Migration trends in uttar pradesh - Information and …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/21584/10/10...53 CHAPTER-4 Migration trends in uttar pradesh Migration from one region

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CHAPTER-4

Migration trends in uttar pradesh

Migration from one region to another in search of better employment

opportunities is a general phenomenon. People migrate from the backward

regions to the developed regions as they get more income earning opportunities

there. The slow growth in agriculture and fast growth of industry and services

widen the gap between rural and urban areas and push the rural workforce

towards the urban centres of industrialized regions. Expansion of transport and

communication facilities coupled with industrialization and economic

development have made possible the exodus of large number of people from

villages to towns, from towns to other towns and from one rural area to

another. In addition to fertility and mortality rates, migration is another

component of population growth of any area and it influences size, composition

and distribution of population. Migration is classified into two categories:

migration by birth and migration by place of last residence. In this study,

migration by place of last residence is considered as it provided valuable

information about the internal migration. As discussed elsewhere, there are four

streams of migration: rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to rural and urban to

urban. As the study focuses on rural to urban migration, this chapter gives more

emphasis on rural-urban migration, although other types of migration streams

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are also discussed in brief. The trends in migration are based on the last two

population censuses.

4.1 TRENDS IN RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION

Opportunities in urban areas for employment, education, amenities, etc., cause

the rural people to move to the urban areas. In this section, we examine the

trends in rural to urban total migrants and total worker migrants on the basis of

various characteristics of migrants.

4.1.1 Rural to Urban Migration by Place of Last Residence

On the basis of place of last residence, internal migration is classified

into several categories. Table 4.1 shows the trends in the rural to urban

migration in Uttar Pradesh. Total internal migrants, as indicated by last

residence elsewhere in India, increased from 33.91 lakhs in 1991 to

40.15 lakhs in 2001, thus, registering a growth rate of 18.40 percent. It is

also found that the number of female migrants was much higher than

their male counterparts. In case of males, the number increased from

12.07 laks in 1991 to 14.25 lakhs in 2001 while for female, it increased

from 21.83 lakhs to 25.90 lakhs. Since, total migrants comprise both

workers and non-workers, the relatively higher number of female

migrants may be due to marriages. It is significant to note that a very

high proportion of total migrants were having their last residence within

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the state of enumeration but outside the place of enumeration. The

percentage of such migrants was higher among female than male

migrants. It is also observed that on an average, the percentage of

migration within the state of enumeration has declined from 91.34

percent in 1991 to 88.01 percent in 2001. It implies that inter-state

migration increased in 2001 over 1991.

Table : 4.1 Rural to Urban Migration in Uttar Pradesh

by Place of Last Residence Place of Last Residence 1991

(in percentage) 2001

(in percentage) Person Male Female Person Male Female

Elsewhere in India (in Lakhs) 33.91 (100)

12.07 (100)

21.83 (100)

40.15 (100)

14.25 (100)

25.90 (100)

Within the state of enumeration but outside the place of enumeration 91.34 89.99 92.09 88.01 84.58 89.90 Elsewhere in the district of enumeration 44.20 38.43 47.38 41.55 32.53 46.52 In other districts of the state of enumeration 47.14 51.56 44.70 46.46 52.05 43.39 Source: Author’s Calculation based on Population Censuses’ data

In 1991, about 44 percent rural to urban migration was of short

distance, i.e., within the district of enumeration. The percentage of such

migrants was higher in case of females than males. As against 38.43

percent male migrants within the district of enumeration, the

corresponding percentage for female migrants was much higher at

47.38. Thus, more female migrants moved at shorter distance than male

migrants. However, over a period of one decade, the percentage of

migration within the district has declined. Inter-district rural to urban

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migration, as indicated by last residence in other districts of the state of

enumeration, has slightly declined in 2001 over 1991. The percentage of

migrants (person) decreased from 47.14 in 1991 to 46.46. The decline

was only due to deceleration in the percentage of female migrants, as

percentage of male migrants has increased moderately from 51.56 in

1991 to 52.05 in 2001.

4.1.2 Rural to Urban Migration by Duration of Stay

Table 4.2 shows the distribution of rural to urban migrants by duration

of stay. The duration is classified into six categories, as shown in the

table. The percentage of migrants with less than one year of duration is

quite low and it has actually declined in 2001 over 1991. For instance, as

against 2.59 percent of total migrants having duration less than one year

in 1991, the corresponding percentage in 2001 is only 1.93. Similarly, in

case of male as well as female migrants, the percentages of very short

duration migration have declined in 2001. The table also exhibits that

the percentage of migrants with duration of stay between 1-4 years

declined from 19.69 in 1991 to 17.19 in 2001, a net decline of more than

two percent points. The pattern is more or less similar for male and

female migrants. The percentage of migrants with duration of stay

between 5-9 years also shows deceleration in 2001 when compared to

the percentage in 1991. Contrary to this trend, percentages of migrants

with duration of stay between 10-19 years and 20+ years were higher in

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2001 than in 1991. For instance, the percentage of migrants with 10-19

years duration increased from 24.17 in 1991 to 26.42 in 2001 for person;

from 21.60 in 1991 to 25.76 2001 for male migrants; and from 25.60 in

1991 to 26.78 in 2001 for female migrants. A perusal of the table

reveals that about 50 percent of total migrants have long duration stay

(more than 10 years). The percentage of such migrants is higher for

female than male migrants. On an average, about 8 to 10 percent

migrants could not specify their duration of stay.

