit-

able to make decisions with regard toall the factors reflecting the real com-

bat situation.The most impor tant fac tor o f

«se lect ive st r ikes» by prec is ion-

guided weapons against the vital ele-ments determining the fighting effi-

ciency of an objective as a whole isthe check of missi le str ike effect

which helps close control over preci-sion-guided missiles on the feedbackprinciple. In our opinion, this problem

can be radically solved on the basisof technical supplemental reconnais-

sance and monitoring facilities inte-grated into the missile complex con-

t ro l loop. I t would apprec iab lyenhance the fire attack effect.

The main functions of the control

system for a precision-guided theatermissile complex can be illustrated by a

diagram.Such an approach to the preci-

sion-guided missile complex control

system is essential not only for thecreation of more advanced and mod-

ernized theater missile complexes,but for the troops and weapons con-

trol systems at the operational andtactical levels. The Central Research

Institute of Automatics and Hydraulicshas accumulated the required scien-tific and engineering potential and

has developed requisite technicalfacilities: a command and staff vehi-

cle, data processing post, referencepreparation post, ground-based con-

trol system (GCS), onboard controlsystem (OCS), terrain comparisonand map matching guidance system,

and an operational control and com-munications system (OCCS). These

facilities are recommended as a foun-dation for future control systems.

CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEOF AUTOMATICS AND

HYDRAULICS

5, Soviet Army St.,

Moscow 127018, RussiaPhone: (095) 971-2944.

Fax: (095) 281-9534.

Data bank

MISSILE COMPLEX CONTROL SYSTEM

Space, air-basedand other

reconnaissancefacilities

Check of missilestrike effect

MCAO battle management commands

MCISS

Information on disposi-tion and state

ACEC Missile CS

DPP

TD References

RPP CSV

OCCS

GCS OCS TCMMGS

Functional Diagram of Control System for Precision-Guided Missile Complex

Page 21: Military Parade 32

Vladimir Kazakov, Director General of the Nitel CompanyValery Brailovsky, President of the Technological Cooperation Center of Radio and Electronics Complex

Developed in the 1970s, the

P-18 radar is st i l l one of the principal surveillance and targeting

radars used by Russia’s air defense

(AD) and air traffic control (ATC) sys-tems. The radar has won fame owing

to its prominent technical character-

ist ics, rel iabi l i ty and simplicity ofoperation.

However, emergence of new air

threats and advanced e lectron iccountermeasures (ECM) has spurred

the development of more capable

ground-based radars.To raise the P-18 radar capabilities

to the level of existing and future

requirements, and to extend its ser-vice life, the Nitel JSC, Nizhni Nov-

gorod, and the Technological Coop-

eration Center of Radio and Electron-ics Complex JSC, Moscow, have

made the following improvements to

the radar:— the radar’s jamming immunity

has been increased by more than

a factor of 100;— clutter rejection system operat-

ing efficiency and stability have been

enhanced owing to the replacementof ana log equipment by d ig i ta l

equipment;

— radar data readout and a i r target track generation have been

automated;

— the radar is prov ided wi thremote air data collection, processing

28 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

UPGRADED P-18 RADAR OFFERS

NEW CAPABILITIES

IDEX’99

1 - Automatic data readout equipment

2 - P-18 radar

3 - Antijamming equipment

4 Ë 5 - Digital MTI equipment

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291 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

and display facilities;

— ground radar interrogator is builtaround new circuit components and

can be operated as part of the inter-

national identification system;— some units are based on mod-

ern components providing for higher

performance characteristics.For the upgraded P-18 radar char-

acteristics, compared to those of the

basic version, refer to Table 1.The upgrades to the P-18 radars

and their modificatios can be done

stage-by-stage in 1999 to customerspecifications directly at their operat-

ing sites.

Moreover, the Nitel JSC, manufac-turer of the P-18 radar, offers reno-

vation packages to extend its service

life for another 10 years and guaran-teed supply of spare parts.

The proposed comprehens ive

modernization (retrofit) of the P-18radar will significantly enhance its

capability to detect current and future

air threats in severe ECM conditions,including stealth aircraft; maintain its

compet i t i veness unt i l 2010, and

extend its service life for 15 to 20years, which is particularly important

for countries with limited financial

resources.

NITEL JSC

Nizhni Novgorod, RussiaPhone: (8312) 65-5159

Fax: (8312) 65-5019

TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION

CENTER OF THE RADIO AND

ELECTRONICS COMPLEX JSCMoscow, Russia

Phone/Fax: (095) 253-7733

P-18 Radar Performance Characteristics Table 1

Characteristic Basic version Upgraded version

Active jamming immunity:target acquisition range in the presence

of enemy electronic countermeasures with the total spectral density of 200 W/MHz

and nominal range of 200 km at target altitude, m:

3,000 fails to detect 84 km10,000 fails to detect 150 km

20,000 fails to detect 162 kmNumber of suppressed

jamming vectors no 4Cancellation ratio

(at signal/noise ratio of 25-40 dB) 0 23-33Passive noise immunity:

operating range, km 0-150 0-350clutter suppression

coefficient, dB 20 30design elements storage tubes microcircuits

Automation of data readout:automatic primary

and secondary signal

processing and MTI mode no yesautomatic detection

and tracking of jammers no yesautomatic measurement

and indication of target altitude no yes

Target positioning errors:

horizontal coordinates at least 3,000 m 400 maltitude at least 2,000 m 800 m

speed component no 20 m/sAutomatic data collection and processing:

situation plotting board yes no

data delay

(after target acquisition) 5-8 min or more 20-30 sdata update rate 2-4 min 10 s

simultaneously tracked

targets 10-15 120coordinate indication error, km 6-12 0.8

data exchange between several systems no yes

data recording no yesIFF system:

international mode no yessimulation resistance no yes

identification accuracy not more than 0.9 at least 0.97

Upgraded ground radar interrogator

Remote data reception and display kit

Page 23: Military Parade 32

Dmitry Rototayev, Director General of the Steel Research InstituteValery Grigoryan, Deputy Director General

This question has arisen after the

advent of armored vehicles whichconsequently involved the problem

of their protection. Since that time,

the competition has progressed withvariable success.

Wh i le the ma in des t ruc t ion

weapons were kinetic energy armor-piercing projectiles, the competition

proceeded by increasing the dimen-

sions of the gun caliber, the armorthickness, or the armor inclination

angles. This development can be

traced to battles between Germanand Sov ie t tank armaments and

armor dur ing Wor ld War I I . The

advent of hard-core armor-piercingprojectiles for tank and antitank guns

brought little change to the protec-

tion concept. Shaped-charge projec-tiles made a revolution in terms of

their penetrating power compared to

the protective abilities of homoge-neous steel armor. The problem of

armor enhancement could not be

resolved conventionally owing to theunacceptab le increase in tank

weight. This gave an impetus to the

development of a new generation ofSov ie t tanks (T-64 , T-72 , T-80)

which were provided with combined

fronta l armor that inc luded suchfillers as glass textolite and ceram-

ics. They ensured abnormally high

protective anticumulative propertieswhich correspond with those predict-

ed by the hydrodynamic theory of

Academician M. Lavrentyev, who hadsubstantiated the advantage of rela-

tively light fillers over steel armor

when affected by a cumulative jet.The nature of this anomaly rests

mainly in the active destructive effect

of the cavity-surrounding filler on thecumulative jet. The effect is due to

the release of energy accumulated

by the filler during the passage ofthe cumulative jet, as well as to the

released internal energy of the filler

itself when glass and ceramics areused as fillers. The advent of such

combined armor became possible

32 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

PROJECTILE OR ARMOR: WHICH IS STRONGER?

