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Mi­24, Mi­25, Mi­35

Russian Mi­24PN

Role Attack helicopter with transportcapabilities

National origin Soviet Union

Manufacturer Mil

First flight 19 September 1969

Introduction 1972

Status In service

Primary users Russian Air Forceca. 50 other users (see Operatorssection below)

Produced 1969–present

Number built 2,300 (estimated)

Developed from Mil Mi­8

Mil Mi­24From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Mil Mi­24 (Russian: Миль Ми­24; NATOreporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship andattack helicopter[1] and low­capacity troop transportwith room for eight passengers. It is produced by MilMoscow Helicopter Plant and has been operated since1972 by the Soviet Air Force and its successors, alongwith more than 30 other nations.

In NATO circles, the export versions, Mi­25 and Mi­35,are denoted with a letter suffix as "Hind D" and "HindE" respectively. Soviet pilots called the Mi­24 the"flying tank", or летающий танк (letayushchiy tank).More common unofficial nicknames were "Crocodile"(Крокодил or Krokodil) due to the helicopter'scamouflage scheme[2] and "Drinking Glass" (Стакан orStakan) because of the flat glass plates which surroundthe cockpit of the Mi­24.

Contents

1 Development2 Design

2.1 Overview2.2 Flight characteristics2.3 Comparison to Western helicopters

3 Operational history3.1 Ogaden War (1977–1978)3.2 Cambodian­Vietnamese War (1978)3.3 Chadian­Libyan conflict (1978–1987)3.4 Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989)

3.4.1 First deployment and combat3.4.2 Attrition in Afghanistan3.4.3 Mi­24 crews and end ofSoviet involvement3.4.4 Mi­24s in Afghanistan after

Soviet withdrawal

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Soviet withdrawal3.5 Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)3.6 Nicaraguan civil war (1980–1988)3.7 Sri Lankan Civil War (1987–2009)3.8 Persian Gulf War (1991)3.9 Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002)3.10 Croatian War of Independence(1990s)3.11 First and Second Wars in Chechnya(1990s–2000s)3.12 Peruvian operations (1989­present)3.13 Sudanese Civil War (1995–2005)3.14 First and Second Congo Wars(1996–2003)3.15 Kosovo war (1998–1999)3.16 Conflict in Republic of Macedonia(2001)3.17 Ivorian Civil War (2002–2004)3.18 Afghanistan War (2001–present)3.19 Iraq War (March 2003–2010)3.20 War in Somalia (2006–2009)3.21 War in Chad (2008)3.22 South Ossetia war (2008)3.23 Libyan civil war (2011)3.24 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis3.25 Syrian Civil War (2011–present)3.26 Invasion of Mali 20133.27 Kachin conflict (2012­2013)3.28 Post­U.S Iraqi insurgency3.29 Crimean crisis (2014)3.30 Donbass war (2014)3.31 Nagorno­Karabakh (2014)

4 Variants5 Operators

5.1 Former operators6 Accidents

7 Aircraft on display

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Mil Mi­24A

7 Aircraft on display8 Specifications (Mi­24)9 Popular culture10 See also11 References12 Further reading13 External links

Development

During the early 1960s, it became apparent to Soviet designer Mikhail Leont'yevich Mil that the trendtowards ever­increasing battlefield mobility would result in the creation of flying infantry fighting vehicles,which could be used to perform both fire support and infantry transport missions. The first expression ofthis concept was a mock­up unveiled in 1966 in the experimental shop of the Ministry of Aircraft's factorynumber 329 where Mil was head designer. The mock­up designated V­24 was based on another project, theV­22 utility helicopter, which itself never flew. The V­24 had a central infantry compartment that couldhold eight troops sitting back to back, and a set of small wings positioned to the top rear of the passengercabin, capable of holding up to six missiles or rockets and a twin­barreled GSh­23L cannon fixed to thelanding skid.

Mil proposed the design to the heads of the Soviet armed forces, andwhile he had the support of a number of strategists, he was opposedby several more senior members of the armed forces who believedthat conventional weapons were a better use of resources. Despitethe opposition, Mil managed to persuade the defence minister's firstdeputy, Marshal Andrey A. Grechko, to convene an expert panel tolook into the matter. While the panel's opinions were mixed,supporters of the project eventually held sway and a request fordesign proposals for a battlefield support helicopter was issued. Thedevelopment and use of gunships and attack helicopters by the USArmy during the Vietnam War convinced the Soviets of theadvantages of armed helicopter ground support, and fostered support

for the development of the Mi­24.[3]

Mil engineers prepared two basic designs: a 7­ton single­engine design and a 10.5­ton twin­engine design,both based on the 1,700 hp Izotov TV3­177A turboshaft. Later, three complete mock­ups were produced,along with five cockpit mock­ups to allow the pilot and weapon station operator positions to be fine­tuned.

The Kamov design bureau suggested an army version of their Ka­25 ASW helicopter as a low­cost option.This was considered but later dropped in favor of the new Mil twin­engine design. A number of changeswere made at the insistence of the military, including the replacement of the 23 mm cannon with a rapid­fire heavy machine gun mounted in a chin turret, and the use of the 9K114 Shturm (AT­6 Spiral) anti­tankmissile.

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Russian Air Force Mil Mi­24P

Russian Air Force Mi­35М

A directive was issued on 6 May 1968 to proceed with development of the twin­engine design. Workproceeded under Mil until his death in 1970. Detailed design work began in August 1968 under thecodename Yellow 24. A full­scale mock­up of the design was reviewed and approved in February 1969.Flight tests with a prototype began on 15 September 1969 with a tethered hover, and four days later the firstfree flight was conducted. A second prototype was built, followed by a test batch of ten helicopters.

Acceptance testing for the design began in June 1970, continuing for18 months. Changes made in the design addressed structuralstrength, fatigue problems and reduced vibration levels. Also, a 12­degree anhedral was introduced to the wings to address the aircraft'stendency to Dutch roll at speeds in excess of 200 km/h (124 mph),and the Falanga missile pylons were moved from the fuselage to thewingtips. The tail rotor was moved from the right to the left side ofthe tail, and the rotation direction reversed. The tail rotor nowrotated up on the side towards the front of the aircraft, into thedownwash of the rotor, which increased the efficiency of the tailrotor. A number of other design changes were made until theproduction version Mi­24A (izdeliye 245) entered production in 1970, obtaining its initial operatingcapability in 1971 and was officially accepted into the state arsenal in 1972.[4]

In 1972, following completion of the Mi­24, development began on a unique attack helicopter withtransport capability. The new design had a reduced transport capability (3 troops instead of 8) and wascalled the Mi­28, and that of the Ka­50 attack helicopter, which is smaller and more maneuverable and doesnot have the large cabin for carrying troops. In October 2007, the Russian Air Force announced it wouldreplace its Mi­24 fleet with Mi­28Ns and Ka­52s by 2015.[5][6]

Design

Overview

The core of the aircraft was derived from the Mil Mi­8 (NATOreporting name "Hip") with two top­mounted turboshaft enginesdriving a mid­mounted 17.3 m five­blade main rotor and a three­blade tail rotor. The engine configuration gave the aircraft itsdistinctive double air intake. Original versions have an angulargreenhouse­style cockpit; Model D and later have a characteristictandem cockpit with a "double bubble" canopy. Other airframecomponents came from the Mi­14 "Haze". Two mid­mounted stubwings provide weapon hardpoints, each offering three stations, inaddition to providing lift. The loadout mix is mission dependent;Mi­24s can be tasked with close air support, anti­tank operations, oraerial combat.