Table : 4.2 Trends in Rural to Urban Migrants by Duration of Stay

In Uttar Pradesh Duration of Stay

(in Years) 1991



All duration n 33.91 (100)

12.07 (100)

21.83 (100)

40.15 (100)

14.25 (100)

25.90 (100)

< 1 2.59 3.86 1.89 1.93 2.75 1.47 1-4 19.69 24.23 17.18 17.19 21.71 14.71 5-9 16.34 17.09 15.92 15.78 17.56 14.79 10-19 24.17 21.60 25.60 26.42 25.76 26.78 20 + 27.03 18.74 31.61 30.70 22.07 35.44 Duration not stated 10.18 14.48 7.80 7.99 10.14 6.80

4.1.3 Region-wise Trends in Rural to Urban Migration Rates of Total Migrants (RUMT)

As discussed earlier, the State of Uttar Pradesh is divided into four

regions, namely, Western Region (WR), Central Region (CR),

Bundelkhand Region (BK) and Eastern Region (ER). In order to

understand regional pattern of trends in rural to urban migration, we

collected the district-wise data and then estimated the region-wise

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migration rates. Since sizes of regions in terms of area and population

are different, the estimation of migration rates would neutralize the size

effect and make possible comparison of the results. Rural-urban

migration rate is a ratio of number of rural to urban migrants in a region

to the total urban population of that region, measured in percentage. On

the basis of place of last residence, we can make as many migration

rates as are the categories of place of last residence. In this section, we

consider only two categories, name, place of last residence elsewhere in

India and place of last residence elsewhere within the district of

enumeration. The first rate is based on total internal rural to urban

migration in the state, while the latter refers to the rural to urban

migration within the district of enumeration. It also indicates to the short

distance migration of people from rural to urban areas.

Table 4.3 shows the trends in migration rates based on the last

residence elsewhere in India. At the state level, we do not observe any

perceptible change in the migration rates (person) between two

censuses. However, some variations are observed in case of male and

female migration rates. For instance, the migration rate for male

declined from 8.09 percent in 1991 to 7.40 percent in 2001, whereas the

corresponding rate for female increased slightly from 20.0 percent in

1991 to 20.26 percent in 2001. If we look at region-wise rural-urban

migration rates in 1991, we find that BK has the highest rate (17.63%),

followed by CR (15.40%) and ER (13.64). The most developed WR has

the lowest rate (11.63%). We also notice the gender differences in the

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migration rates. The female migration rates are found much higher than

the male migration rates. The findings are quite obvious as the female

also migrate due to marriages.

It is significant to note that on an average, the migration rates for person

have declined in CR, BK and ER in 2001 over 1991; while it shows an

increase in the WR. This indicates that during the last one decade,

relatively more people from the rural areas of the country, including the

State, migrated to the urban areas of WR. This is quite understandable as

cities, like, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Noida and Greater Noida have expanded

rapidly during this period and have attracted large number of people

from rural areas. In brief, it may be concluded from Table 4.3 that there

is significant variation in the migration rates across regions; BK and CR

have relatively higher migration rates than the other two regions; and

migration rate slightly declined in 2001 over 1991 at aggregate level.

Further, it is also observed that migration rates for female are higher in

2001 in case of all the regions, except for CR.

Table : 4.3 Region-wise Rural to Urban Migration Rate in Uttar Pradesh

(Based on last Residence Elsewhere In India) Region Census 1991

(in percentage) Census 2001


WR 11.63 6.65 17.34 12.20 7.00 18.10 CR 15.40 9.77 21.86 14.35 9.28 20.05 BK 17.63 10.79 25.61 17.41 9.53 26.47 ER 13.79 8.02 20.35 13.31 6.54 20.81 Whole UP 13.64 8.09 20.00 13.46 7.40 20.26 Source: Author’s Calculation based on Censuses Data

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We have also estimated migration rates based on the last

residence elsewhere within the district of enumeration. The results are

sown in Table 4.4. As is obvious, the rural-urban migration rates based

on this criterion were lower than those based on the last residence

elsewhere in India. However, the pattern of rates is more or less similar.

At the state level, the migration rate declined from 7.29 percent in 1991

to 6.98 percent in 2001 for person. In case of male, the rates have

declined from 4.09 percent to 3.42 percent, while there was no much

change in migration rates for female. It is evident from the table that

except for migration rates for female in BK and ER, in all other regions,

migration rates are found slightly lower in 2001 when compared to those

in 1991. These results again confirm that rural to urban migration as

percentage to total urban population does not evince any trend in the

State.