IDEX’99

T-72A tank

T-72S tank with apron ERA

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331 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

cialists. At the same time, the prob-

lem was so lved for pro tect ion

against fin-stabilized armor-piercingdiscarding sabot (APDS) projectiles,

whose penetrators contained tung-

sten carbide or tungsten cores, aswell as against the high-explosive

squash head (HESH) pro jec t i les

which contained plastic explosive.Since then, armor protection had to

be designed while keeping in mind

two rival destruction weapons: theAPDS pro jec t i les and the HEAT

(shaped charge) ammun i t ion . I t

should be noted that the combinedfrontal armor of the Soviet tanks in

the 1970s ensured their protection

not from the entire range of shaped-

charge ammunition but against themost mass ive ammuni t ion of the

time, such as the HEAT projectiles

for the 105mm tank and the antitankgun, and shaped-charge grenades.

The competition of the tank armor

with antitank ammunition continuedunt i l the ear ly 1980s. Fur ther

upgrading of fillers ensured the pro-

tection against HEAT projectiles from120mm rifled guns.

At the same time, the arsenals of

all countries continued to accumu-late antitank guided missi les with

HEAT warheads whose penetrating

ability was 1.2 to 1.5 times higherthan that of HEAT projectiles and,

hence, exceeded the pro tec t i ve

properties of tank armor.In the late 1970s, the Soviet Union

pract ica l l y obta ined HEAT-proof

armor, whose original developmentdated back to the 1950s, and was

based on the principle of counterex-

plosion. Its installation onto tankswas hampered by the psychological

unpreparedness of some brass hat-

ters in both the army and industry.But the emergence of exp los ive

reactive armor (which was developed

by Doctor M. Held for the M48 andM60 tanks in service with the Israeli

army) during the 1982 Arab-Israeli

war finally removed any objectionsfrom the project’s opponents. Only

the availabil ity of completely pre -

pared technical, structural and tech-nological approaches made it possi-

ble to equip the main tank fleet of

the Soviet Union with this explosivereactive armor (ERA) within shortest

time, i.e. within one year. The instal-

due to the purpose-oriented and

well-coordinated work of a host of

fundamental and appl ied scienceinstitutes working under the supervi -

sion of talented scientists and spe-

1. Condition of cumulative jet after penetration of ceramics2. Condition of cumulative jet during ERA penetration3. Condition of APDS projectile core after penetration of new-generation ERA

Page 25: Military Parade 32

lation of ERA on T-64A, T-72A and T-

80B tanks, that already had suffi -ciently powerful armor plating, virtu-

ally depreciated at once the existing

arsenals of antitank guided weaponsof potential adversaries and brought

to the foreground the armor-piercing

f i n -stabilized discarding sabot projec-

tiles. However, they were on a par

with the frontal armor of the Soviettanks, while the protection against

more powerfu l APDS project i les,

such as the M829 (USA) , wasensured by installing the Kontakt-V

universal ERA complex which virtually

neutralized even this threat.The use o f ERA t r iggered the

intensified development of new anti-

tank weapons throughout the world,that is, it marked a qualitatively new

step in the projectile-versus-armor

competition. A real possibility aroseto influence an emerging destruction

weapon as actively as it had previ-

ously acted upon passive armor. Inwas a great leap forward in terms of

the concentrated blast resistance

tha t subsequen t l y modern i zedATGMs (TOW, ITOW and even TOW-

2 of a larger caliber) failed to over-

come. The M829 APDS projecti lefailed as well.

However , i t would be na ive to

think that the development of ammu-nition will stop. Not at all, and the

analytical assessment of destruction

weapon development test i f ies tounprecedented efforts in creating

new threats to tanks. The expert

es t imat ion o f APDS Pro jec t i l es ,developed by the Olin Company for

the guns of the M1 and Leopard-2

tanks, is indicative of virtually lineargrowth of their armor penetrating

ability with a proportionality coeffi-

cient of about 36 mm per year.New problems for the developers

of protective armor were set up by

the technological breakthrough inthe creat ion o f tandem shaped-

charge ammuni t ion for TOW-2A,

HOT-2T, PARS-3 antitank missilesand others, capable of penetrating

1,000 to 1,250 mm of steel armor

behind an apron ERA. Along with theintensified development of ammuni-

tion for penetrating a tank’s frontal

a rmor , new concepts a re be ingdeveloped to incapacitate tanks by

unconventional methods. The power

is increased and the range i sextended for a relatively new class of

ammuni t ion based on the round

impact-shot principle and intendedto defeat the tank from the l ight

armor surfaces such as the roof,

sides and bottom.The complexity of resolving this

problem is that an increase in the

equivalent light armor thickness perconvent iona l un i t leads to an

increase in tank weight several times

more than the identical increase infrontal armor. However, the «defend-

ers» are ready to meet new chal-

lenges. Thus, at the Abu Dhabi ‘99show we are going to exhibit to our

potential clients the complex of third-

generation explosive reactive armorwhich ensures the survivability of the

T-90 tank f rom the M829A2 and

DM43A1 APDS projecti les for theguns of the American M1 and Ger-

man Leopard-2 tanks. The offered

ERA package, in add i t ion toincreased res is tance to s ing le

shaped-charge warheads, features

antitandem properties, which allowstank protection from ATGMs of the

TOW-2 and HOT-2 type. The techni-

cal problems pertaining to the pro-tection against particular weapons

attacking the tank from the top are

also resolved.As for antimine protection, we are

ready to offer a package of electro-

magnetic protection causing prema-ture explosion of mines with magne-

tometric fuzes.

I n a package o f measu res t oupgrade Russian tanks, the offered

reinforcement of their protect ion

imparts principally new combat qual -i t ies and considerably increases

their combat efficiency. The projec-

tile-versus-armor competition con-tinues.

Steel Research Institute81A Dubninskaya St.,

Moscow 127411, Russia

Phone: (095) 484-6361Fax: (095) 485-4395

34 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

T-80U tank with built-in ERA

Page 26: Military Parade 32

Oleg Bochkarev, Director General of the Electromashina JSC

R e l a t e d t o a r m o r m a t e r i e l ,

these requirements assume rais -ing the automat ion leve l o f the

combat and work ing p rocesseswhich can only be provided by the

increase in quantity and quality ofautomatic and electronic systems.