The Mi­24 fuselage is heavily armored and can resist impacts from 12.7 mm (0.50 in) rounds from allangles. The titanium rotor blades are also resistant to 12.7 mm rounds. The cockpit is protected by ballistic­resistant windscreens and a titanium­armored tub.[7] The cockpit and crew compartment are overpressurizedto protect the crew in NBC conditions.

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Mi­24D cockpit

U.S. operated Mi­24P Hind­F

Mi­24 SuperHind, a modernizedHind by the South African firm ATE.At the Ysterplaat Airshow 2006.

Flight characteristics

Considerable attention was given to making the Mi­24 fast. Theairframe was streamlined, and fitted with retractable tricycleundercarriage landing gear to reduce drag. The wings provideconsiderable lift at high speed, up to a quarter of total lift. Thesecaused a problem when trying to perform tight turns in Afghanistan,resulting in them flying in pairs where possible. The main rotor wastilted 2.5° to the right from the fuselage to compensate fortranslating tendency at a hover. The landing gear was also tilted tothe left so the rotor would still be level when the aircraft was on theground, making the rest of the airframe tilt to the left. The tail wasalso asymmetrical to give a side force at speed, thus unloading thetail rotor.[8]

A modified Mi­24B, named A­10, was used in several speed and time­to­climb world record attempts. Thehelicopter had been modified to reduce weight as much as possible, and among the measures used was toremove the stub wings.[4] The speed record over a closed 1000 km course set on 13 August 1975 of332.65 km/h (206.7 mph) still stands, as do many of the female­specific records set by the all­female crewof Galina Rastorguyeva and Lyudmila Polyanskaya.[9] On 21 September 1978 the A­10 set the absolutespeed record for helicopters with 368.4 km/h (228.9 mph) over a 15/25 km course. The record stood until1986 when it was broken by the current record holder, a modified Westland Lynx.[10]

Comparison to Western helicopters

As a combination of armoured gunship and troop transport, the Mi­24 has no direct NATO counterpart. While the UH­1 ("Huey")helicopters were used in the Vietnam War either to ferry troops, oras gunships, they were not able to do both at the same time.Converting a UH­1 into a gunship meant stripping the entirepassenger area to accommodate extra fuel and ammunition, andremoving its troop transport capability, while it has no armour. TheMi­24 was designed to do both, and this was greatly exploited byairborne units of the Soviet Army during the 1980–89 Soviet war inAfghanistan. The closest Western equivalent was the Sikorsky S­67Blackhawk, which used many of the same design principles and wasalso built as a high­speed, high­agility attack helicopter with limitedtroop transport capability using many components from the existingSikorsky S­61. The S­67, however, was never adopted for service.[1]Other Western equivalents are the IAR 330 of the Romanian Army,which is a licence­built armed version of the Aérospatiale SA 330Puma and MH­60 Direct Action Penetrator, a special purpose armedvariant of the Sikorsky UH­60 Black Hawk. The Hind has beencalled the world's only "assault helicopter," for its combination offirepower and troop­carrying capability.

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Operational history

Ogaden War (1977–1978)

The first use of the Mi­24 in combat was with the Ethiopian forces during the Ogaden War against Somalia.The helicopters formed part of a massive airlift of military equipment from the Soviet Union, after theSoviets switched sides towards the end of 1977. The helicopters were instrumental in the combined air andground assault that allowed the Ethiopians to retake the Ogaden, by the beginning of 1978.[11]

Cambodian­Vietnamese War (1978)

The Mi­24A was extensively used by the Vietnam People's Air Force in the Cambodian–Vietnamese Waragainst the Khmer Rouge. The gunships destroyed many of their bases and outposts up until 1986, whenKR forces were driven to the border of Thailand.

Chadian­Libyan conflict (1978–1987)

The Libyan air force used Mi­24A and Mi­25 units during their numerous interventions in Chad's civilwar.[8] The Mi­24s were first used in October 1980 in the battle of N'Djamena where they helped thePeople's Armed Forces seize the capital.

In March 1987 the Armed Forces of the North, which were backed by the USA and France, managed toseize a Libyan air force base at Ouadi­Doum in Northern Chad. Among the aircraft captured during thisraid were three Mi­25s. These were turned over to France, which in turn sent one to the United Kingdomand one to the USA.[4]

Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989)

The aircraft was operated extensively during the Soviet war in Afghanistan, mainly for bombingMujahideen fighters. When the U.S. supplied heat­seeking Stinger missiles to the Mujahideen, the SovietMi­8 and Mi­24 helicopters proved to be favorite targets of the rebels.

It is difficult to find the total number of Mi­24s used in Afghanistan.[12] At the end of 1990 the wholeSoviet Army had 1,420 Mi­24s.[13] During the Afghan war the sources estimate the strength of thehelicopters up to 600 machines per year, with up to 250 may be Mi­24s.[14] Other sources – like the CIA ex­secret report from 1987 counts data (used helicopters in that period, not total) per year, starting from 85 Mi­24 in 1980 to 120 in 1985 showing increasing use of these helicopters.[15]

First deployment and combat

Mi­24s were supplied to the Afghan government in April 1979 to deal with Mujahideen guerrillas.[16] TheAfghan pilots were well­trained and made effective use of their machines, but the Mujahideen were noteasy targets. The first Mi­24 to be lost in action was shot down by guerrillas on 18 July 1979.[17][18] Thesituation in Afghanistan grew worse and on 25 December 1979, Soviet troops were committed to the war.

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Despite facing strong resistance from Afghan rebels, the Mi­24 proved to be very destructive. The rebelscalled the Mi­24 "Shaitan­Arba" (Satan's Chariot)".[16] In one case, a Mi­24 pilot who was out ofammunition managed to rescue a company of infantry by maneuvering aggressively towards Mujahideenguerrillas and scaring them off. The Mi­24 was popular with ground troops, since it could stay on thebattlefield and provide fire as needed, while "fast mover" strike jets could only stay for a short time beforeheading back to base to refuel.