Table : 4.4 Region-wise Rural to Urban Migration Rates in Uttar Pradesh

(Based on Last Residence Elsewhere in the District of Enumeration)

Region Census 1991 (in percentage)

Census 2001 (in percentage)

Person Male Female Person Male Female WR 5.92 3.55 8.64 5.52 3.12 8.25 CR 8.81 5.06 13.11 8.21 4.72 12.13 BK 10.18 6.59 14.36 10.45 6.03 15.53 ER 7.17 3.48 11.37 6.98 2.48 11.96 Whole UP 7.29 4.09 10.96 6.98 3.42 10.97 Source: Author’s calculation based on censuses data

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4.1.4 Region-wise Trends in Rural to Urban Migration Rates of Workers (RUMW)

In the preceding section, migration rates based on total rural to urban

migrants are discussed. In this section, we examine rural to urban

migration rates of workers only. The migration rate of workers

(RUMW) is estimated rural to urban migrant workers as percentage of

total urban workers. Table 4.5 shows the RUMW rates based on last

residence elsewhere in India. It is significant to note that rural to urban

migration rates of workers have significantly increased in 2001 over

1991 in all the regions of the State. Since, there has not been any

perceptible increase in the rural-urban migration rates of total migrants

in 2001 census over the preceding census, the results shown in Table 4.5

indicate that migration rates of non-workers have declined in 2001 when

compared to 1991. Thus, during the last one decade, more workers

moved from rural to urban area than non-workers.

At the state level, RUMW rate for person increased from 12.14

percent in 1991 to 16.12 percent in 2001. The migration rates for male

and female workers increased, respectively, from 10.99 percent and

27.01 percent in 1991 to 12.10 percent and 55.84 percent in 2001. A

region-wise comparison shows that in 1991, BK has the highest

migration rate of workers, followed by CR and ER in case person, while

in case of male workers also, the same pattern is observed. However, for

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female workers, the rate is observed highest in BK, followed by ER and

CR. The WR, the most developed region of the State has the lowest

rural to urban migration rate of workers. Workers in this region have

more employment opportunities in agriculture and rural non-farm sector

as compared to other regions. This could be one of the reasons for the

low rural to urban migration rate.

In 2001 also, the RUMW rate is found highest in BK, followed

by CR and ER in case male workers while for female workers, it is

highest in BK, followed by ER and CR. Thus, the incidence of rural to

urban migration of workers is highest in the economically most

backward Bundelkhand region. The BK lacks irrigation facilities and

has low agricultural productivity. People could not get gainful

employment throughout the year in agriculture. Frequent droughts

compel the workers to move to other places, especially in urban areas, in

search of better livelihood options.

Table : 4.5 Region-wise Rural to Urban Migration Rate of Workers in Uttar Pradesh

(Based on Last Residence Elsewhere in India) Region Census 1991

(in percentage) Census 2001


WR 9.26 8.64 21.10 13.90 11.27 45.01 CR 14.69 13.67 29.12 18.17 15.22 48.54 BK 16.78 14.80 34.85 23.19 16.03 85.81 ER 12.62 11.05 30.06 15.66 10.72 61.20 Whole UP 12.14 10.99 27.01 16.12 12.10 55.84 Source: Author’s Calculation based on Censuses Data

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Table 4.5 also reveals that the migration rates of female workers

are much higher than male workers. What could be the reason for the

high migration rate for female workers? In case of migration rates

estimated on the basis of total migrants, the difference between male and

female migration rate could be attributed due to marriages, but in case of

workers, marriages may partly explain the difference, as some female

who move due to marriages, may enter in the urban job market and push

up the migration rate.

However, the most important reason for the high migration for

female workers seems to be the lower work participation rate of female

than male. Since, rural to urban migration rate is the ratio of rural to

urban migrant workers to the total urban workers, low denominator

(number of urban female workers) increases the rural-urban migration

rate for female, whereas, in case of male workers, the number of rural to

urban migrant workers in relation to total urban male workers is

relatively lower and therefore, the migration rate is also lower.

Table 4.6 shows the short distance migration rates of workers that

are the migration rates based on last residence elsewhere in the district

of enumeration. The table shows that the migration rates of workers vary

across regions. The migration rate for person is found highest in BK,

followed by CR and ER and lowest in WR in both the census. However,

the rates are higher in 2001 than in 1991, indicating that the migration of

workers in the State has increased in 2001 over 1991. The rate increased

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from 6.29 percent in 1991 to 8.19 percent in 2001 in the state as a

whole. In BK, it went up from 10.51 percent in 1991 to 14.78 percent

in 2001. Similarly, in other regions also, the rural-urban migration rates

of workers (person) have increased significantly in 2001 when compared

to 1991.