The imp ro vemen t o f weapon

systems and mi l i tary equipment,increase in their tactical capabili-

t i e s , t echn ica l pa ramete rs and

operat ing performance (speci f ica nd we i gh t - t o - v o l ume i n d i c e s ,

effectiveness and reliability, mobil-ity, survivability and fuel efficiency)

are directly depend on the devel-opment of new-generation powersupply systems and their compo-

nents.Currently, up to 40 percent of

weight and size, up to 90 percentof electric power losses and up to

50 percent of al l probable trou-bles and fa i lures are re lated to

e lectr ica l and power generat ionsystems of the weapons and mili-t a r y e qu i pmen t . T he se f i g u r e s

prove the importance of electricalequ ipment and ind ica te tha t i t s

upgrade i s the co r rec t way fo rmodernization of armor materiel.

A huge fleet of obsolete battlet anks ( T -54 , T -55 , T -62 , T -72 ,etc.) is still in service with armies

of many count r ies . The E lect ro-m a s h i n a J S C a n d t h e R o t o r

Design Bureau offer the modern -

36 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

The all-round modernization of existing models and the development of new-generation weapon systems and military equipment are among the most important aspects of the Russia’s military and technological policy for the years immediately ahead.

MODERNIZATION OF BATTLE TANKS ANDINFANTRY COMBAT VEHICLES VIA

UPGRADING THEIR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

IDEX’99

T-55 battle tank

Page 27: Military Parade 32

371 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

i z a t i o n o f t h e s e v e h i c l e s b yupgrading their electr ical equip -

men t de ve l oped and manu f ac -tured at their enterprises.

Fo r examp le , rep lacemen t o fobsolete firefighting equipment bythe ZETs13-type modern qu ick-

act ing systems ensures not onlyquick f i re ext inguishing but also

detonat ion suppress ion ensuredby a more than ten-fold decrease

in time needed for fire detectionand extinguishant discharge.

Another important trend in the

modernizat ion of batt le tanks isequipping them with the following

addi t iona l systems ( insta l led onfollow-on models):

— system intended for automat-ic smoke screening against laser-guided weapons;

— antiaircraft machine gun sta-bilization and control system;

— a m m u n i t i o n l o a d i n g g e a rautomatic control system;

— other systems and electricalequipment components.

M a n y B M P - 1 a n d B M P - 2

i n f an t r y comba t v eh i c l e s ( I CV )need upgrad ing to the modern

l e v e l i n t h e s i m i l a r w a y b yinstalling:

— ZETs15 f i r e f i gh t i ng equ ip -

ment which provides for fire extin-guishing and detonation suppres-

sion in the engine and personnelcompartments;

— a m m u n i t i o n l o a d i n g g e a rautomatic control system;

— automatic smoke-screen lay-

ing system, etc.The E lec t romash ina JSC and

the Rotor Design Bureau (electri-cal equipment developer) wil l pro-

v i d e t h e m o d e r n i z a t i o n o f t h earmored vehicles, their guaranteea n d p o s t - g u a r a n t e e s e r v i c e ,

SPT&A supply, training of person-nel, etc. For 50 years now these

enterprises have been involved inthe development and product ion

of electrical equipment for militaryand transport vehicles which havebeen exported to the former War-

saw Treaty countries, India, Iraq,Syria, Algeria, Kuwait, United Arab

E m i r a t e s , L i b y a , F i n l a n d ,Yugos l a v i a , Sou th Ko rea and a

number of other countries. The E lec t romash ina JSC and

t h e R o t o r D e s i g n B u r e a u a r e

steadily raising the technologicalleve l o f the i r products and are

ready to expand their productionand commercial contacts with al l

interested parties.

TShU-1S automatic smoke-screen laying system components

T-80U battle tank and automatic ammunition loader control panel

BMP-3 ICV and ZETs15 firefighting equipment components

Page 28: Military Parade 32

Anatoly Ilyin, Staff Editor

Modern combat operations are char-acterized by high dynamics and compli-

cated road conditions owing to a great

number of artificial and natural obsta-cles and barriers. Their negotiation may

involve construction or laying of bridges

and ferries for heavy combat materiel(battle tanks, prime movers, motor vehi-

cles, etc.). Since the construction of

bridges requires time and materials, it isfrequently unacceptable in a rapidly

changing situation.

The solution of the problem lies inthe use of mechanized bridges. A

heavy mechanized bridge (designated

TMM-6), developed by the OmskMachine-Building Design Bureau and

manufactured by the Transport

Machine-Building Plant, provides onesuch solution.

The TMM-6 heavy mechanized

bridge is designed for laying bridgesover water barriers and dry-valley

obstacles of up to 100 m wide and up

to 5 m deep to be negotiated bytroops and wheeled and tracked

materiel weighing up to 60 t. The

mechanized bridges are used duringcombat operations, evacuation activi-

ties and elimination of the aftermath of

accidents and natural disasters.The TMM-6 heavy mechanized

bridge consists of a bridge layer and

bridge members. The bridge layer is across-country (8 x 8 wheel configura-

tion) all-wheel-drive truck carrying

38 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

TMM-6 HEAVYMECHANIZED BRIDGE

IDEX’99

Page 29: Military Parade 32

391 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

equipment and mechanisms to trans-

port and lay the bridge members. The

bridge laying mechanisms are provid-ed with a hydraulic drive and power

takeoff from the chassis engine. The

bridge layer is equipped with a systemto protect the crew from dust when

moving over a radioactively contami-

nated terrain and furnished with com-munication facilities: a radio set and

an intercom system.

The bridge member consists of afolded-in-two double-track span and a

spur leg. The unfolded span is 17 m

long; the spur leg can be self-adjustedto a height of 2 to 5 m. The span fold-

ing/unfolding mechanisms are hydrauli-

cally driven from the bridge layer’shydraulic system which can automati-

cally be coupled to (uncoupled from)

the hydraulic system of the bridgemember. The bridge member design

and the bridge layer-mounted special

mechanism enable the crew todecrease, if required, the width of the

bridge member for transportation. The

bridge laying procedure is controlled byone crewmember from the control

panel arranged in the rear part of the

bridge layer or remote-controlled withthe use of a 30 m long cable. The time

to lay one bridge member is 5 min. The

bridge is assembled by subsequentlylaying several bridge members.

When there is no more need for the

bridge, i t is disassembled by thebridge layer and carried to another

place where it can be laid again over

an obstacle. The bridge can be disas-sembled from either end.

The TMM-6 heavy mechanized

bridge may be completed with a non-hydraulically operated bridge mem-

ber. In this case, provision is made

for a cable-pulley drive to unfold thebridge member halves. The cost of

the br idge member of i ts k ind is

lower than that of the hydraulicallyoperated one.

Basic Characteristics

Crew 2Bridge length, m 17 to 102Bridge capacity, ts 60Depth of obstacle to be negotiated, m up to 5Time to lay 102 m long bridge, min 50Speed, km/h:bridge crossing by transport means 20 to 30bridge layer:

average 35 to 40maximum 70

Fuel distance, km 1,100

The bridge layer is environmentally

safe since the bridge laying is carried

out without river bed blocking, earthmoving and bottom work.