The Mi­24's favoured munition was the 80­millimetre (3.1 in) S­8 rocket, the 57 mm (2.2 in) S­5 havingproven too light to be effective. The 23 mm (0.91 in) gun pod was also popular. Extra rounds of rocketammunition were often carried internally so that the crew could land and self­reload in the field. The Mi­24could carry ten 100­kilogram (220 lb) iron bombs for attacks on camps or strongpoints, while harder targetscould be dealt with a load of four 250­kilogram (550 lb) or two 500­kilogram (1,100 lb) iron bombs.[19]Some Mi­24 crews became experts at dropping bombs precisely on targets. Fuel­air explosive bombs werealso used in a few instances, though crews initially underestimated the sheer blast force of such weaponsand were caught by shock waves.

Combat experience quickly demonstrated the disadvantages of having a Mi­24 carrying troops. Gunshipcrews found the soldiers a concern and a distraction while being shot at, and preferred to fly lightly loadedanyway, especially given their operations from high ground altitudes in Afghanistan. Mi­24 troopcompartment armour was often removed to reduce weight. Troops would be carried in Mi­8 helicopterswhile the Mi­24s provided fire support.

It proved useful to carry a technician in the Mi­24's crew compartment who would handle a light machinegun in a window port. This gave the Mi­24 some ability to "watch its back" while leaving a target area. Insome cases a light machine gun was fitted on both sides to allow the technician to move from one side tothe other without having to take the machine gun with him.

This weapon configuration still left the gunship blind to the direct rear, and Mil experimented with fitting amachine gun in the back of the fuselage, accessible to the gunner through a narrow crawl­way. Theexperiment was highly unsuccessful, as the space was cramped, full of engine exhaust fumes, and otherwiseunbearable. During a demonstration, an overweight Soviet Air Force general got stuck in the crawl­way.[4]Operational Mi­24s were retrofitted with rear­view mirrors to help the pilot spot threats and take evasiveaction.

Besides protecting helicopter troop assaults and supporting ground actions, the Mi­24 also protectedconvoys, using rockets with flechette warheads to drive off ambushes; performed strikes on predesignatedtargets; and engaged in "hunter­killer" sweeps. Hunter­killer Mi­24s operated in pairs at minimum, moreoften groups of four or eight, to provide mutual fire support. The Mujahideen learned to move mostly atnight to avoid the gunships, and in response the Soviets trained their Mi­24 crews in night­fighting,dropping parachute flares to illuminate potential targets for attack. The Mujahideen quickly caught on andscattered as quickly as possible when Soviet target designation flares were lit nearby.

Attrition in Afghanistan

The war in Afghanistan brought with it losses by attrition.[16] The environment itself, dusty and often hot,was rough on the machines; dusty conditions led to the development of the PZU air intake filters. Therebels' primary air­defense weapons early in the war were heavy machine guns and anti­aircraft cannons,

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though anything smaller than a 23 millimetre shell generally did not do much damage to a Mi­24. Thecockpit glass panels were resistant to 12.7 mm (.50 in caliber) rounds.

The rebels also used Soviet­made shoulder­launched, heat­seeking surface­to­air missiles (SAMs) andAmerican Redeye shoulder­launched SAMs, which had either been captured from the Soviets or theirAfghan allies or were supplied from Western sources. Many of them came from stocks the Israelis hadcaptured during their wars with Soviet backed states in the Middle East. Owing to a combination of thelimited capabilities of these early types of missiles, poor training and poor material condition of themissiles, they were not particularly effective. The RPG­7, originally developed as an antitank weapon, wasthe first effective countermeasure to the Hind. However, the RPG­7, not being designed for air defense, hadseveral shortcomings owing to its design. Oftentimes attempting to use one to shoot down a helicoptercould lead to the user injuring themselves with the rocket's backblast.

From 1986[19] the CIA then began supplying the Afghan rebels with newer Stinger shoulder­launched, heat­seeking SAMs.[20] These were a marked improvement over earlier weapons, and while their actual militaryimpact was not irrelevant, their real value was their demoralization and deterrent value against air power,and their propaganda worth to anti­Soviet groups. The Stinger missile locked on to infra­red emissions fromthe aircraft, particularly engine exhaust, and was resistant to interference from decoy flares.Countermeasure flares and missile warning systems were later installed in all Soviet Mil Mi­2, Mi­8, andMi­24 helicopters, giving pilots a chance to evade the missile. Heat dissipaters were also fitted to exhauststo decrease the Mi­24's heat signature. Tactical and doctrinal changes were introduced to make it harder forthe enemy to deploy these weapons effectively. These reduced the Stinger threat but did not eliminate it.

Mi­24s were also used to shield jet transports flying in and out of Kabul from Stingers. The gunshipscarried flares to blind the heat­seeking missiles. The crews called themselves "Mandatory Matrosovs", aftera Soviet hero of the Second World War who threw himself across a German machine gun to let hiscomrades break through.

According to Russian sources, 74 helicopters were lost, including 27 shot down by Stinger and two byRedeye.[19] In many cases, however, the helicopters, thanks to their armour and the durability ofconstruction, withstood significant damage.

Mi­24 crews and end of Soviet involvement

Mi­24 crews carried AK­74 and other hand­held weapons to give them a better chance of survival if forceddown.[16] Early in the war, head of Mil Marat Tischenko visited Afghanistan to see what the troops thoughtof his helicopters, and gunship crews put on several displays for him. They even demonstrated maneuvers,such as barrel rolls, which design engineers considered impossible. An astounded Dr. Tischenkocommented, "I thought I knew what my helicopters could do, now I'm not so sure!"[16]

The last Soviet Mi­24 was shot down during the night of 2 February 1989, with both crewmen killed. It wasalso the last Soviet helicopter lost during nearly ten years of warfare.[19]

Mi­24s in Afghanistan after Soviet withdrawal

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Afghan Air Force Mi­35s

An Iraqi Mil Mi­25, brought downduring the Iran–Iraq War, on displayat a military museum in Tehran.

Mi­24s passed on to Soviet­backed Afghan forces during the war remained in dwindling service in thegrinding civil war that continued after the Soviet withdrawal.[16] Some were flown by defectors toneighboring Pakistan, and a few of these machines apparently foundtheir way into the hands of the U.S. Army.

Afghan Air Force Mi­24s in the hands of the ascendant Talibangradually became inoperable, but a few flown by the NorthernAlliance, which had Russian assistance and access to spares,remained operational up to the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in thefall of 2001. In 2008, the Afghan Air Force took delivery of sixrefurbished Mi­35 helicopters, purchased from the Czech Republic.The Afghan pilots were trained by India and began live firingexercises in May 2009 in order to escort Mi­17 transport helicopters on operations in restive parts of thecountry.

Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)

The Mi­25 saw considerable use by the Iraqi Army during the long war against Iran.[21] Its heavy armamentcaused severe damage to Iranian ground forces during the war. However, the Mi­25 lacked an effectiveanti­tank capability, as it was only armed with obsolete 9M17 Skorpion missiles.[22] This led the Iraqis todevelop new gunship tactics, with help from East German advisors. The Mi­25s would form "hunter­killer"teams with French­built Aérospatiale Gazelles, with the Mi­25s leading the attack and using their massivefirepower to suppress Iranian air defenses, and the Gazelles using their HOT missiles to engage armouredfighting vehicles. These tactics proved effective in halting Iranian offensives, such as Operation Ramadanin July 1982.[22]

This war also saw the only confirmed air­to­air helicopter battles inhistory with the Iraqi Mi­25s flying against Iranian AH­1JSeaCobras (supplied by the United States before the IranianRevolution) on several separate occasions. Not long after Iraq'sinitial invasion of Iran, in November 1980 two Iranian SeaCobrascrept up on two Mi­25s and hit them with TOW wire­guidedantitank missiles. One Mi­25 went down immediately, the other wasbadly damaged and crashed before reaching base.[19][23] TheIranians repeated this accomplishment on 24 April 1981, destroyingtwo Mi­25s without incurring losses to themselves.[19]

The Iraqis hit back, claiming the destruction of a SeaCobra on 14September 1983 (with YaKB machine gun), then three SeaCobras on 5 February 1984[23] and three more on25 February 1984 (two with Falanga missiles, one with S­5 rockets).[19] After a lull in helicopter losses,each side lost a gunship on 13 February 1986.[19] Later, a Mi­25 claimed a SeaCobra shot down with YaKBgun on 16 February, and a SeaCobra claimed a Mi­25 shot down with rockets on 18 February.[19] The lastengagement between the two types was on 22 May 1986, when Mi­25s shot down a SeaCobra. The finalclaim tally was 10 SeaCobras destroyed and 6 Mi­25s destroyed. The relatively small numbers and the

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inevitable disputes over actual kill numbers makes it unclear if one gunship had a real technical superiorityover the other. Iraqi Mi­25s also claimed a total of 43 kills against other Iranian helicopters, such asAgusta­Bell UH­1 Hueys.[23]

In general, the Iraqi pilots liked the Mi­25, in particular for its high speed, long range, high versatility andlarge weapon load, but disliked the relatively ineffectual weapons and lack of agility.[22] The Mi­25 wasalso used by Iraq in chemical warfare against Iranians and Kurdish civilians in Halabja.[23]

Nicaraguan civil war (1980–1988)

Mi­25s were also used by the Nicaraguan Army during the civil war of the 1980s.[24][25] Nicaragua received12 Mi­25s (some sources claim 18) in the mid­1980s to deal with "Contra" insurgents.[23] The Mi­25sperformed ground attacks on the Contras and were also fast enough to intercept light aircraft being used bythe insurgents. The U.S. Reagan Administration regarded introduction of the Mi­25s as a major escalationof tensions in Central America.

Two Mi­25s were shot down by Stingers fired by the Contras. A third Mi­25 was damaged while pursuingContras near the Honduran border, when it was intercepted by Honduran F­86 Sabres and A­37Dragonflies. A fourth was flown to Honduras by a defecting Sandinista pilot in December 1988.

Sri Lankan Civil War (1987–2009)

The Indian Peace Keeping Force (1987–90) in Sri Lanka used Mi­24s when an Indian Air Forcedetachment was deployed there in support of the Indian and Sri Lankan armed forces in their fight againstvarious Tamil militant groups such as the LTTE. It is believed that Indian losses were considerably reducedby the heavy fire support provided by their Mi­24 gunships. The Indians lost no Mi­24s in the operation, asthe Tigers had no weapons capable of dealing with the Crocodile at the time,[23][26] although severalsustained heavy damage from machine gun fire.

Since 14 November 1995, the Mi­24 has been used by the Sri Lanka Air Force in the war against the LTTEand has proved highly effective providing close air support for ground forces. The Sri Lanka Air Forcecurrently operates a mix of Mi­24/­35P and Mi­24V/­35 versions attached to its No. 9 Attack HelicopterSquadron. They have recently been upgraded with modern Israeli FLIR and electronic warfare systems.Five were upgraded to intercept aircraft by adding radar, fully functional helmet mounted target trackingsystems, and AAMs. More than 5 Mi­24s have been lost to LTTE MANPADs, and another two lost inattacks on airbases, with one heavily damaged but later returned to service.[26]

Persian Gulf War (1991)

The Mi­24 was also heavily employed by the Iraqi Army during their invasion of Kuwait, although mostwere withdrawn by Saddam Hussein when it became apparent they would be needed to help retain his gripon power in the aftermath of the war. In the ensuing 1991 uprisings in Iraq, these helicopters were usedagainst dissidents as well as fleeing civilian refugees.[27][28]

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An Iraqi Mi­25 Hind­D, capturedduring the 1991 Persian Gulf War.

A few Mi­24s were later sent over the border into Iran, along with many other Iraqi military aircraft, in thehope of sparing them from destruction by allied air strikes. Some Mi­24 were captured and later sent to theU.S. and operated by OPTEC/OTSA in Fort Bliss and Fort Irwin.

Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002)

Three Mi­24Vs owned by Sierra Leone and flown by South African military contractors, including NeallEllis, were used against RUF rebels.[29] In 1995, they helped drivethe RUF from the capital, Freetown.[30] Guinea also used its Mi­24sagainst the RUF on both sides of the border and was alleged to haveprovided air support to the LURD insurgency in northern Liberia in2001–03.

Croatian War of Independence (1990s)

Twelve Mi­24s were delivered to Croatia in 1993, and were usedeffectively in 1995 by the Croatian Army in Operation Stormagainst the army of Krajina . The Mi­24 was used to strike deep intoenemy territory and disrupt Krajina army communications. OneCroatian Mi­24 crashed near the city of Drvar, Bosnia and Herzegovina due to strong winds. Both the pilotand the operator survived. The Mi­24s used by Croatia were obtained from Ukraine. One Mi­24 wasmodified to carry Mark 46 torpedoes. The helicopters were withdrawn from service in 2004. [31]

First and Second Wars in Chechnya (1990s–2000s)

During the First and Second Chechen Wars, beginning in 1994 and 1999 respectively, Mi­24s wereemployed by the Russian armed forces.