Table : 4.6 Region-wise Rural to Urban Migration Rate of Workers in Uttar Pradesh

(Based on Last Residence Elsewhere in the District of Enumeration) Region Census 1991 (in percent) Census 2001 (in percent)

Person Male Female Person Male Female WR 4.99 4.67 11.13 6.22 4.92 21.77 CR 7.72 6.85 19.83 9.87 7.64 32.38 BK 10.51 9.09 22.86 14.78 10.26 54.42 ER 5.78 4.61 19.33 7.48 3.99 39.77 Whole UP 6.29 5.46 16.71 8.19 5.54 33.59 Source: Author’s Calculation based on Censuses Data

The table also shows the gender pattern of the migration rates of

workers. On an average, the rates are higher for female workers than the male

workers in both the censuses and in all the regions. Nevertheless, the rates vary

across regions. For instance, the CR, which ranked second in terms of female

migration rate in 1991, was relegated to the third place by the ER.

4.2 TRENDS IN RURAL TO RURAL MIGRATION

4.2.1 Trends in Rural to Rural Migration by Place of Last Residence

Large number of people migrates from one rural place to another due

various socio-economic, political, natural and climatic reasons. Low

agriculture productivity, high pressure on land, lack of irrigation

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facilities, frequent floods and droughts, etc push the workers to other

rural areas in search of better livelihood. A large number of workers

from rural areas of backward regions, such as, Bihar, Eastern Uttar

Pradesh migrate to the rural areas of Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh,

Haryana. For non-worker female migrants, marriage is one of the main

reasons for rural to rural migration. Table 4.7 shows the trends in the

rural to rural migration by place of last residence (rural). As is evident

from the table, total internal rural to rural migrants, as indicated by last

residence elsewhere in India, increased from 220.39 lakhs in 1991 to

273.78 lakhs in 2001, thus, registering a growth rate of 16.43 percent. It

is also found that the number of female migrants was much higher than

their male counterparts. In case of male migrants, the number declined

from 19.52 lakhs in 1991 to 17.17 lakhs in 2001 while for female

migrants, it significantly increased from 200.88 lakhs in 1991 to 256.61

lakhs in 2001, a net increase of 27.74 percent. It is significant to note

that male migrants constituted 6.27 percent of total rural to rural

migration in the State in 2001, while their share was 8.86 in the total

rural to rural migration in 1991. Thus, over a period of one decade, rural

to rural migration of males has declined while for females, it has

increased. In 2001, female migrants constituted about 94 percent of total

rural to rural migration in the State.

It is also evident from the table that inter-state rural to rural

migration of people was about 9 percent in 1991 which increased to

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about 12 percent in 2001. It is also found that inter-state rural to rural

migration is higher for males than females in both the censuses. Thus, a

very high percentage of rural to rural migrants were having their last

residence within the state of enumeration but outside the place of

enumeration. The percentage was higher among female migrants than

male migrants. It is also observed that on an average, the percentage of

migration within the state of enumeration has slightly declined from

95.86 percent in 1991 to 95.24 percent in 2001. If we look at the gender

pattern of rural to rural migration, we find that inter-state migration of

male workers has increased in 2001 over 1991, whereas it has declined

for female migrants. Contrary to this, intra-state rural to rural migration

females has increased in 2001 when compared to that of 1991.

Table : 4.7 Rural to Rural Migration in Uttar Pradesh by Place of Last Residence

Place of Last Residence

1991 (in percentage)

2001 (in percentage)

Person Male Female Person Male Female Elsewhere in India (in Lakhs)

220.39 (100)

19.52 (100)

200.88 (100)

273.78 (100)

17.17 (100)

256.61 (100)

Within the state of enumeration but outside the place of enumeration 95.86 91.47 96.29 95.24 87.13 95.78 Elsewhere in the district of enumeration 69.31 65.90 69.64 70.57 63.02 71.07 In other districts of the state of enumeration 26.55 25.57 26.64 24.67 24.11 24.71 Source: Author’s Calculation based on Censuses Data

Table 4.7 shows that in 1991, 69.31 percent rural to rural

migration was of short distance, i.e., within the district of enumeration.

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The percentage of such migrants was higher in case of females than

males. As against 65.90 percent male migrants within the district of

enumeration, the corresponding percentage for female migrants was

higher at 69.64. In 2001, the percentage increased to 71.07 for female

migrants and went down to 63.02 for male migrants. Thus, over a period

of one decade, the percentage of migration within the district has

increased mainly due to increase in percentage of female migrants as

percentage of male migrants declined in 2001. Inter-district rural to rural

migration, as indicated by last residence in other districts of the state of

enumeration, has slightly declined in 2001 over 1991. The percentage of

migrants (person) decreased from 26.55 in 1991 to 24.67 in 2001. It is

concluded from the above analysis that rural to rural migration is

basically intra-district and inter-district; and 92 to 94 percent of total

rural to rural migrants in the state were women.