Page 30: Military Parade 32

Mikhail Dragunov, Leading Design Engineer of the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant

In the late 1980s and early 1990s,Russian small arms designers faced a

problem to find a replacement for the

battle-tested production model of theMakarov pistol. First, a need arose in a

more powerful pistol cartridge owing to

the spread of individual body armor.Second, during this time a number of

armies fielded pistols with enlarged

capacity magazines rated for 13 to 15rounds, such as the Glock 17, Beretta

92F and P7M13 Heckler and Koch. In

this setup, the Makarov, with its eight-round magazine and a cartridge consid-

erably inferior to the 9mm Parabellum

cartridge in terms of power, turnedobsolete.

The Makarov pistol was modernized

by the design bureau of the world’slargest pistol manufacturer, the Izhevsk

Mechanical Plant. It was chambered for

the modernized 9mm cartridge, and themagazine capacity was increased to

contain 12 cartridges, which, of course,

was a temporary way out of the situa-tion. Therefore, designers at the Izhevsk

Mechanical Plant set out to develop a

new pistol model chambered for power-ful cartridges.

At present, the world witnesses a host

of pistol cartridges differing in overalldimensions and power. Therefore, the

tempting idea to create a gamut of mod-

els chambered for different cartridgesand based on the same design is

fraught with internal contradictions: a

model chambered for low-power car-tridges may appear excessively heavy

or, vice versa, a model chambered for

enhanced-power cartridges may haveinsufficiently long life. Experts note in

particular that the Glock model cham-

bered for the 9x17mm cartridge pos-sesses excessive weight and dimen-

sions.

With these considerations taken intoaccount, it was decided to develop two

basic models that may be conventionally

called light and heavy.Both models operate on short recoil

principles. Locking is obtained by

engaging the barrel lug, located abovethe cartridge chamber, with the ejection

opening of the slide. Both basic models

are provided with plastic frames. Mainloads are received by steel inserts that

are connected to the frame by means of

detachable joints.The MR-444 Bagira model is con-

ceived as a basic model for the family

of light pistols chambered for 9mm car-tridges from the 9x19 Luger to less

powerful 9mm Makarov and 9x17

Browning.The pistol frame is made of highly

strong molded thermoplastic. To guide

the slide, stamped front and rear guidesare inserted into the pistol frame. The

front guide is locked in position by the

slide stop pin, and the rear one by thescrew. During locking and unlocking,

the barrel is moved by interaction of the

bevel on the lower barrel lug with thebevel on the base of the recoil and

buffer mechanism. The latter absorbs

the shocks of the barrel and slide in therearmost position. The striker-type per-

cussion mechanism is provided with a

special striker cocking device whichresembles the hammer of a usual pistol.

This design feature enables the shooter

to manually cock the striker and thus

42 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

BAGIRA AND VARYAGTO REPLACE MAKAROVIn terms of handling qualities and technical characteristics the new models of pistols produced by the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant are on a par with and in some respects outperform their foreign counterparts.

IDEX’99

Bagira

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431 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

fire by single or double action. The trig-ger mechanism is arranged in the front

and rear guides.

The function of a loaded chamberindicator is performed by the extractor

whose contour during aiming is easily

discernible even in the twilight.The safety device comprises the

non-automatic safety catch located on

the slide and the automatic strikerinterlock which prevents the striker to

transmit the blow to the cartridge

primer when the trigger is not com-pletely squeezed. The safety catch in

the lowermost position permits delivery

of fire. When in the upper position, itinterlocks the firing mechanism without

uncocking the striker; therefore, one

can carry the weapon in the cockedcondition and, if necessary, rapidly

open aimed fire at a light trigger pull.

The safety lever can be moved beyondits fixed position; in this case, it oper-

ates as a lever to uncock the firing

mechanism. The safety catch isreturned to its locked position by the

spring.

The magazine catch is located

behind the trigger guard and is dis-

placed laterally. It can be installed forright- or left-handed use.

The magazine has a double-row steel

body with two-position feed arrange-ment of cartridges.

The fixed sights bear three contrast

dots (one dot on the foresight and twodots on the backsight).

The pistol design embodies a num-

ber of rational approaches from thepoint of view of ergonomics: an elastic

protrusion on the rear end of the grip

with embossed serrations transmitting arecoil pulse to the hand, a minimum

perimeter of grip grasp and arrange-

ment of the main control elements ofthe pistol within an arc described by the

thumb.

The family based on the MR-445model (which may be conventionally

classed as heavy) comprises three

modifications: MR-445 chambered forthe .40 Smith & Wesson cartridge,

MR-445S compact version of the same

caliber and MR-446 version chamberedfor the 9x19 Luger cartridge.

During locking and unlocking, the

barrel is moved by interaction of the

cam slot on the lower barrel lug with the

lock secured in the base of the firing

mechanism.The base of the firing mechanism is

locked in position by two pins in the

frame which is manufactured fromhighly strong plastic. The base of the

firing mechanism limits recoil and coun-

terrecoil of the moving parts and is pro-vided with front and rear guides for the

slide.

The hammer-type firing mechanismis designed for double action firing and

provided with a helical mainspring. The

pistol safety catch is not automatic. Ithas an ambidextrous control lever locat-

ed on the frame. When engaged, the

safety catch interlocks the sear, trigger,hammer and slide. The hammer can be

blocked in the cocked or released con-

dition. When the safety catch is applied,the hammer does not go off cock,

which enables one to carry the weapon

in the cocked condition and, if neces-sary, to rapidly open aimed fire at a light

trigger pull.

The function of the loaded chamberindicator is performed by the extractor

which noticeably protrudes from the

slide surface when a cartridge is cham-bered.

The two-sided lever-type magazine

catch is located at the front wall of thegrip near the trigger guard.

The magazine has a double-row steel

body with single-position feed arrange-ment of cartridges.

The MR-445 model has sights click-

adjusted in deflection and elevation,while the MR-445S and MR-446 model

have fixed sights.

In terms of handling qualities andtechnical characteristics the new models

of pistols produced by the Izhevsk

Mechanical Plant are on a par with andin some respects outperform their for-

eign counterparts. In particular, the MR-

444 and MR-445 models have a non-automatic safety catch which is absent

on Glock pistols, and the MR-444 is pro-

vided with the manual striker cockingdevice.

IZHEVSK MECHANICAL PLANT8 Promyshlennaya St.,

Izhevsk 426063,

Udmurt Republic, RussiaPhone: +7 (3412) 76-4433

Phone/fax: 76-5830

(Marketing Department)+7 (3412) 75-3829

Phone/fax: 76-3360

(Sales Department)Fax: +7 (3412) 76-4590

Basic Characteristics

Model MR-444 Bagira MR-445 Varyag MR-445S MR-446

Caliber 9x19mm Luger .40 S & W .40 S & W 9x19mm Luger

Overall dimensions, mm 186x126x35 210x142x38 188x132x38 196x140x38

Barrel length, mm 101 125 103 111

Empty weight, kg 0.68 0.9 0.85 0.9

Magazine

capacity, rds 15 15 13 17Trigger pull, N:

single action firing <25.5 <24.5 <24.5 <24.5

double action firing <57.0 <57.0 <67.0 <57.0

Varyag

Page 32: Military Parade 32

Vyacheslav Krygin, Chief Designer

AV IAT ION

The helicopter can carry a riflesquad with full combat gear in its

passenger cabin which features a

volume of 9.8 m3. Two sliding doors(one on each s ide o f the cargo

cabin) measuring 1,250 x 1,300 mm

make i t poss ib le to per formembarkat ion/debarkat ion of n ine

troopers within 5 to 6 seconds.