In the first year of the Second Chechen War, 11 Mi­24s were lost by Russian forces, about half of whichwere lost as a result of enemy action.[32]

Peruvian operations (1989­present)

The Peruvian Air Force received 12 Mi­25Ds from the USSR in 1983­85 after ordering them in theaftermath of 1981 Paquisha conflict with Ecuador. These have been permanently based at the Vitor airbasenear La Joya ever since, operated by the 4th Air Group (formerly the 2nd) of the 211th Air Squadron. Theirfirst deployment occurred in June 1989 during the war against Communist guerrillas in the Peruvianhighlands, mainly against Shining Path. Despite the conflict continuing, it has decreased in scale and is nowlimited to the jungle areas of Valley of Rivers Apurímac, Ene and Mantaro (VRAE).[33][34][35][36]

Peru employed Mi­25s against Ecuadorian forces during the short Cenepa conflict in early 1995. The onlyloss occurred on 7 February, when a FAP Mi­25 was downed after being hit in quick succession by at leasttwo – probably three – 9K38 Igla shoulder­fired missiles during a low­altitude mission over the Cenepavalley. The three crewmen were killed.[37]

Sudanese Civil War (1995–2005)

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Macedonian Mi­24V

In 1995, the Sudanese Air Force acquired six Mi­24s for use in Southern Sudan and the Nuba mountains toengage the SPLA. At least two aircraft were lost in non­combat situations within the first year of operation.A further twelve were bought in 2001,[38] and used extensively in the oil fields of Southern Sudan. Mi­24swere also deployed to Darfur in 2004–5.

First and Second Congo Wars (1996–2003)

Three Mi­24s were used by Mobutu's army and were later acquired by the new Air Force of the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo.[39] These were supplied to Zaire in 1997 as part of a French­Serbian contract. Atleast one was flown by Serbian mercenaries. One hit a power line and crashed on 27 March 1997, killingthe three crew and four passengers.[40] Zimbabwean Mi­24s were also operated in coordination with theCongolese Army.

The United Nations peacekeeping mission employed Indian Air Force Mi­24/­35 helicopters to providesupport during the Second Congo War. The IAF has been operating in the region since 2003.[41]

Kosovo war (1998–1999)

2 Mi­24Vs were used by the Yugoslav Special Operations Unit against Albanian insurgents of the KosovoLiberation Army (KLA), during the Kosovo War.

Conflict in Republic of Macedonia (2001)

The Military of the Republic of Macedonia acquired used UkrainianMi­24Vs. They were used frequently against Albanian insurgentsduring the 2001 conflict in Macedonia. The main areas of actionwere in Tetovo, Radusha and Aracinovo.[42]

Ivorian Civil War (2002–2004)

During the Ivorian Civil War five Mil Mi­24s piloted bymercenaries were used in support of government forces. They werelater destroyed by the French Army in retaliation for an air attack ona French base which killed nine soldiers.[43]

Afghanistan War (2001–present)

In 2008 and 2009, the Czech Republic donated six Mi­24s under the ANA Equipment DonationProgramme. As a result, the Afghan National Army Air Corps (ANAAC) now has the ability to escort itsown helicopters with heavily armed attack helicopters. Currently 9 Mi­35 attack helicopters are operated bythe ANAAC. Major Caleb M. Nimmo was the first American to fly the Mi­35 Hind in combat.[44] On 13September 2011, a Mi­35 attack chopper of the Afghan National Army was used to hold back an attack onISAF and police buildings.[45]

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An Afghan Air Force Mi­35 overKandahar, 2009

Polish Helicopter Detachment contributed with Mi­24s toInternational Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The Polish pilotstrained in Germany before deploying to Afghanistan and currentlytrain with U.S. service personnel. On 26 January 2011, one Mi­24caught on fire during takeoff from its base in Ghazni. One Americanand four Polish soldiers were able to evacuate unharmed.[46] Thisleaves the Polish contingent with five operational Mi­24s (threeaircraft have been lost so far) and four Mi­17s.

Iraq War (March 2003–2010)

The Polish contingent in Iraq has been using six Mi­24Ds since December 2004. One of them crashed on 18July 2006 in an air base in Al Diwaniyah.[47] Polish Mi­24Ds used in Iraq will not be returning to Polanddue to their age, condition, low combat value of the Mi­24D variant, and high shipping costs; depending ontheir condition they will be transferred to the New Iraqi Army or scrapped. New Mi­35Ps will be bought bythe Polish Army as "replacements of equipment depleted during combat operations" for the Mi­24Ds usedand left in Iraq.

War in Somalia (2006–2009)

The Ethiopian Air Force operates about three Mil Mi­35 and ten Mil Mi­24D helicopter gunships in theSomalian theater. One was shot down near the Mogadishu International Airport on 30 March 2007 bySomali insurgents.[48]

War in Chad (2008)

Upon returning to Abeche, one of the Chadian Mi­35s made a forced landing at the airport. It was claimedthat it was shot down by rebels.[49][50]

South Ossetia war (2008)

During the 2008 South Ossetia war the Mi­24 was used by both Russia and Georgia.

Libyan civil war (2011)

The Libyan Air Force Mi­24s were used by both sides to attack enemy positions during the 2011 Libyancivil war.[51] A number were captured by the rebels, who formed the Free Libyan Air Force together withother captured air assets. During the battle for the Benina airport, one Mi­35 (853 serial number), wasdestroyed on the ground on 23 February 2011. In the same action the serial number 854 was captured by therebels together with a Mi­14 (serial number 1406).[52][53] Two Mi­35s operating for the pro­Gaddafi LibyanAir Force were destroyed on the ground on 26 March 2011 by French aircraft enforcing the no­fly zone.[54]One Free Libyan Air Force Mi­25D (854 serial number, captured at the beginning of the revolt) violated theno­fly­zone on 9 April 2011 to strike loyalist positions in Ajdabiya. It was shot down by Libyan groundforces during the action. The pilot, Captain Hussein Al­Warfali, died in the crash.[55] A number of otherMi­25s were claimed shot down by the rebels.

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2010–2011 Ivorian crisis

Ukrainian army Mi­24P helicopters as part of the United Nations peacekeeping force fired four missiles at apro­Gbagbo military camp in Ivory Coast's main city of Abidjan.[56]

Syrian Civil War (2011–present)

Forces loyal to Syrian President Bashar Assad have used Mi­24s to attack rebels involved in bombings inmany of Syria's most populated cities.[57] Controversy has surrounded an alleged delivery of Mi­25s to theSyrian military, due to NATO members, including Turkey, disallowing such arms shipments through theirterritory.[58]

Syrian insurgents captured at least one damaged or destroyed Mi­25, along with other helicopters, after thefall of Taftanaz Air Base in January 2013.[59]

Invasion of Mali 2013

French forces intervened in Mali after AQIM had taken over the nation, which operated Mi­24 Hind­Dvariant. Four of which were imported from Bulgaria. At least two were destroyed by retreating AQIMforces. It is unknown whether they are now used for spare parts or have been scrapped.

