MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only) “distance-Doppler” effect and applications v. guruprasad inspired research inspired research

MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)

““distance-Doppler” effectdistance-Doppler” effectand applicationsand applications

v. guruprasadv. guruprasad

inspired researchinspired research

2005-10-182005-10-18 22(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.


contentscontents

discoverydiscovery

applicationsapplications locatinglocating isolatingisolating synthesissynthesis

sample calculationsample calculation realizabilityrealizability

premisepremise

empirical supportempirical support

status status



discoverydiscovery

r = 0 r

ω



discoverydiscovery

r = 0 r

ω



discoverydiscovery

r = 0 r1 r

ω ω1



discoverydiscovery

frequency scaling effectfrequency scaling effect generic generic ~ Doppler~ Doppler but but asymmetricasymmetric

• αα ~ ~ at receiverat receiver• rr ~ source distance ~ source distance

application classesapplication classes locatinglocating isolatingisolating synthesis (& analysis)synthesis (& analysis)

r = 0 r1 r2 r

ω ω1 ω2



discoverydiscovery


• αα ~ ~ at receiverat receiver • rr ~ source distance ~ source distance


r = 0 r1 r2 r

ω ω1 ω2

z3

z2

z1



discoverydiscovery


• αα ~ ~ at receiverat receiver• rr ~ source distance ~ source distance


r = 0 r1 r2 r

ω ω1 ω2

z



locating locating

r = 0 r2 r

ω ω2

α1

α2α3



locating locating

r = 0 r1 r

ω ω1

α1

α2α3



locating locating

αα:: temporal parallaxtemporal parallax in frequency domainin frequency domain receiver-controlledreceiver-controlled atan(α) ∈ (- π/2, π/2) ∆ω/ω ≡ z = α r

complementary:complementary: spatial freq.spatial freq. directional antennaedirectional antennae

r = 0 r1 r2 r

ω ω1 ω2

α1

α2α3



location verificationlocation verification

special case special case αα < 0 < 0 narrows the spectrumnarrows the spectrum notch filter to verify notch filter to verify rr

r1 r2

α1

α2α3

-α1

ω ω1 ω2



locating applicationslocating applications

fast, precise, fast, precise, monostaticmonostatic triangulation triangulation half the round-trip delayhalf the round-trip delay simpler, faster computationsimpler, faster computation infinite range of “parallax angles”infinite range of “parallax angles”

““true stealth radar”true stealth radar” where no phones go!where no phones go! seeing = rangingseeing = ranging

infinite range ~ infinite range ~ P P ∝∝ R R-2-2

““reverse-engineered” from astrophysicsreverse-engineered” from astrophysics



isolatingisolating

F1 F2 F3 F

F = F1 + F2 + F3

received signal:“co-channel” sources at different distances

your mission,should you accept it,

is…



isolatingisolating

F1 F2 F3 F

F = F1 + F2 + F3

received signal:

separate the signalswithout involving

content or modulation!

“co-channel” sources at different distances



isolatingisolating

α

α α

H

F1 F2 F3 F

F = F1 + F2 + F3

received signal:

1. spread




isolatingisolating

α

α α

H

G2

F1 F2 F3 F

F = F1 + F2 + F3

received signal:

2. filter




isolatingisolating

α

α α

H

H-1G2

F1 F2 F3 F

F = F1 + F2 + F3

received signal:

3. down-scale




isolatingisolating

α

α α

H

H-1G2

F1 F2 F3 F

F = F1 + F2 + F3

received signal:H-1 G2 H F ≈ F2

extracted signal:

receiver processing




isolating applications isolating applications

distance-based selectivitydistance-based selectivity ~ directional antennae, polarizations~ directional antennae, polarizations

orthogonal to modulationorthogonal to modulation by by physicsphysics of space of space obviates TDM, FDM, CDMAobviates TDM, FDM, CDMA raises channel capacity to Rayleigh criterionraises channel capacity to Rayleigh criterion

universal anti-jamminguniversal anti-jamming even noise sources can be isolated outeven noise sources can be isolated out



synthesissynthesis

r1

r

α1

μwave

optional signal

H(α)

~ F1

F0

r1 r2

α1

α2α3

-α1

F1

F2

F3



synthesissynthesis

r1

r

α2

μwave

optional signal

H(α)

~ F2

F0

r1 r2

α1

α2α3

-α1

F1

F2

F3



synthesissynthesis

r2

r

α2

μwave

optional signal

H(α)