In the ambulance vers ion, the Ka-60 he l icopter can carry s ix

stretchers with wounded persons

and three medical attendants, aswell as up to 14 sitting patients.

The maximum internal load-carrying

capacity is 2,000 kg.

The maximum takeoff weight is6,500 kg.

In the search and rescue version,

the hel icopter is equipped with asearchlight and a LPG-300 hoist with

a load-carrying capacity of 300 kg

that is able to lift two persons orcargo. For operat ions over water

areas, the hel icopter is equipped

with inflatable ballonnets.The Ka-60 may be used in other

capacities when provided with spe-

cial equipment and weapons.A c iv i l i an vers ion, des ignated

Ka-62, is being developed on the

basis of the Ka-60 helicopter.

The hel icopter ’s performance,

reliability and power-to-weight ratiohas been considerably improved in

comparison with its counterparts due

to an updated aerodynamic configu-ration of the airframe.This helicopter

also includes retractable landing

gear and two RD-600 engines. Thehelicopter can fly in a wide range of

contrasting temperatures, at alt i-

tudes of up to 6,000 m and highcruising speeds to a range of 600

km.

The engines, specially created forthe Ka-60 by the Rybinsk Motors

company, develop a takeoff power of

1,300 hp each and are the most up-to-date Russian engines. The modu-

lar design features and promising

techno log ica l /des ign so lu t ions

46 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

MEET THE KAMOV Ka-60KASATKA HELICOPTERThe Kamov company has set out to test a new Kamov Ka-60 multirole armyaviation helicopter designed for accomplishing various combat missions.

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471 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

ensure a high fuel eff iciency and

maintainability of the engines. Thedigital two-channel automatic control

system provided with the backup

hydromechanical channel and devel-oped monitor ing and diagnost ics

system, considerably increases the

operat ing rel iabi l i ty of the powersource.

Should one engine stop during the

takeoff or during regular flight, out-put to the other engine increases

automatically (without pilot’s inter-

vention) thus enabling the flight tocontinue.

The helicopter is not susceptible

to ice and high dust content. Themain rotor blades are provided with

an electrical anti-icing system, while

the engine inlet devices are alsoequipped with a hot-air anti-icing

system. The engine inlet duct is fur-

nished with a dust-protection device.

The leading edges of the main rotorblades are provided with an erosion-

resistant coating.

If required, the engine and themain-rotor gearbox can operate in

emergency power cond i t ions

exceeding the takeoff power by 20to 25 percent. Its gearboxes can

operate without oil for an apprecia-

ble length of time.The control system rods and drive

shafts have been proven to continue

funct ion ing when pierced by the7.62mm and 12.7mm bullets. The

main-rotor blades, made of compos-

ite materials, retain their survivabilitywhen hit by a 23mm projectile. Its

main systems and units are duplicat-

ed; the main and backup systemsare arranged on different sides of

the airframe to prevent their being

damaged by one projectile. The self-

sealing fuel tanks are provided with

an explosion-proof system.In the pilot’s cabin two sets of

controls enable the crew to fly the

hel icopter from either of the twoseats. This makes it ideal for the ini-

tial training of pilots, as well as for

improving one’s flying technique.In case of an emergency landing

whi le f ly ing on low al t i tudes, the

safety of the crew and passengersis ensured by an additional (emer-

gency) stroke of the landing gear

shock struts, and by the energy-absorbing seats for the crew and

passengers. The strong fuselage

and heavily secured units excludeinjuries to the crew and passengers

possibly caused by the airframe and

equipment during crash impact. Thedesign of the personnel compart -

ments allows for injury-free impacts.

The helicopter’s standard equip-ment includes navigational facilities,

fl ight control equipment and data

display systems. Provision is made inthe fuselage nose section for the

installation of a radar and a night

vision system.I ts main ta inab i l i t y , up- to-date

diagnostics methods, and ease of

servicing make it possible to sustainthe required level of combat readi-

ness. I ts high operat ing qual i t ies

have been achieved due to a wideuse of composi te mater ia ls , the

employment of maintenance-free

bear ings, and a system-or ientedarrangement of equipment in main-

tenance zones . An au tomated

onboard monitoring system alongwith the powerplant control unit,

make it possible to promptly detect

problems and represent the requiredin fo rmat ion v ia the onboard or

ground-based display system.

One of the Russ ian hel icoptermanufacturing plants has set out to

begin serial production of the Ka-60.

For our customer convenience, theKamov company is committed to

provide helicopter sales, a guarantee

of continuous after-sales servicing,logistic support, training of f l ight

personnel and technical staff, as well

as training facilities, etc. Having a wide experience in the

development of various-class and

various-purpose helicopters, theRussian certificate for the devel-

opment and production, as well as

the foreign certificate for produc-t ion of av iat ion mater ie l , the

Kamov company is ready, togeth-

er with cooperating productionplants, to offer high-quality ser-

v ices for users of the un ique

Kamov helicopters.

Page 34: Military Parade 32

One of the crit ical tasks of theNavy of any state is to maintain thetactical performance of its marinespecialists at a highly professionallevel. This can be primarily achievedvia integrated exercises in which sur-face ships, submarines, maritime avi-ation, shore-based radars, headquar-ters of fleets and task forces, as wellas the Main Naval Headquarters, par-ticipate. Such exercises are effectivebut very costly. Consequently, animportant question arises: how canone maintain high combat readinessof naval units at a lower cost? Theanswer is: personnel must maintainand develop their skills by means of

simulator-trainers.The Russian company Transas is

one of the world’s leading producersof simulator-trainers where navalspecialists from virtually all profes-sions can undergo training. Trainingdevices manufactured by Transas arecurrently operational at more than200 training centers worldwide. InFebruary 1998, the famous maritimenewspaper, Lloyd’s List, awarded theworld’s first prize to Transas for itsnotable contribution to the develop-ment of marine training devices.

The fo l lowing t ra in ing dev ices are currently available for naval spe-cialists:

— surface ship (submarine) con-ning tower simulator designed totrain naval personnel in navigatingthrough nar row waters , leav ing/entering a naval base, mooring avessel, maneuvering within a forma-t ion, and performing an at tackmaneuver;

— ship propuls ion and electr icpower plant simulator;

— communicat ions tra iner ( forexample, i t may inc lude dev icesdesigned to train naval personnel inoperating the Global Maritime Dis -tress Signal System);

— sonar simulator-trainers;— specific weapon type simulator-

trainers;All shipboard simulator-trainers

are networked. They operate within acommon information field, making itpossible to conduct tra in ing in acommon time and space environ-ment, and to simulate a surface shipor a submarine. To train conningtower personnel in maneuvering their

52 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

NAVY

TRANSAS:ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIES

TAKE EFFECTThe Russian company Transas is one of the world’s leading producers of simulator-trainers where naval specialists from virtually all professionscan undergo training.