Kachin conflict (2012­2013)

The Myanmar Air Force uses the Mi­24 in the Kachin conflict against the Kachin Independence Army.[60]

Post­U.S Iraqi insurgency

The new Iraqi Air Force is currently receiving 40 Mi­35 ordered from Russia as part of an arms deal thatincludes Mi­28 and Ka­52 attack helicopters, as well as Pantsir air defense systems. The delivery of the firstfour was announced by then­Prime Minister Nuri al­Maliki in November 2013.[61][62]

Their first deployment began in late December against camps of the al­Qaeda linked Islamic State of Iraqand the Levant (ISIL) and several Islamist militants in the al­Anbar province that have taken control ofseveral areas of Fallujah and Ramadi.[63] FLIR footage of the strikes has been released by the military.[64]

On 3 October 2014, ISIL militants reportedly used a FN­6 MANPADS in Baiji, Iraq to shoot down an IraqiArmy Mi­35M attack helicopter.[65]

Crimean crisis (2014)

Russia deployed 13 MI­24s during the 2014 Crimean crisis while deploying troops to Crimea.[66]

Donbass war (2014)

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During the Siege of Sloviansk, on 2 May 2014, two Ukrainian Mi­24s were shot down by pro­Russianinsurgents. The Ukraine military claims they were downed by MANPADS while on patrol close toSlavyansk.[67] The Ukrainian government confirmed both aircraft being shot down along with a Mi­8damaged by small arms fire. Initial reports reported two dead and others wounded; later five crew memberswere confirmed dead and one taken prisoner, before being released on 5 May.[68][69][70]

On 5 May 2014, another Ukrainian Mi­24 was forced to make an emergency landing after being hit bymachine gun fire while on patrol close to Slavyansk. The Ukrainian forces recovered the two pilots anddestroyed the helicopter with a rocket strike by a Su­24 aircraft to prevent its capture by pro­Russianinsurgents.[71][72]

Mi­24s supported Su­25s attack aircraft with MiG­29s in top cover during the battle for Donetsk Airport.[73]

Nagorno­Karabakh (2014)

On 12 November 2014, Azerbaijani forces shot down a Nagorno­Karabakh Defense Army Mi­24 of aformation of two which were flying along the disputed border, close to the frontline between Azerbaijaniand NKR troops. All three onboard died when the helicopter crashed while flying at low altitude and washit by a Igla­S MANPADS fired by Azerbaijani soldiers.[74][75][76]

Variants

Operators

Afghanistan

Afghan Air Force[77]

Algeria

Algerian Air Force[77]

Angola

Angolan Air Force[77]

Armenia

Armenian Air Force[77]

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani Air Forces[77]

Belarus

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Brazilian Air Force Mi­35

Cyprus Air Force Mi­35

Belarus Air Force[77]

Brazil

Brazilian Air Force[77]

2nd–8th Aviation Group[78]

Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso Air Force[77]

Burundi

Burundi Army Aviation[77]

Chad

Chadian Air Force[77]

Congo, Republic of the

Congolese Air Force[77]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Congolese Democratic Air Force[77]

Cuba

Cuban Air Force[77]

Cyprus

Cyprus Air Forces[77]

Czech Republic

Czech Air Force[77]

Djibouti

Djibouti Air Force[77]

Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinean Air Force[77]

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A Djiboutian Mi­24

Georgian Air Force Mi­24

Hungarian Mi­24

IAF Mi­35 Hind Akbar

Eritrea

Eritrean Air Force[77]

Ethiopia

Ethiopian Air Force[77]

Georgia

Georgian Air Force[77]

Guinea

Military of Guinea[77]

India

Indian Air Force[77]

Indonesia

Indonesian Army[77]

Iraq

Iraqi Air Force[77]

Kazakhstan

Military of Kazakhstan[77]

Kyrgyzstan

Military of Kyrgyzstan[77]

Libya

Libyan Air Force[77]

Macedonia

Macedonian Air Force[77]

Mali

Air Force of Mali[77]

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Mi­24W (V) of Polish Army

Mongolia

Mongolian Air Force[79]

Mozambique

Military of Mozambique[77]

Burma

Myanmar Air Force[77]

Namibia

Namibian Air Force[77]

Niger

Air Force of Niger[77]

Nigeria

Nigerian Air Force[77]

North Korea

North Korean Air Force[77]

Peru

Peruvian Air Force[77]

Poland

Polish Land Forces[77]

Russia

Russian Air Force[77]

Rwanda

Military of Rwanda[77]

Senegal

Senegalese Air Force[77]

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Ukrainian Mil Mi­24 helicopters

Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone Air Wing[77]

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka Air Force[77]

Sudan

Sudanese Air Force[77]

Syria

Syrian Air Force[77]

Tajikistan

Military of Tajikistan [77]

Turkmenistan

Military of Turkmenistan [77]

Uganda

Ugandan Air Force[77]

Ukraine

Ukrainian Ground Forces[77]

United States

United States Army:[77] 3[80]

Uzbekistan

Military of Uzbekistan[77]

Venezuela

Army of Venezuela[77]

Vietnam

Vietnam People's Air Force[77]

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Vietnam People's Air Force Mi­24

Yemen

Yemen Air Force[77]

Zimbabwe

Air Force of Zimbabwe[77]

Former operators

Bulgaria

Bulgarian Air Force[81]

Croatia

Croatian Air Force [82]

Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakian Air Force[83][84]

East Germany

East German Air Force[85][86]

Germany

German Army[87][88]

Hungary

Hungarian Air Force[89]

Nicaragua

Fuerza Aérea Sandinista[87]

Slovakia

Slovakian Air Force[90][91]

Soviet Union

Soviet Air Force[92][93]

FR Yugoslavia

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Special Operations Unit[94]

Accidents

On 12 August 2012, two Ugandan Army MI­24s flying from Entebbe, Uganda across Kenya to Somaliacrashed in rugged terrain in Kenya. They were found two days later, burned out, with no likely survivorsfrom the 10 Ugandan servicemen on board the two helicopters. Another aircraft from the same flightcrashed on Mount Kenya and all seven Ugandan servicemen onboard were rescued a day later. The aircraftwere supporting an African Union force to fight Al­Qaeda­linked Al­Shabaab insurgents in the ongoingSomali Civil War. A Mi­17 transport helicopter, part of the same mission, landed without problems in theeastern Kenyan town of Garissa near the Somali border for a scheduled refuelling stop.[95]

Aircraft on display

Mi­24 helicopters can be seen in the following museums:

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Russia Central Air Force Museum, Monino ­ Mi­24ABelgium Koninklijk militair museum, Brussel ­ Mi­24CzechRepublic Prague Aviation Museum, Kbely – Mi­24D tactical number 0220

Germany Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr, Berlin – Mi­24D, Mi­24PHungary Museum of Hungarian Aviation, SzolnokIran Military Museum in TehranLatvia Riga Aviation Museum, Riga – Mi­24A tactical number 20

PolandPolish Army Museum, Warsaw – Mi­24D tactical number 013Polish Air Force Museum, Dęblin – Mi­24D tactical number 016

South Africa South African Air Force Museum, Swartkops Air Force Base – One Mi­24A of theAlgerian Air Force on display.

