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Aquaculture/Shrimp Farming
Its meaning, Impact on Surrounding Ecosystems, Pitfalls and Models
Ariel Zajdband
MIISDecember 3 2012
aquaculture
Costa-Pierce 2006
Tomb of Thebaine (Egypt)
World capture fisheries and aquaculture production
FAO 2012
Distribution of aquaculture production
World Fish Center 2011
Shrimp aquaculture production
Shrimp imports
Conventional shrimp farm
Global mangrove distribution
Siikamäki et al. 2012
Global mangrove distribution
Kuenzer et al. 2011
Giri et al. 2008
Mangrove deforestation in Ayeyarwady Delta, Burma
Giri et al. 2008
Causes of mangrove deforestation by country
Sundarbans, India and Bangladesh
Pichavaram, India
Pichavaram, India
Bahia de Jiquilisco, El Salvador
Bahia de Jiquilisco, El Salvador
environmental impacts
Carbon footprint per kg of protein
Nijdam et al. 2012
‘Fishmeal trap’
Tacon & Metian 2008
Tacon & Metian 2008
‘Fishmeal trap’
‘Fishmeal trap’
Ecosystem services
Adapted from MEA (2005)
Total economic value of mangrove ecosystem
Barbier (1991)
Long-term C sequestration
Mcleod et al 2011
Non-linear effects of mangrove cover
Barbier et al 2008
Protection against coastal disasters
Das and Vincent 2009
Shrimp farm effluents
Molnar et al. 2012
Shrimp farm effluents
Molnar et al. 2012
Sediment deposition around mangrove trees
Primavera et al 2011
Sediment deposition around mangrove trees
Primavera et al 2011
Bird numbers by season in four types of habitats
Zou et al 2006
Antibiotic concentrations in aquatic ecosystems
Thuy et al 2011
social impacts
Coping strategies for shrimp diseases
Mills et al 2011
Net emergy flows and trade between shrimp farmers inthe Sri Lankan coastal zone and the global North
Bergquist 2008
Bergquist 2008
proposed solutions (?)
Shrimp+red tilapia polyculture
Yuan et al 2010
Shrimp+red tilapia polyculture
Yuan et al 2010
closed recirculating systems
Klinger & Naylor 2012
Gebhardt et al. 2012
Integrated shrimp-mangrove systems
Gebhardt et al. 2012
Land use cover Ca Mau, Vietnam (2000-2010)
Land use cover Ca Mau, Vietnam (2010)
Gebhardt et al. 2012
Macrobrachium amazonicum (native species)
Macrobrachium amazonicum (native species)
food sovereignty(a new paradigm)
1. Focuses on Food for People2. Values Food Providers3. Localizes Food Systems4. Puts Control Locally5. Builds Knowledge and Skills.6. Works with Nature
food sovereignty(principles)
Misiones, Argentina
Cluster 2. Forestry-livestock-based farms
Cluster 1. Perennial crops-based farms
Cluster 3. Tobacco-based farms
WEA
LTH
+
-
In which kind of farm is aquaculture beingintroduced?
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Pro
du
ctio
n(k
g)
Area (m2)
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Cluster 3
Production by farm cluster (n=45)
0 50 100 150 200
cluster 1
cluster 2
cluster 3
self-consumption (kg)
gift (kg)
sold (kg)
How is aquaculture contributing to income generation and fish supply for rural markets/self-consumption?
Destination of fish production (kg) x cluster
self-consumption (kg) gift (kg) sold (kg)
mean sd mean sd mean sd
cluster 1 93,10 17,43 11,19 8,05 67,62 76,35
cluster 2 77,00 15,85 22,00 10,85 82,50 104,86
cluster 3 72,14 16,84 8,57 7,70 31,61 106,85
Significative differences
0 100 200 300 400 500
1
2
3
self-consumption (kg)
gift (kg)
sold (kg)
n harvested
ponds self-consumption (kg) gift (kg) sold (kg) farms ponds
mean SD mean SD Mean SD
1 84,87 19,12 12,10 8,67 37,24 47,04 38 38
2 73 19,23 9 7,42 208 24,90 5 10
3 72,5 17,68 35 14,14 337,5 53,03 2 6
How is aquaculture contributing to income generation and fish supply for rural markets/self-consumption?
Destination of fish production (kg) x # ponds
Significative differences
Who is benefiting the most from aquaculturedevelopment?
Aquaculture development programs: segmentedor not?
How can we distribute fish so it can be accessedby the poor?
Some questions and challenges…
QUESTIONS?
anwers?