Yevgeny Komrakov, captain

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531 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

vessel within a formation of ships,Transas offers an inexpensive single-computer trainer. Every ship can beequipped with a combination of oneintegrated training system and a fewsingle-computer trainers (each play-ing the role of another ship), whichcan view one another on their dis-plays and on a radar display, as wellas hear one another over radio com-munication channels.

Transas offers a trainer for navalpilots. This trainer can also be inte-grated into the naval network.

Moreover , th is company a lsooffers the following devices for thetraining of specialists at shore-basedinstallations:

— shore-based surveillance radaroperator trainers;

— headquarters duty officer trainers;— oil pollution response center

trainers.These trainers are also networked

with the naval and maritime aviationtraining assets, which provides possi-bil i t ies for holding joint exercises in common t ime and space environment.

The naval and maritime aviationtrainers are available in the followingtwo basic versions:

— versatile trainer designed forinstallation on board a certain classof ship. This version features differentmathematical support models, showsdifferent ship bow shapes, and pre-sents various naval base and waterarea visualization scenes. All controlsand control consoles, as well as theradar, navigation system, sonar andother equipment simulation methodsare identical and conventionalized forall ship classes. These trainers arecomparat ive ly cheap and can bedelivered to the customer within ashort period of time;

— spec ia l -purpose t ra inerdesigned for a specific ship or air-craft. This trainer provides maximumsimulation of the equipment of allbatt le stat ions of a speci f ic shipclass. The price of this trainer ish igher and the de l i very te rm islonger. The trainer is designed andmanufactured with the participationof the developer of a real ship or air -craft. Generally, a greater effect islikely to be achieved if the trainer isordered together with a new ship(aircraft) or a group of ships or air-craft. In this case, the delivery termwill depend on the ship constructiondates, and the price of the equip -ment will insignificantly change thecontract value.

In the event of the versatile train-er, the advantages stemming from itseconomic viability are enhanced bythe possibility for training the crewsof different ships and aircraft.

If the special-purpose trainer is

preferred, one shouldbear in mind that ,although the effective -ness of the personnel’smotive skill developmentis higher, this trainer issu i ted most ly for thetraining of a crew of aspeci f ic sh ip c lass.Shou ld the t ra iner beordered wh i le a sh ip(submar ine) i s underconstruction, there is agood chance for thecrew to undergo trainingwell before the construc-t ion is completed andthe ship (submarine) iscommissioned.

T ransas has deve l-oped a tra iner for theProject 1241 ship, andanother trainer intendedfor submar ines underdevelopment.

Transas can developnew designs of trainingsystems to customerspecification.

Current ly, Transassupplies the equipment tothe navies and coastguard units of over 25states. The marketedequipment list includesnavigation and surfacesurvei l lance systems,shore-based surveillanceradar stations, and head-quarters- level surfacesurveil lance radar sta-tions. Trainers manufac-tured by Transas aredesigned to simulate thisequipment, and shouldthe naval and coast guardunits operate the above-ment ioned systems,Transas’s trainers wi l lprove to be the r ightchoice.

For more deta i l s ,please contact:

TRANSASPhone: +7 (812) 325-3131Fax: +7 (812) 567-1901e-mail:[email protected]

Ships leaving their base

Training scenarios

Employment of weapons

Passing through narrow waters or between skerries

Defense of military installation

Page 36: Military Parade 32

Vadim Makashev, Director General, Ratep JSC

NAVY

In 1998, the Ratep JSC, the for-mer radio engineering factory, and

currently the prime manufacturer ofcon t ro l s ys tems fo r sh i pbo rnegun/missile complexes, turned 60.

The company has an impress ive

reco rd . Founded i n 1938 as an

instrument-making factory, its pri-mary objective was to provide theNavy with shipborne armament con-

trol devices.Before and during WWII, as well

in the first years after the war, the

factory produced electromechani-cal control systems for large-cal-iber shipborne gun mounts (Soyuz,

Soyu z -30 b i s ) ; s u r f a ce t a r ge tdetection and torpedo firing data

radars (Zarnitsa); coastal artillerycontrol radars (Redan-3); coastal

and sh ip-borne surve i l lance andtarget designation radars (Lin, Lot).

I n the l a te 1940s and ea r l y

1950s , the fac to ry focused ondevelopment of shipborne artillery

cont ro l radar sys tems fea tur ingimproved automation, increased fir-

i ng range and enhanced no i se

56 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

PRIME MANUFACTURER OF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR UNIQUE

NAVAL WEAPONS COMPLEXESRatep company has built up a powerful production and engineering potential covering virtually all kinds of manufacturing and adjustmentfacilities, metrological support, mature tool production, and a testing center. These facilities allow the company to carry out almost all types of mechanical and weather tests of various items ranging from miniature devices and instruments to the control systems of whole complexes.

Main assembly shop

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571 9 9 9 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

immunity. At that time, production ofsuch fire control radars as the Fut-B

and MR-105 was launched. Theseradars are still in service with the

navies of some countries.In the late 1950s, one of the first

cruise missile onboard control and

homing systems (developed by theAlmaz Design Bureu) rolled off the

factory’s production line. Concur-rently, the factory launched pro-

duction of a radar control systemfor the f i r s t sh ipborne c lose- in su r f a ce - t o - a i r ( SAM) comp l e x ;

gyroscopic s tab i l i za t ion systemsand the Musson radars designed to

guide antisubmarine rocket-assist-ed torpedos.

These complexes and cont ro lsystems, as wel l as the MR-105radar undergo regular upgrades and

have become the principal weaponso f t he Navy ’ s comba tan t sh i ps

(Grozny and Admiral Zozulya classmissile cruisers; Soobrazitelny and

Provorny class large antisubmarineships, etc.).

Production of shipborne passive

jamming control systems (Tertsiya,1960 - 1986; Smeta, 1984 - 1998),

which entered service with manyRussian and foreign warships at dif-ferent times, is among the compa-

ny’s main lines of business.In the 1980s and 1990s the com-

pany j o i ned t he A l t a i r S ta teResearch and Production Associa-

tion (the prime contractor) in thedevelopment and ass imi lat ion ofseries production of control sys-

tems for modern shipborne multi-channel SAM complexes, such as

the Rif, Klinok, and Shtil, capable ofproviding protection to both individ -

ual ships and formations of shipsagainst aircraft and missiles underdense a t tacks . Genera l l y , these

SAMs are not inferior to their for -eign counterparts while in terms of

some basic parameters they out-perform them.