Slovakia Military History Museum, Piešťany – Mi­24D tactical number 0100[96]

UkraineMuseum of the Great Patriotic War, Kiev – Mi­24BUkraine State Aviation Museum, Kiev – Mi­24A, Mi­24D, Mi­24P, Mi­24V

UnitedKingdom

Imperial War Museum, Duxford, Cambridgeshire – Mi­24D Number "96" GermanAir force Markings

The Helicopter Museum, Weston­super­Mare, Somerset ­ Mi­24D "96+26".[97]

UnitedStates

Southern Museum of Flight, Birmingham, AlabamaPima Air and Space Museum, Tucson AZ

Cold War Air Museum, Lancaster, TX[98]

Sri LankaRatmalana Air Force MuseumHingurkgoda Air Defense Squadron

Specifications (Mi­24)

Data from Indian­Military.org[99]

General characteristics

Crew: 2–3: pilot, weapons system officer andtechnician (optional)Capacity: 8 troops or 4 stretchers or 2400 kg(5,291 lb) cargo on an external slingLength: 17.5 m (57 ft 4 in)Rotor diameter: 17.3 m (56 ft 7 in)

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Cabin door to the rear troop­utilitycompartment

Possible armament configuration onMi­24W

Yakushev­Borzov YakB­12.7machine gun

Wingspan: 6.5 m (21 ft 3 in)Height: 6.5 m (21 ft 3 in)Disc area: 235 m² (2,530 ft²)Empty weight: 8,500 kg (18,740 lb)Max. takeoff weight: 12,000 kg (26,500 lb)Powerplant: 2 × Isotov TV3­117 turbines, 1,600 kW (2,200hp) each

Performance

Maximum speed: 335 km/h (208 mph)Range: 450 km (280 miles)Service ceiling: 4,900 m (16076 ft)

ArmamentInternal guns

flexible 12.7 mm Yakushev­Borzov Yak­B Gatling gunon most variants. Maximum of 1,470 rounds ofammunition.fixed twin­barrel GSh­30K on the Mi­24P. 750 roundsof ammunition.flexible twin­barrel GSh­23L on the Mi­24VP and Mi­24VM. 450 rounds of ammunition.PKB passenger compartment window mounted machineguns

External stores

Total payload is 1,500 kg of external stores.Inner hardpoints can carry at least 500 kgOuter hardpoints can carry up to 250 kgWing­tip pylons can only carry the 9M17 Phalanga (inthe Mi­24A­D) or the 9K114 Shturm complex (in the Mi­24V­F).

Bomb­load

Bombs within weight range (presumably ZAB, FAB, RBK, ODAB etc.), Up to 500 kg.MBD multiple ejector racks (presumably MBD­4 with 4 × FAB­100)KGMU2V submunition/mine dispenser pods

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First­generation armament (standard production Mi­24D)

GUV­8700 gunpod (with a 12.7 mm Yak­B + 2 × 7.62 mm GShG­7.62 mm combination orone 30 mm AGS­17)UB­32 S­5 rocket launchersS­24 240 mm rocket9M17 Phalanga (a pair on each wingtip pylon)

Second­generation armament (Mi­24V, Mi­24P and most upgraded Mi­24D)

UPK­23­250 gunpod carrying the GSh­23LB­8V20 a lightweight long tubed helicopter version of the S­8 rocket launcher9K114 Shturm in pairs on the outer and wingtip pylons

Popular culture

The Mi­24 has appeared in several films and has been a common feature in many video games.

See also

Related development

Mil Mi­8Mil Mi­14Mil Mi­28Mil Mi­40

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Sikorsky S­67MH­60L Direct Action Penetrator (DAP)

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(http://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/actualites/libye­point­de­situation­operation­harmattan­n­8), Opérations(in French) (8), FR: Défense

55. Libyan Conflict (http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?195079­Libyan­Conflict­Photos­and­Videos/page96), Military Photos, p. 96

56. "U.N. helicopters fire on Gbagbo army camp – witnesses"(http://af.reuters.com/article/ivoryCoastNews/idAFLDE73322Z20110404). Reuters. 4 April 2011.

57. "Syrian forces attack Aleppo" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sq­5­tlFfwk). YouTube. 25 July 2012.Retrieved 2012­08­14.

58. "To Retrieve Attack Helicopters from Russia, Syria Asks Iraq for Help, Documents Show"(http://www.propublica.org/article/docs­to­retrieve­attack­helicopters­from­russia­syria­asks­iraq­for­help?google_editors_picks=true). ProPublica. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 2012­12­01.

59. "Civil War in Syria (11) : the fall of the airbase of Taftanaz." (http://milinme.wordpress.com/2013/01/15/civil­war­in­syria­10­the­fall­of­the­airbase­of­taftanaz/). Military In the Middle East. Retrieved 13 November 2014.

60. "Myanmar continues assault on Kachin rebels" (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia­pacific/2013/01/20131882338821649.html). AlJazeera. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 2013­01­08.

61. http://www.janes.com/article/29741/iraq­starts­taking­delivery­of­russian­mi­35­helicopters62. "Iraq Receives helicopters mi­35 ­ YouTube" (http://www.youtube.com/watch? قيادة طيران الجيش تتسلم مروحيات

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62. "Iraq Receives helicopters mi­35 ­ YouTube" (http://www.youtube.com/watch? قيادة طيران الجيش تتسلم مروحيات v=9fgAWkXbLGU). YouTube. Retrieved 13 November 2014.

63. "Al Qaeda's use of old camps sparks tension, violence in Iraq" (http://www.albawaba.com/news/al­qaeda­iraq­542442). Al Bawaba. Retrieved 13 November 2014.

64. "Iraqi Military Destroys ISIL Camps In Anbar" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=­13LkjXGjxU). YouTube.Retrieved 13 November 2014.

65. Kirk Semple And Eric Schmitt (26 October 2014). "Missiles of ISIS May Pose Peril for Aircrews in Iraq"(http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/world/middleeast/missiles­of­isis­may­pose­peril­for­aircrews.html?_r=0).New York Times. Retrieved 2 November 2014.

66. "The Aviationist » New video shows 12 Russian Mi­24 and Mi­8 helicopters in Crimea"(http://theaviationist.com/2014/02/28/crimea­russian­choppers/). The Aviationist. Retrieved 13 November 2014.

67. Harro Ranter. "ASN Aircraft accident 02­MAY­2014 Mil Mi­24P 02 YELLOW" (http://aviation­safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=165939). Retrieved 13 November 2014.