4.2.2 Trends in Rural to Rural Migration by Duration of Stay

Table 4.8 shows the distribution of rural to rural migrants by duration of

stay. The duration is classified into six categories, as shown in the table.

The percentage of migrants with less than one year of duration is quite

low and it has slightly declined for female and increased for male in

2001 over 1991. The similar trend is also observed for the percentage of

migrants with duration of stay between 1-4 years. For example, the

percentage of male migrants with duration of stay between 1-4 years has

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increased from 15.23 in 1991 to 17.34 in 2001, while the corresponding

percentage for female declined from 11.51 to 10.51 at the same time.

Thus, short duration migration of males has increased while it has

decreased for females.

Table : 4.8 Trends in Rural to Rural Migration by Duration of Stay in Uttar Pradesh

(Last Residence Elsewhere in India) Duration of Stay

(in Years) 1991



All durations (in lakhs)

220.39 (100)

19.52 (100)

200.88 (100)

273.78 (100)

17.17 (100)

256.61 (100)

< 1 1.80 6.68 1.32 1.42 6.79 1.06 1-4 11.84 15.23 11.51 10.94 17.34 10.51 5-9 12.58 10.93 12.74 12.13 10.61 12.23 10-19 24.20 14.88 25.11 24.95 14.84 25.63 20 + 41.64 19.87 43.76 44.58 18.02 46.35 Duration not stated 7.94 32.40 5.56 5.98 32.39 4.21 Source: Author’s calculation based on censuses data

The percentage of migrants with duration of stay between 5-9

years also shows a moderate decline in 2001 over 1991. Contrary to this

trend, the percentages of migrants with duration of stay between 10-19

years and 20+ years were higher in 2001 than in 1991. For instance, the

percentage of migrants with 10-19 years duration increased from 24.20

in 1991 to 24.95 in 2001 for person and from 25.11 in 1991 to 25.63 in

2001 for female migrants. However, the percentage has slightly declined

for male migrants. A perusal of the table reveals that about two-third of

total rural to rural migrants have long duration stay (more than 10

years). The percentage of such migrants is higher for female than male

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migrants. On an average, about 8 migrants in 1991 and 6 percent in 2001

could not specify their duration of stay. The percentage of such migrants

is quite high for males.

4.3 TRENDS IN URBAN TO RURAL MIGRATION

4.3.1 Trends in Urban to Rural Migration by Place of Last Residence

Migration of urban people to rural areas is relatively low. Table 4.9

shows the trends in the urban to rural migration by place of last

residence (urban). As is evident from the table, total internal urban to

rural migrants, as indicated by last residence elsewhere in India,

declined from 11.88 lakhs in 1991 to 11.65 lakhs in 2001. It is also

found that the number of female migrants was much higher than their

male counterparts. In case of male migrants, the number declined from

2.02 lakhs in 1991 to 1.79 lakhs in 2001 while for female migrants, it

remained more or less same. The share of male migrants in total urban

to rural migration declined from 17 percent in 1991 to 15.36 percent in

2001. Thus, over a period of one decade, urban to rural migration of

males has declined while for females, it has increased. In 2001, female

migrants constituted about 85 percent of total urban to rural migration in

the State. It is also evident from the table that inter-state urban to rural

migration of people was 16.15 percent in 1991 which slightly increased

to 16.78 percent in 2001. It is also observed that inter-state urban to rural

migration was higher for males than females in both the censuses. Thus,

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a very high percentage of urban to rural migrants were having their last


enumeration. The percentage was higher among female migrants than

male migrants. It is also found that on an average, the percentage of

migration within the state of enumeration has slightly declined from

83.85 percent in 1991 to 83.22 percent in 2001. If we look at the gender

pattern of urban to rural migration, we find that intra-district migration

for both males and females have increased in 2001 when compared to

1991. However, the percentage of females was much higher than males.

It is also observed that that inter-district urban to rural migration is

higher for males than females while intra-district urban to rural

migration is higher for females than males.

Table : 4.9 Urban to Rural Migration by Place of Last Residence in Uttar Pradesh

Place of Last Residence 1991 2001 Person Male Female Person Male Female

Elsewhere in India (in Lakhs)

11.88 (100)

2.02 (100)

9.86 (100)

11.65 (100)

1.79 (100)

9.85 (100)


4.3.2 Trends in Urban to Rural Migration by Duration of Stay

Trends in urban to rural migration of people by duration of stay are

shown in Table 4.10. It is evident from the table that the percentage of

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urban to rural migrants with less than one year of duration is quite low

and it has slightly declined in 2001 over 1991. The percentage of

migrants with less than one year of duration is higher for males than for

females. The similar pattern is also observed for the percentage of

migrants with duration of stay between 1-4 years. For example, as

against 26.45 percent male migrants with duration of stay between 1-4

years in 2001, the corresponding percentage for female migrants is only

15.05. Thus, short duration urban to rural migration (below five years)

has declined in 2001. The percentage of migrants with duration stay

between 5-9 years also shows a moderate increase in 2001 over 1991.