Assimilation of series productionof control systems for these com-plexes encompassing the elements

of radio location, microelectronics,precision instrument making, radio-

frequency units and components, aswell as large shipborne structures,

such as antenna stations, called forthe radical retooling of the enter-prise and construction of new pro-

duction capacities.The company has built up a pow-

erful production and engineeringpotential covering virtually all kinds

of manufacturing and adjustmentfac i l i t i es , met ro log ica l suppor t ,

mature tool production, and a test-ing center. These facilities allow thecompany to carry out a lmost a l l

types of mechanical and weathertests of various items ranging from

miniature devices and instrumentsto the cont ro l sys tems of who le

complexes.Until now, the optimized produc-

tion models of the Rif, Klinok andShtil SAM complexes continue to bethe key defensive weapons of Russ-

ian naval ships. In acknowledgment of the com -

pany’s contribution to the develop-ment of sophist icated e lectronic

systems for the Russian Navy, thecompany was awarded the higheststate orders: the Order of the Red

Banner (1963) and the Order ofLenin (1984).

Before and after the disintegra -tion of the Soviet Union the compa-

ny has been giving much considera-tion to the establ ishment of eco-nomic ties with foreign partners.

The sh i p s e xpo r t ed t o Sy r i a ,Egypt, A lger ia, Indonesia, L ibya,

Ethiopia were equipped with theSoyuz, Soyuz-30 bis, Zarnitsa, and

Fut-B sys tems manufac tured byou r company . The MR-105 f i r econ t r o l s y s t ems u sed w i t h t h e

Volna SAM complexes are opera -tional on board the Project 61ME

warships now in serv ice with theIndian Navy. The system operatestrouble-free under various climatic

conditions.Cons ide r i ng tha t t he p resen t

portfolio of orders for the manufac-ture of new armament systems for

the Ministry of Defense of the Russ-ian Federa t ion has dramat ica l l ydried up, the only way of maintain-

ing the military hardware currently inservice with the Navy up-to-date is

its modernization. To this end, thecompany p rese r ves and fu r the r

develops its fleet-based productioncapacities, overhauls and servicesthe control systems of missile and

Assembly of radio projectors for the Shtil SAM complex5P10 multipurpose multitarget electronic system

Antenna station of the Klinok SAM complex

Page 38: Military Parade 32

gun/missi le complexes, includingthose manufactured by the ship -

bu i l d i ng i ndus t r y o f t he fo rmerUSSR. Ratep has been actively par-

ticipating in the development of theKlinok complex fire control systemupgraded by Al ta ir and wi l l soon

complete construction of the firstunit in this series and the Moskit

system for export.The expanded production capaci-

ties have allowed Ratep to launchproduction of the Podacha multi -purpose fire control system (devel-

oped by the Ametist Design Bureau)designed to equip the Bereg self-

propelled artillery complex (devel -oped by the Titan Central Design

Bureau) and other artillery systemscurrently in service with the armedforces.

On the basis of advanced tech -nologies the company has launched

production of fundamentally new firecontrol systems built around multi-

layer microstrip antenna moduleswith a digital beam formation mech-anism.

Recen t l y , a f i r s t o f t he c l ass5P10 Amet ist-designed mult ipur-

pose multitarget system intended to

control f ire of shipborne guns ofvarious calibers at surface, shore-

based and air (including low-flying)targets has come out of the pro-

duction line.In partnership with the Altair State

R&P Associat ion, Amet ist Design

Bureau and Tula Instrument-MakingDes ign Bureau , the company i s

preparing fire control systems of theShti l-1 and 5P10 SAM complexes

and of the Kashtan gun/miss i lecomp lex f o r t he P ro j ec t 11356frigates in service with the Indian

Navy.For greater confidence and sta-

bility under the present conditionsand with a view to converting the

production to civ i l ian output, thecompany’s engineers have devel-oped design and technological doc-

umentat ion to manufacture con-sumer goods, along with the main

production items.As part of the Russian Federa -

tion’s city transport developmentprogram, the company has beenproduc ing eco log ica l l y f r iend ly ,

energy saving equipment for con-trol of the electric drives of sub-

way c a r r i a ge s i n Moscow . Thecompany i s p repared to l aunch

production of satellite communica -

tions equipment (antenna devices,rad io conversa t ion and channe l

communication devices) designedby the Radio Research Institute.

I n add i t i on to soph i s t i ca teddefense-oriented equipment, thecompany produces k i tchen tools

(food processors, electric meat min-ce rs ) under l i cense o f I t a l y ’ s

Rachetto S.P.A. The design of theseitems was developed by the Italian

f i rm G ju ig ia ro Des ign . TheEMSh35/130 electric meat mincerhas been issued an internat ional

certificate (CB).The high-quality household appli-

ances manufactured by Ratep wereawarded the gold medal at the exhi-

b i t ion, The Wor ld o f Househo ldApp l i ances ‘98 ( Yeka te r i nbu rg ,November 1998).

To broaden the capabilities andbe able to produce designs of vari -

ous kinds of high-quality domesticappliances and other civilian prod-

ucts quickly, the company has pur-chased the CAD/CAM equipment todeve lop end- to -end des igns o f

products. The company has alsoacquired the Codick electroerosion

machines and signed contracts withthe Dutch firm NMA for the delivery

of modern technological equipmentfor the production of printed circuitboards of high accuracy class and

density.Ratep is continually building

up its production potential and isready to export armament, mili -

tary equipment and commercialproducts.

58 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

Equipment for end-to-end designing of products Household appliances produced by Ratep

The Kashtan gun/missile complex

Page 39: Military Parade 32

Gennady Chernenko, Historian

H ISTORY

In Russia, development of these

unusual vehicles is associated with the

name of Vladimir Levkov who was bornin the industrial city of Rostov-on-Don

in 1895. In the summer of 1921,

Vladimir Levkov graduated from theDonskoi Polytechnic Institute (DPI) in

Novocherkassk. Eight years later he

was appointed professor at the AppliedAerodynamics Department.

How did the young Levkov come up

with the radical notion for air-cushionvehicle? Unfortunately, history does not

provide us with any definite answers.

He might have been inspired by Tsi-olkovsky’s work, Air Drag and ExpressTrain which was published in Kaluga in

1927 and immediately sent to the DPIlibrary where Levkov spent much of his

time.

The young researcher set for himselfa simpler and more realistic task. In

1927, he began research into the

dynamics of air-cushion vehicles by

testing a symmetric model, circular inplane, with a diameter of only 700 -

800 mm. His miniature model was built

according to what is now referred to asa chamber configuration design.

In 1932, trials of a new air-cushion

vehicle model began. The new modelfeatured an elongated, oblong shape,

rather than circular one, and hand-

somely equipped with two propengines—one mounted in the nose sec-

tion and the other in the aft section of

the hull. Tests of this model were alsoa success. Work was immediately

begun for the construction of a larger

model of craft which was about 2.5 mlong.