~ F3

F0

r1 r2

α1

α2α3

-α1

F1

F2

F3



synthesissynthesis

r

μwave

optional signal

H(α)

tune α

tune r

F0

r1 r2

α1

α2α3

-α1

ω ω1 ω2

μwav

e so

urce

RF

optic

al

F1

F2

F3



synthesissynthesis

precise control ~ precise control ~ rr

infinite range ~ infinite range ~ αα

scales up or downscales up or down ++αα – up– up - - αα – – downdown

and genericand generic almost any wavesalmost any waves no nonlinear mediano nonlinear media no b/w, freq. constraintsno b/w, freq. constraints

r

μwave

optional signal

H(α)

tune α

tune r



analysisanalysis

hi-fi down-scalinghi-fi down-scaling even gamma rayseven gamma rays to to μμ-waves or -waves or RFRF

nifty analytical toolnifty analytical tool• if realizableif realizable

H(-α)

tune α

RFUV



synthesis applicationssynthesis applications

universal wave sourcesuniversal wave sources say using GW microwave sourcessay using GW microwave sources

• to yield THz, visible, UV or even gamma raysto yield THz, visible, UV or even gamma rays modulation & coherence with powermodulation & coherence with power without lasingwithout lasing

COTS-realizableCOTS-realizable main constraint: main constraint: source phase spectrumsource phase spectrum expect better with non lasing photonic sourcesexpect better with non lasing photonic sources e.g. e.g. z = 10 with z = 10 with rr = 1 m easily using Terfenol-D = 1 m easily using Terfenol-D



sample calculationsample calculation For z = 1 at r = 100 m, we need α = z / r = 1 / 100 m = 0.01 / m From theory in paper, α ≡ β / c , where

β = normalized rate of change of grating or sampling intervals

We need β ≡ α c = 0.01 / m * 3x108 m / s = 3x106 / s,i.e. must vary the intervals by a factor of 3x106 every second!

But (a) variation is exponential, and (b) can be repeated over smaller intervals.

Same effective β possible over intervals of 1 ns ≡ 1x10-9 s using

e3E6 *1E-9 ≈ 1.0030045

Max. change possible with Terfenol-D : 1.008 – 1.012

corrected: 2005-11-09



premisepremise

1.1. wave speed independent of frequencywave speed independent of frequency• exceptions:exceptions: dispersive media dispersive media

• realm of current research with phase & group velocitiesrealm of current research with phase & group velocities

2.2. sources of nonzero spectral spreadsources of nonzero spectral spread• likely exceptions:likely exceptions: CW carriers, lasers CW carriers, lasers

3.3. spectral decomposition is receiver’s choicespectral decomposition is receiver’s choice• exposesexposes: : usual Fourier assumptions usual Fourier assumptions

• notably in quantum mechanicsnotably in quantum mechanics



receiver’s choicereceiver’s choice

spectral analysis or selection requires summingspectral analysis or selection requires summing summing issumming is macroscopic macroscopic receiver can changereceiver can change during summing during summing

general case is NOT Fourier decompositiongeneral case is NOT Fourier decomposition Fourier <=> absolutely zero changeFourier <=> absolutely zero change zero change cannot be verified zero change cannot be verified except byexcept by distant sources distant sources

• error error isis Hubble’s law frequency shifts Hubble’s law frequency shifts

overlooked inoverlooked in all signal processing, spectrometry, even waveletsall signal processing, spectrometry, even wavelets all of astronomy & quantum physicsall of astronomy & quantum physics



diffractive summingdiffractive summing

lens

foca

l pl

ane

grating

detector element

time = t1

static grating corresponding to




lens

foca

l pl

ane

grating

detector element

time = t2





lens

foca

l pl

ane

grating

detector element

time = t3




summing by unsteady receiversumming by unsteady receiver

lens

foca

l pl

ane

grating

detector element

θ

older rays (from t1)

younger rays (from t3)

instantaneous sum




lens

foca

l pl

ane

grating

detector element

θ

n λ = l sin θ






lens

foca

l pl

ane

grating

detector element

θ

n dλ = dl sin θ --- --- dt dt

n λ = l sin θ






lens

foca

l pl

ane

grating

detector element

θ

n dλ = dl sin θ --- --- dt dt

n λ = l sin θ

1 dλ = 1 dl = -β -- --- -- ---

λ dt l dtolder rays (from t1)




time-varying receiver statestime-varying receiver states

time

t1

t2

t3

...stationary in an expanding or shrinking reference frame

changing receiver selection state...



traditional receiver basistraditional receiver basis

receiver ~ spectral window of representative statesreceiver ~ spectral window of representative states a state = a Fourier component mode that can be exciteda state = a Fourier component mode that can be excited a state = mode observed if exciteda state = mode observed if excited

observation by a dot-product with statesobservation by a dot-product with states as if the states were flowing into the receiver (left)as if the states were flowing into the receiver (left)

• dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product (right)dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product (right)

spec

tral

w

indo

w

rece

iver

st

ates

incoming signal

applied states



traditional receiver basistraditional receiver basis

receiver ~ spectral window of representative statesreceiver ~ spectral window of representative states a state = a Fourier component mode that can be exciteda state = a Fourier component mode that can be excited a state = mode observed if exciteda state = mode observed if excited

observation by a dot-product with statesobservation by a dot-product with states as if the states were flowing into the receiver (left)as if the states were flowing into the receiver (left)

• dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product (right)dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product (right)

spec

tral

w

indo

w

rece

iver

st

ates

(inverted)

incoming signal

applied states



evolving receiver basisevolving receiver basis

spec

tral

w

indo

w

rece

iver

st

ates

incoming signal

applied states

time

when receiver window itself slideswhen receiver window itself slides relative to world frequency framerelative to world frequency frame

• incoming sinusoids appear expandingincoming sinusoids appear expanding• own states appear steadyown states appear steady




when receiver window itself slideswhen receiver window itself slides relative to world frequency framerelative to world frequency frame

• incoming sinusoids appear expandingincoming sinusoids appear expanding• own states appear steadyown states appear steady

receiver states shorten in world framereceiver states shorten in world frame• all states ~ same function (exponential all states ~ same function (exponential λλ) ~ in world frame) ~ in world frame• position in window identifies stateposition in window identifies state

spec

tral

w

indo

w

rece

iver

st

ates

incoming signal

applied states

time

spec

tral

w

indo

w

incoming wavesapplied states

time

?




Dot-product selects time-varying world waveDot-product selects time-varying world wave receiver states ~ exponential-receiver states ~ exponential-λλ in world framein world frame dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant productdot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product

• vanishes for sinusoid (broken line)vanishes for sinusoid (broken line)• maximum for similar wave of same starting maximum for similar wave of same starting λλ

received component

spec

tral

w

indo

w




received component

spec

tral

w

indo

w






received component

spec

tral

w

indo

w






when receiver window itself slideswhen receiver window itself slides selects exponential-selects exponential-λλ wave components from world wave components from world

selected wave components bear distanceselected wave components bear distance λλ ∝∝ r r or or λλ ∝ ∝ r r -1-1

already well known in cosmology, thanks to…already well known in cosmology, thanks to…

spec

tral

w

indo

w

rece

iver

st

ates

incoming signal

applied states

time

spec

tral

w

indo

w

selected wavesapplied states

time



Leonard ParkerLeonard Parker

Ph.D. thesis, Yale, ca. 1966Ph.D. thesis, Yale, ca. 1966 particle wavefunctions in an expanding universeparticle wavefunctions in an expanding universe leonard @ uwm . eduleonard @ uwm . edu

But what do these eigenfunctions REALLY represent?But what do these eigenfunctions REALLY represent? in their present incarnation as in their present incarnation as receiver statesreceiver states ? ?



spectral phase gradientsspectral phase gradients Green’s function theoryGreen’s function theory

source = collection of radiating pointssource = collection of radiating points each radiating point ~ delta functioneach radiating point ~ delta function delta ~ same starting phasesdelta ~ same starting phases

consider their wave-vectorsconsider their wave-vectors

slopes ∝ distance



spectral phase gradientsspectral phase gradients

∆φ = ∆(k r – ω t) = r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)

signal partspace part




∆φ = ∆(k r – ω t) = r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)

k ∆r ~ holography, SAR, interferometry





∆φ = ∆(k r – ω t) = r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)

∆φ = r ∆k





∆φ = ∆(k r – ω t) = r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)

∆φ = r ∆k

∆ω = dφ/dt = r dk/dt





∆φ = ∆(k r – ω t) = r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)

∆φ = r ∆k

∆ω = dφ/dt = r dk/dt

z ≡ ∆ω/ω = β r / c = α r




spectral phase gradientsspectral phase gradients signal part propagates envelopesignal part propagates envelope

so the slopes should be movingso the slopes should be moving

but it averages out !but it averages out !∆φ = ∆(k r – ω t) = r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)


z ≡ ∆ω/ω = β r / c = α r



receiver’s choice (revisited)receiver’s choice (revisited) To summarize, the receiver statesTo summarize, the receiver states

are macroscopicare macroscopic therefore therefore more than likelymore than likely non stationary non stationary in general, select “Parker components”in general, select “Parker components”

• having (source distance ~ frequency) correlationhaving (source distance ~ frequency) correlation

Parker selectionsParker selections in absence of dispersion, ~ phase gradientsin absence of dispersion, ~ phase gradients fully classical, macroscopic, mundanefully classical, macroscopic, mundane