The percentage of male migrants with duration of stay between 5-9

years was higher than female migrants in both the censuses. Contrary

to this trend, the percentages of migrants with duration of stay between

10-19 years and 20+ years were higher for female migrants than male

migrants.

Table : 4.10

Trends in Urban to Rural Migration by Duration of Stay in Uttar Pradesh Duration of Stay

(in Years) 1991

(in percent) 2001

(in percent) Person Male Female Person Male Female

All duration n 11.88 (100)

2.02 (100)

9.86 (100)

11.65 (100)

1.79 (100)

9.85 (100)

< 1 3.33 10.62 1.83 3.15 10.38 1.83 1-4 17.28 27.59 15.17 16.80 26.45 15.05 5-9 15.05 16.10 14.84 15.15 17.06 14.80 10-19 23.90 16.52 25.41 24.68 17.13 26.06 20 + 33.12 12.55 37.34 33.54 12.15 37.43 Duration not stated 7.32 16.62 5.41 6.68 16.83 4.84 Source: Author’s Calculation based on Censuses Data

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It is also apparent from the data given in Table 4.10 that the percentages

of migrants with long duration of stay were higher in 2001 than in 1991. For

instance, the percentage of migrants with 10-19 years duration increased from

23.90 in 1991 to 24.68 in 2001 for person; from 16.52 in 1991 to 17.13 in 2001

for male migrants; and from 25.41 in 1991 to 26.06 in 2001 for female

migrants. A perusal of the table reveals that about 57 to 58 percent of total

urban to rural migrants have long duration stay (more than 10 years). The

percentage of such migrants is much higher for female than male migrants. On

an average, about 7 percent urban to rural migrants could not specify their

duration of stay. The percentage of such migrants is higher for males than

females.

4.4 TRENDS IN URBAN TO URBAN MIGRATION

4.4.1 Trends in Urban to Urban Migration by Place of Last Residence

Urban to Urban migration is general phenomenon in an emerging

economy. People migrate from one urban area to another in search of

better employment opportunities. Localization and concentration of

industries in some regions attract the workers of required skills from

other regions to these regions. For example, Banglore, Hyderabad,

Chennai, Noida, Gurgoan, Mumbai, Poona, Chandigarh, etc., have

become the major urban centres for information technology related

services which create lots of employment opportunities in software and

hardware services to engineers and technocrats. Table 4.11 shows the

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trends in urban to urban migration of people by place of last residence.

As is obvious from the table, urban to urban migration of people has

significantly increased in 2001 when compared to 1991. The number of

total internal migrant persons, as indicated by last residence elsewhere in

India, has increased from 25.69 lakhs in 1991 to 30.91 lakhs in 2001,

registering a net increase of 22.22 percent. It is also observed that the

number of the female migrants was much higher than the male migrants.

In case of male migrants, the number increased from 8.78 lakhs in 1991

to 10.92 lakhs in 2001, a net increase of 24.37%, while for female

migrants, it increased from 16.93 lakhs in 1991 to 19.99 in 2001, a net

increase of 18.07 percent. Thus, urban to urban migration has increased

faster for males than females. Consequently, the share of male migrants

in total urban to urban migration increased from 34 percent in 1991 to

35.33 percent in 2001. Thus, over a period of one decade, urban to urban

migration of males has increased while for females, it has decreased.

Table : 4.11

Urban to Urban Migration in Uttar Pradesh by Place of Last Residence Place of Last Residence 1991

(in percent) 2001

(in percent) Person Male Female Person Male Female

Elsewhere in India (in Lakhs)

25.69 (100)

8.78 (100)

16.93 (100)

30.91 (100)

10.92 (100)

19.99 (100)


74

Inter-state urban to urban migration of people has increased from

17.74 percent in 1991 to 20.94 percent in 2001. It is also observed that

inter-state urban to urban migration was higher for males than females in

both the censuses. The table also indicates that about 82 percent urban to

urban migrants in 1991 and 79 percent in 2001 were having their last


enumeration. This implies that urban to urban migration within the State

is quite high. However, the percentage was slightly higher for females

than males. It is also found that on an average, the percentage of

migration within the state of enumeration has declined in 2001 over

1991. If we look at the gender pattern of urban to urban migration, we

find that intra-district migration for both males and females have

increased in 2001. However, the percentage of females was higher than

males. It is significant to note that about 54 percent of total urban to

urban migration of persons in 1991 was in other districts of the state.

The percentage of such migrants was higher for males than females.

Further, the table shows that the percentage of urban to urban migration

in other district of the state has declined in 2001. The decline was higher

for males than females.