In retrospect, it seems that Levkov

specifically pursued his air-cushionhovercraft to be used as a fast «flying»

naval ship, for example, an attack tor-

pedo craft. In May 1934, Vladimir Lev-

kov was transferred to the Moscow Avi-ation Institute (since at that time the

Novocherkask Aviation Institute was

closed) where he became a professorof experimental aerodynamics. In

December of that year Professor Lev-

kov was put in charge of a specializedtechnical department at the MAI; here

Levkov and his team began preparing

blue-prints for the L-1 air-cushion vehi-cle. The first hovercraft was built at the

Institute’s workshops and prepared for

trials by the summer of 1935.The first prototype was a very simple

design which consisted of two small

wooden catamarans that were poweredby three prop engines. Two M-11 radial

aero-engines were installed horizontally

in the funnel-shaped wells on the plat-form which connected the catamaran

hulls together. The third engine, also

an air-cooled M-11, was placed in theaft part of the craft on a removable

four-strut pylon. Air cushion was pro-

duced by the horizontally-placedengines.

62 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

LEVKOV’S HOVERCRAFT The British engineer, Christopher Cockerell, is popularly considered to bethe founding father of air-cushion vehicles. In June of 1959, his experimentalhovercraft successfully crossed the English Channel between the ports ofDover and Kalais. This historical event was given great publicity by the worldpress, however, it failed to acknowledge that the first hovercraft was actuallylaunched in the Soviet Union long before Cockerell’s maiden voyage.

The first ever air-cushion vehicle L-1 before trials,the Pleshcheyevo Lake, Russia, October 1935

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631 9 9 8 M A R C H ✩ A P R I L

On October 2, 1935, state trials of

the L-1 air-skimmer (this was the offi-cial term adopted for the craft) began

on the Pleshcheyevo Lake (the

Jaroslavl Region, Russia). The testslasted for 10 days.

At that time nobody had experience

in operating such vehicles. Overwaterruns were performed using either two

horizontal engines (with the pylon-

mounted engine shut down) or all threeengines running simultaneously. Trials

were conducted in calm and windy

weather, crosswind and downwind,over flat shore and swampy areas cov-

ered with sedge. Once the hovercraft’s

engines failed and the vehicle landedin a deep swamp. However, soon the

engines were restarted, the boat

ascended and recovered itself from theswamp. The maximum speed of the

first hovercraft was approximately 60

knots when powered by three engines,and 38 knots when powered by two.

Trial results of this first prototype hov-

ercraft were acknowledged as satisfac-tory. It was indicated in the report that

the «principle for air-cushion vehicles

has been proven feasible.» This reportwas approved by the Deputy People’s

Commissar of Defense, M.

Tukhachevsky. He wrote that the 1936Prototype Construction Plan should

encompass the production of two such

skimming boats: one to be used as afast attack torpedo craft and the other

as a marine landing craft.

Building on previously gained knowl-edge, a full-metal (duralumin) fast tor-

pedo craft, designated L-5, was built in

1937. The craft had a good shape,glazed cabin, turret machine-gun

mount and large tail fins. This was truly

a unique naval boat.In the midship area there was a

streamlined pilot house/cabin for the

pilot and mechanic followed by a troop

compartment and then by a turret

equipped with a ring for a twinmachine-gun mount. Torpedo attach-

ment points were arranged under the

center section in the dome space. Thehovercraft could also carry eight depth

charges. Over a distance of one mile,

this hovercraft accelerated to a speedof over 70 knots (about 130 km/h).

In December 1938, M. Frinovsky, the

People’s Commissar of the Red Navy,reported to the Chairman of Defense

Council, V. Molotov, that the Chief Mili-

tary Council of the Red Navy had dis-cussed the results of trials of the fast

attack craft built according to Professor

Levkov’s design. Frinovsky wrote: «Thetrial results indicated that the tactical

and technical characteristics of this

new attack craft significantly surpassedthose of fast torpedo craft in service

with the Red Navy... To introduce this

type of fast attack craft into service,

the Chief Military Council of the Red

Navy considers it necessary to build thefirst prototype series of nine such craft

and distribute them among all fleets to

train personnel and develop techniquesof tactical employment of this new

weapon system...»

On March 11, 1939, by the order ofthe People’s Commissar of the Ship-

building Industry, I. Tevosyan, Profes-

sor Levkov was appointed Head andChief Designer of the newly established

TzKB-1 (Central Design Bureau #1).

Plant #445 in Tushino near Moscow,previously involved in glider production,

was chosen as the new hovercraft pro-

duction facility.Following the commencement of

construction of combat craft, a need

Vladimir Levkov (first row, second right) among DPI students, Novocherkassk, 1924

Performance trials of the L-5 fast attack craft, the Gulf of Finland, 1937

Page 41: Military Parade 32

for the manufacture of training boats

emerged. A training boat, designated

L-9, soon appeared. It was designedfor the training of its commanders,

pilots, mechanics and gunners, and

could also be used for liaison, patrol,ASW and troop landing missions.

Despite apparent success, Vladimir

Levkov realized that his hovercraft hadsome serious shortcomings. Both

good and discouraging reports were

coming from the Baltic Fleet, whichhad already received about a dozen of

various types of air-cushion vehicles.

The discouraging reports stated thatpressure under the craft was low due

to air escape through the vessel’s

open extreme ends which reduced thecraft’s load-carrying capacity; sprays

produced by the powerful engines lim-

ited visibility; vessel’s operation waslimited to sea state 4; the impact of

the craft with waves changed the set-

ting of louvers and occasionally dam-aged them. However, the main prob-

lem involved the aeroengines. In vary-

ing maritime conditions, they oftensputtered and stalled when water pen-

etrated into the exposed carburetors.

And since the engines were positionedhorizontally, they were not sufficiently

air-cooled and would subsequently

overheat if run for long periods oftime. Arrangement of water-cooled

engines in a row required the introduc-

tion of angled reduction gear units todrive propellers. Designers worked on

these units, but the task turned out to

be too complicated for the time.Finally, it was World War II which

ultimately brought Levkov’s ambitious

project to the ground. In October 1941,as enemy forces penetrated Russia,

Levkov’s Design Bureau and Plant

#445 were evacuated to Alapayevsk,

an old city in the Urals. Levkov wasappointed Chief Engineer of the plant

which was ordered to produce troop-

carrying gliders.Hovercraft built before the war were

assigned to the Baltic Fleet. In 1941, as

the German forces continued theiradvance, all of these craft were trans-

ferred to the Kronshtadt’s Litke base

and remained there until 1947. In 1947,they were considered obsolete and

subsequently scrapped. The same sad

fate took the only six-engine hovercraft.An attempt to transport it from Moscow

to Gorky unfortunately failed. As fierce

fighting approached Moscow, theunique craft was destroyed.

From 1944, Vladimir Levkov held one

of his posit ions at the HydraulicsDepartment of Moscow Food Industry

Institute (MTIIP). In May 1952, he left

the shipbuilding industry to start work-

ing permanently at the MTIIP as a pro-

fessor, remaining a consultant of theCentral Design Bureau involved in the

development of hovercraft. On the eve

of 1954, Levkov suffered an apoplecticattack at his institute and two days

later, on the 2nd of January, he died of

a hemorrhage of the brain. VladimirLevkov was buried at the Golovinskoye

cemetery in Moscow.

This was just the time when Christo-pher Cockerell began experimenting

with his first elementary hovercraft

models.

64 M I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

Pilot house cross-section of the L-9 fast attack craft, 1939

Assault hovercraft proposed by V. Levkov in 1935