Represent space-part onlyRepresent space-part only static modes of source ~ Planck’s quantizationstatic modes of source ~ Planck’s quantization eliminates travelling pure-tones problemeliminates travelling pure-tones problem

• of photoelectric theoryof photoelectric theory



empirical supportempirical support Hubble redshifts & “acceleration”Hubble redshifts & “acceleration”

predicted in 1995-1996 within IBMpredicted in 1995-1996 within IBM mundane resolution of 95% of estimated universemundane resolution of 95% of estimated universe

• in terms of the “baryonic” 5%in terms of the “baryonic” 5%

““Pioneer anomaly”Pioneer anomaly” also anticipated months before NASA disclosurealso anticipated months before NASA disclosure only explanation accounting for only explanation accounting for all all “features” “features”

2/32/3rdrd of lunar recession of lunar recession finally resolves oceanic friction mismatchfinally resolves oceanic friction mismatch

geological & fossil data, GPS stations datageological & fossil data, GPS stations data finally resolves “expanding earth” mysteryfinally resolves “expanding earth” mystery

no contradictory observations on any scaleno contradictory observations on any scale

all f

rom

the

unc

orre

cted

natu

ral p

last

icity

of

solid

s un

der

tidal

+ (

grav

itatio

nal,

cent

rifug

al)

stre

sses



e.g. calibration in astronomy…e.g. calibration in astronomy…

calibration uses distant sourcescalibration uses distant sources colours, redshifts known from groundcolours, redshifts known from ground uses multiple referentsuses multiple referents adjusts adjusts slope slope & & curvaturecurvature

assumes relativistic redshift formulaassumes relativistic redshift formula non linear in non linear in rr



and its subtle fallacyand its subtle fallacy redshifts are redshifts are notnot non linear non linear

pointed out by Alan Sandage among otherspointed out by Alan Sandage among others• linearity holds Local Group to SNe Ialinearity holds Local Group to SNe Ia• Pioneer anomaly fits linearly (several authors)Pioneer anomaly fits linearly (several authors)

linearity linearity ≡≡ acceleration in relativistic view acceleration in relativistic view• known by “flatness”, “quiescence”, etc. problemsknown by “flatness”, “quiescence”, etc. problems

linearity => linearity => only slope is independent!only slope is independent! calibration calibration copies incopies in ground based value of ground based value of HH00 questions high convergence in questions high convergence in HH0 0 latelylately

• even without my theoryeven without my theory



resultsresults

as of 2001.9.11as of 2001.9.11 Refined hunch of “receiver’s choice”Refined hunch of “receiver’s choice” Matlab (Octave) validation with Matlab (Octave) validation with .wav.wav files files

as of IEEE WCNC (March) 2005as of IEEE WCNC (March) 2005 precise identification of mechanism (2004)precise identification of mechanism (2004) Java simulator – signal isolationJava simulator – signal isolation

• online examples ~ including FMonline examples ~ including FM• unjamming total destructive interference (demo’d)unjamming total destructive interference (demo’d)



new worknew work accuracy & capability calculationsaccuracy & capability calculations

differential resolution (paper)differential resolution (paper)

major simplificationmajor simplification reduced to macroscopic bulk propertyreduced to macroscopic bulk property robust cascadingrobust cascading easier to implement, incorporate, testeasier to implement, incorporate, test

synthesis applications theorysynthesis applications theory

broad US & PCT patents filedbroad US & PCT patents filed



current effortscurrent efforts

seeking funding, collaboration, early licensingseeking funding, collaboration, early licensing for prototypesfor prototypes for testsfor tests

seeking independent validationsseeking independent validations especially since this is “new physics”especially since this is “new physics”

• (& puts 95% of our universe at risk!)(& puts 95% of our universe at risk!)

still dark in the tunnel...still dark in the tunnel... all thought & no real test!all thought & no real test!



acknowledgementsacknowledgements Bruce G. Elmegreen, IBM ResearchBruce G. Elmegreen, IBM Research

guidance in astrophysics researchguidance in astrophysics research early reviews & pointers, test ideasearly reviews & pointers, test ideas prompted “prediction” of Pioneer anomalyprompted “prediction” of Pioneer anomaly

• 2 months before NASA/JPL publication2 months before NASA/JPL publication

Paul S. WessonPaul S. Wesson privately confirming status of “expanding earth”privately confirming status of “expanding earth”

• (MS thesis, under Sir Jeffreys)(MS thesis, under Sir Jeffreys)

S. Eugene Poteat, President AFIO,S. Eugene Poteat, President AFIO, for mandating this paper & presentation...for mandating this paper & presentation...

Documents

MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only) “distance-Doppler” effect and applications v. guruprasad inspired research inspired research