4.4.2 Trends in Urban to Urban Migration by Duration of Stay

Trends in urban to rural migration of people by duration of stay are

shown in Table 4.12. It is evident from the table that the percentage of

urban to urban migrants with less than one year of duration is quite low

and it has significantly declined in 2001. Further, the percentage of

75

migrants with less than one year of duration is higher for males than for

females. The similar pattern is also observed for the percentage of

migrants with duration of stay between 1-4 years. It is evident from the

table that as against 25.51 percent male migrants with duration of stay

between 1-4 years in 1991, the corresponding percentage for female

migrants is only 18.64. On an average, short duration urban to urban

migration (below five years) has declined in 2001. Similarly, the

percentage of migrants with duration stay between 5-9 years also shows

deceleration in case of both male and female migrants. Contrary to this

trend, the percentages of migrants with duration of stay between 10-19

years and 20+ years have increased for female migrants and remained

stagnant for male migrants. A perusal of the table reveals that about 47

percent of total urban to urban migrants have long duration stay (more

than 10 years). The percentage of such migrants is much higher for

female than male migrants. On an average, about 13 to 19 percent

migrants could not specify their duration of stay. The percentage of such

migrants is higher for males than females.

Table : 4.12 Urban to Urban Migrant People in Uttar Pradesh

Duration of Stay (in Years)

1991 (in percent)

2001 (in percent)

Person Male Female Person Male Female All durations 25.69

(100) 8.78 (100)

16.93 (100)

30.91 (100)

10.92 (100)

19.99 (100)

< 1 2.78 4.12 2.09 1.94 2.54 1.61 1-4 20.98 25.51 18.64 17.45 20.55 15.76 5-9 16.09 15.26 16.52 14.25 14.06 14.35 10-19 23.11 18.00 25.76 21.94 18.01 24.08 20 + 24.10 17.60 27.46 25.34 17.02 29.89 Duration not stated 12.94 19.51 9.54 19.08 27.82 14.31 Source: Author’s Calculation based on Censuses Data

76

4.5 TRENDS IN TOTAL MIGRATION BY PLACE OF LAST RESIDENCE

Table 4.13 shows the trends in total migration and gender pattern of migration

of different streams. Total migration in the State has increased from 291.87

lakhs in 1991 to 356.48 lakhs in 2001, thus registering a net increase of 22.14

percent. Total rural migration increased from 254.30 lakhs in 1991 to 313.93

lakhs in 2001, a net increase of 23.45%, while total urban migration went up

from 37.57 lakhs in 1991 to 42.55 lakhs in 2001 (13.26%). Thus, urban

migration grew at a slower rate than the rural migration. Out of total rural

migration, rural to urban migration constituted 13.33 percent in 1991. Its share

declined marginally to 12.79 percent in 2001. Thus, basically rural migration

in the State is rural to rural. The percentage share of urban to rural migration

decelerated from 31.62 in 1991 to 27.36 in 2001. Thus, the percentage shares

of both rural to urban and urban to rural migrants have declined in the State of

Uttar Pradesh, while the corresponding shares of rural to rural and urban to

urban have increased.

Table 4.13 also presents the gender pattern of migration in the state. It is

evident from the table that the share of male migrants in total migration has

declined from 14.52 percent in 1991 to 12.38 percent in 2001. Their share in

total rural migration also decelerated, as is evident from the table. The

percentage share of male migrants in total rural to rural migration also declined

from 8.86 in 1991 to 6.27 in 2001. Contrary to this, the share of male in rural to

77

urban migration increased from 35.60 percent in 1991 to 40.15 percent in 2001.

It is significant to note that while the share of male migrants has decreased in

total rural migration, it has increased in the total urban migration. The share of

male in the total urban migration increased from 28.69 percent in 1991 to 29.87

percent in 2001. It is only because the share of male in urban to urban

migration increased from 34.15 percent in 1991 to 35.33 percent in 2001. It is

concluded from the interpretation of the data presented in Table 4.13 that

female migrants constituted a very high percentage share in the total migration;

the share of male migrants is relatively higher in rural to urban migration and

urban to urban migration when compared to other streams of migration; and the

percentage share of male migration has declined in total rural migration, while

it has increased in total urban migration.

Table : 4.13 Trends in Percentage Share of Male and Female Migrants

In Total Migrants Migration Stream 1991 2001

Total (in lakhs)

Male (%)

Female (%)

Total (in lakhs)

Male (%)

Female (%)

Total Migrants 291.87 14.52 85.48 356.48 12.38 87.62 1. Total Rural Migrants 254.30 12.42 87.58 313.93 10.01 89.99 (a) Rural to Rural 220.40 8.86 91.14 273.78 6.27 93.73 (b) Rural to Urban 33.90 35.60 64.40 40.15 35.49 64.51 2. Total Urban Migrants 37.57 28.69 71.31 42.55 29.87 70.13 (a) Urban to Rural 11.88 17.00 83.00 11.64 15.38 84.62 (b) Urban to Urban 25.71 34.15 65.85 30.91 35.33 64.67 Source: Author’s calculation based on censuses data

We also estimate gender-wise percentage share of rural and urban

migration in the total migration. The results are exhibited by Figure 4.1. It is

evident from the Figure that the share of urban male migrants in total male

78

migrants has increased from 25.44 percent in 1991 to 28.80 percent in 2001,

while the corresponding percentage share of urban female migrants has

declined from 10.74 to 9.55. This shows that during the last one decade, the

percentage share of female migrants in total rural migrants has increased while

it has decreased in the total urban migrants.