68. http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=news&sub=read&id=3440869. http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=news&sub=read&id=3432470. "Two Ukrainian Mi­24s shot down by MANPADS" (http://www.janes.com/article/37330/two­ukrainian­mi­24s­

shot­down­by­manpads). Retrieved 13 November 2014.71. Harro Ranter. "ASN Aircraft accident 05­MAY­2014 Mil Mi­24P Hind 29 RED" (http://aviation­

safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=166010). Retrieved 13 November 2014.72. http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=news&sub=read&id=3441773. "The Aviationist » Impressive Videos of the Ukrainian Air Strikes on Donetsk"

(http://theaviationist.com/2014/05/27/ukrainian­offensive­donetsk/). The Aviationist. Retrieved 13 November2014.

74. "BBC News ­ Azerbaijan downs Armenian helicopter" (http://www.bbc.com/news/world­europe­30025296). BBCNews. Retrieved 13 November 2014.

75. Harro Ranter. "ASN Aircraft accident 12­NOV­2014 Mil Mi­24" (http://aviation­safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=171197). Retrieved 13 November 2014.

76. "Ağdamda helikopterin vurulma anı (hәqiqi görüntülәr)" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjNjJixb1n8).YouTube. Retrieved 13 November 2014.

77. "World Air Forces 2015" (http://forms.flightglobal.com/WorldAirForces2015?product=PREM&mode=DOWNLOAD&DMDcode=FGWC4&fcid=%7B05ceef25­b72e­4bea­9a83­a7ab7d02e55a%7D_FC078_PREM_201412&fcfileext=pdf). Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Retrieved 15 February2015.

78. FAB divulga novas imagens dos helicópteros AH­2 Sabre em Porto Velho (http://cavok.com.br/blog/?p=9586) (inPortuguese), BR: Cavok

79. "World Air Forces 2013" (http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/101015/world­air­forces­2013.pdf). Flightglobal Insight. 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.

80. Hoyle, Craig (2 April 2015), "In a spin: the US Army's Top 10 helicopter types"(http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/in­a­spin­the­us­army39s­top­10­helicopter­types­410852/),Flightglobal (Reed Business Information), retrieved 4 April 2015

81. "World Air Forces 2004 Pg. 47" (http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004­09%20­%202340.html). flightglobal.com. Retrieved 7 March 2013.

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Hoyle, Craig (11–17 December 2012). "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International 182(5370): pp. 40–64. ISSN 0015­3710 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015­3710).

Further reading

82. "Croatia Air Force" (http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/croatia/af2/types/mil.htm). aeroflight.co.uk. Retrieved10 February 2015.

83. "World's Air Forces 1987 pg. 49" (http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20­%202499.html).flightglobal.com. Retrieved 7 March 2013.

84. "Czechoslovak army air force" (http://www.helis.com/database/modelorg/983/). Retrieved 7 March 2013.85. "World's Air Forces 1987 pg. 50" (http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20­%202500.html).

flightglobal.com. Retrieved 7 March 2013.86. "landstreitkrafte Mil Mi­24" (http://www.helis.com/database/modelorg/1442/). Retrieved 7 March 2013.87. "Who Else Used It?" (http://www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/research/collections/mil­mi­24­hind/who­else­

used­it/). nationalcoldwarexhibition.org. Retrieved 2013­03­07.88. "96+50 East German Air Force Mil Mi­24 – Planespotters.net Just Aviation"

(http://www.planespotters.net/Aviation_Photos/photo.show?id=162813). Planespotters.net. 25 April 2010.Retrieved 2012­07­06.

89. "Hungarian Air Force To Issue Helo Tender" (http://aviationweek.com/farnborough­2014/hungarian­air­force­issue­helo­tender). aviationweek.com. Retrieved 10 February 2015.

90. "Slovakia Mi­24 were withdrawn from service" (http://www.mod.gov.sk/data/files/2596.pdf)91. SME ­ Petit Press, a.s. "Vrtuľníky Mi­24 vzlietli v Prešove naposledy"

(http://presov.korzar.sme.sk/c/6064088/vrtulniky­mi­24­vzlietli­v­presove­naposledy.html).presov.korzar.sme.sk. Retrieved 13 November 2014.

92. "World's Air Forces 1987 pg. 86" (http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20­%202536.html).flightglobal.com. Retrieved 7 March 2013.

93. "Soviet Union" (http://www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/explore/cold­war­aircraft­information.cfm?aircraft=Mil%20Mi­24%20Hind&topic=Who%20Else%20Used%20It?). nationalcoldwarexhibition.org.Retrieved 7 March 2013.

94. "Serbia Paramilitary Police" (http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/yugo/serbia/secur/serbia­security­home.htm).Retrieved 13 November 2014.

95. Burnt wreckage of two Ugandan army helicopters found(http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Burnt_wreckage_of_two_Ugandan_army_helicopters_found_army_999.html),Agence France­Presse via SpaceWar.com, 14 October 2012, accessed 15 August 2012

96. "Military History Museum, Piešťany" (http://www.muzeum.sk/?obj=muzeum&ix=vhu_vmpn) foto number 797. "Eastern European Helicopters." (http://helicoptermuseum.co.uk/eastern.htm) The Helicopter Museum. Retrieved:

10 August 2014.98. "Aircraft" (http://www.cwam.org/wiki/index.php/Aircraft). Retrieved 13 November 2014.99. "Mil Mi­24, Mi­25, Mi­35 (Hind) Akbar" (http://www.indian­military.org/air­force/helicopters/attack/203­mil­

mi­24mi­25­mi­35­hind­akbar.html). Indian­Military.org. 5 October 2009. Retrieved 17 November. Check datevalues in: |accessdate= (help)

18/04/2015 Mil Mi­24 ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Mil Mi­24.

Eden, Paul (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London, UK: Amber Books, 2004.ISBN 1­904687­84­9.

External links

Mil Mi­24, Mi­25, Mi­35 Hind Akbar at Indian militarydatabase (http://www.indian­military.org/air­force/helicopters/attack/203­mil­mi­24mi­25­mi­35­hind­akbar.html)Manufacturing Plant (http://www.rostvertolplc.ru/)CzechAirSpotters gallery of Mi­24 (http://www.czechairspotters.com/search.php?generic_type=t11&airline=&airport=&category=&author=&order=1&per_page=15)Mi­24PN Gallery (http://www.photoka.info/mi24pn/index.htm)Mi­24 service, tactics and variants (http://www.faqs.org/docs/air/avhind1.html)A Rescue Mission by Sri Lanka Air Force with Mi­24(http://www.defence.lk/videos/20080815Rescue.wmv)Mi­24 Hind from modeller`s view (http://hind.zuby­broumov.cz/)Mi­24D walkaround photos (http://walkarounds.airforce.ru/avia/rus/mil/mi­24d/index.htm)

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