Trends in the Percentage Share of Rural and Urban Migrants in total Migrants

74.56

89.26

71.20

90.45

25.44

10.74

28.80

9.55

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

Male Female Male Female

1991 2001

Perc

ent

Rural Urban Figure 4.1

Percentage shares of different migration streams in total rural and urban

migration are also estimated, as shown in Figure 4.2. The share rural to urban

male migration, which constituted 38.21 percent of total rural male migration

in 1991, increased to 45.35 percent in 2001, whereas the percentage share of

female rural to urban migration declined from 9.80 in 1991 to 9.17 in 2001. As

a result, the percentage share of male rural to rural migration in total male rural

migration declined while the percentage share of female rural to rural migration

increased in the total rural female migration.

79

Percentage Share of Different Migration Streams in Total Rural and Urban Migration

61.79

38.21

18.74

81.45

90.20

9.80

36.80

63.20

54.65

45.35

14.08

85.9290.83

9.17

33.01

66.99

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

Rural to Rural Rural to Urban Urban to Rural Urban to Urban

Perc

ent

1991 Male 1991 Female 2001 Male 2001 Female

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.2 also shows that the percentage share of male urban to urban

migration in total urban migration increased from 81.45 in 1991 to 85.92 in

2001, while the percentage share of urban to rural declined from 18.74 in 1991

to 14.08 in 2001. In case of female urban to urban migrants, we observe that

their share in total urban migration also increased from 63.20 percent in 1991

to 66.99 percent in 2001. Accordingly, the share of female urban to rural

migrants in the total urban migrants declined from 9.80 in 1991 to 9.17 in

2001.

80

4.6 SUMMING UP

This chapter examines the trends in rural to urban, rural to rural, urban to rural

and urban to urban migration in the State. The trends are based on two

population censuses, namely, 1991 and 2001. The analysis of migration data is

based on place of last residence criterion. Since, the main focus of the study is

on rural to urban migration, the detailed discussion have been made on this

stream of migration. Region-wise and gender-wise trends in the rural to urban

migration have been estimated. The results show that percentage of rural to

urban migration rates vary across regions. Bundelkhand, the economically most

backward region of the state has the highest rural to urban migration rate,

followed by Central Region and Eastern Region. The most developed Western

Region has the lowest rural to urban migration rate. The study also finds that

the migration rate for females is much higher than the males in all the regions.

The study further shows that about 50 percent of total rural to urban migrants

have long duration stay (more than 10 years). The percentage of such migrants

is higher for female than male migrants. The results confirm that rural to urban

total migration (RUMT) rate does not evince any trend, whereas, rural-urban

migration rate of workers (RUMW) has increased significantly in all the

regions of the State in 2001 over 1991.

The study also finds that rural to rural migration of males has declined

while for females, it has increased. Further, inter-state rural to rural migration

is found higher for males than females in both the censuses. The gender pattern

81

of rural to rural migration indicates that the inter-state migration of males has

increased in 2001 over 1991, whereas it has declined for females. Contrary to

this, intra-state rural to rural migration of females has increased. It is also

observed that the short duration rural to rural migration of males has increased

while it has declined for females. About two-third of total rural to rural

migrants have long duration stay (more than 10 years). The percentage of such

migrants is found higher for female than male migrants. In case of urban to

rural migration, we observe that it has declined for males and increased for

females. Inter-district urban to rural migration is found higher for males, while

intra-district urban to rural migration is observed higher for females. Further,

the percentage of urban to rural migrants with long duration of stay has

increased in 2001 over 1991.

Urban to urban migration of males has increased while for females, it

has decreased. If we look at the gender pattern of urban to urban migration, we

find that intra-district urban to urban migration for both males and females

have increased in 2001. However, the percentage of females was higher than

males. On an average, percentages of short term (below five years) and

medium-term (5-9 years) urban to urban migration have declined both for

males and females, while the percentage of long term migration (10 years and

above) has increased for females, but remained stagnant for males.

The percentage shares of both rural to urban and urban to rural

migration have declined, while the corresponding shares of rural to rural and

82

urban to urban have increased. The share of male migrants has decreased in

total rural migration and increased in the total urban migration. Female

migrants constituted a very high percentage share in the total migration. The

share of males is found relatively higher in rural to urban and urban to urban

migration. Further, the percentage share of female migrants in total rural

migration has increased while it has decreased in the total urban migrants.

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