Migration

IMPORTANT TERMS

Emigration - leaving one's native country or region to settle in another permanently

Emigrants are the ones who consider the push factors when wanting to leave their native land

IMPORTANT TERMS

Immigration – is the permanent movement of people into a region, territory or nation.

Immigrant – is a person who moves to a new country with the intention of settling there --> pull factors help make decision

CAUSES OF MIGRATION

PUSH FACTORS- reasons to leave

PULL FACTORS - reasons to move to a country

Not enough jobs Few opportunities "Primitive" conditions Political fear Poor medical care Not being able to practice

religion Loss of wealth Natural Disasters Death threats Slavery Pollution Poor housing Poor chances of finding

courtship

Job opportunities Better living conditions Political and/or religious

freedom Enjoyment Education Better medical care Security Family links Better chances of finding

courtship

IMPORTANT TERMS

A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there, often to colonize the area.

Settlers are generally people who take up residence on land and cultivate it.

Settlers are sometimes termed "colonists" or "colonials."

Migration refers to directed, regular, or systematic movement of a group of objects, organisms, or people.

Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one area to another (local, regional, national, international)

On avg. 2 million people move from 1 country to another per year

According to IOM (International Organization for Migrants) there are 214 million international migrants worldwide (equivalent to the world’s 5th largest country - Brazil)

Migrants represent 3.1 of global population

Migration Trends

Women account for 49% of all migrants

2008 - remittances account for 444 billion worldwide --> 338 billion went to developing countries

20-30 million unauthorized migrants (illegal) worldwide (rep. 10-15% of migrant population)

26 million displace persons in ~ 52 countries as a result of conflict

16 million refugees

Migration Trends

Asian immigrants has from 28.1 million in 1970 to 43.8 million in 2000

During same period Asia’s share of global migrant stock from 34.5% to 25%

Africa in its share of international migrants from 12% in 190 to 9% in 2000

Latin America & Caribbean from 7.1% to 3.4%

Global Trends

Europe 22.9 to 18.7% Oceania 3.7% to 3.3 North America in immigrant

population from 15.9% in 1970 to 23.3%

USSR from 3.8% to 16.8% (redefinition of border not actual movement of people)

75% of all international migrants are in 28 countries

Global Trends

Graph 1: World Migrants - 2005

0

50000000

100000000

150000000

200000000

250000000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Number of Migrants

1. Voluntary2. Involuntary3. Ecological4. Illegal

Types of Migration

VOLUNTARY MIGRATION – decision to move made by own free will

Included in this group are people: looking for better jobs, trying to unit a family or for studying purposes

Economic migration --> from poor to reach countries --> eg. For every American worker who moves to Mexico 6 Mexican workers move to the US

VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON

European expansion to temperate areas such as United States, Canada, and Australia in times of prosperity and opportunity --> colonization

Ontario residents moving to British Columbia for a perceived more relaxed way of life and climate

VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON

SEASONAL MIGRATION – movement of people from their home, from a definite or temporary period of time, for employment or recreation.

retired Canadians relocating to Florida for the winter months

students studying abroad migrant workers from the Mexico &

Caribbean working on Canadian farms during the summer

young people working at ski resorts like Whistler.

TEMPORARY MIGRATION – a short term movement of people reacting to a stressor or perceived stressor in their lives.

Examples include: Afghan refugees fleeing Kabul or Kandahar

Hong Kong residents leaving the country in anticipation of political change in 1999.

INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION – movement of people against their will

Ex. slavery to fulfill European objectives, late nineteenth-century labor movements from China and India to European-controlled plantations

ethnic cleansing occurred during the post-1938 movement of Jewish population in areas controlled by the Nazi Germany populations

Human trafficking

INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION

Movement due to deterioration of natural environment (1900-2000 --> 60 million people forced to move due to deterioration of land)

War, persecution, human rights abuses

2001 --> 50 million refugees and displaced persons

INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION

World Refugees by Continent - 2005

North America4.1%

Africa22.5%

Europe15.0%

Asia57.6

Sourth America0.3%

Oceania0.6%

REFUGEES

ORIGIN OF REFUGEES

Involves movement of people because something they depend upon for life disappears or moves out of their environmentEx. degrading soil, disappearing vegetation, drought, rising sea levels, natural disastersEARTHQUAKE IN ITALY

ECOLOGICAL MIGRATION

Movement of people without approval of immigration laws

People want to improve economic opportunities and from the desire of a country to limit access (illegal immigration exists only if there are laws to prevent migration)

ILLEGAL MIGRAITON

For example, migrants from China have tried to enter Canada illegally à some hidden in hulls of decaying cargo shipsMexicans have avoided border patrols and illegally entered the southern U.S. (6-12 million illegal aliens in U.S. from Mexico)People from Bangladesh have crossed the border into India for better standard of living

ILLEGAL MIGRATION

Most migrants move from developing countries to developed countries (better standard of living)Most migrants migrate to cities (50 million have already moved from rural areas to cities, 1.5 million people migrate to world’s largest cities each year

Trends in Migration

1. Most migrants move to cities

2. Developing countries --> movement is from within the country (rural to urban) or from other periphery or near core countries --> these countries attract few migrants from developed world

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city

Developed countries:• attract migrants from other countries (most of rural to urban migration has already occurred)

• migration to Core & New Core countries comes from both developed and developing countries

• migrants from Periphery & Near core countries are usually the rich, educated, and skilled (Brain Drain)

• migrants from Periphery & Near countries that are not well off are refugees (refugees can come from any socio-economic group)

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city

• Developing countries --> large # of migrants put a strain of services (health, sanitation, housing), may cause increase in unemployment, crime, overcrowding, etc.• Developed countries --> influence of different cultures influence the character of a city -->restaurants, stores, places of worship, clubs, etc.• older areas of city (inner city) become new homes for new immigrants (ghetto enclave) i.e. James Street North in Hamilton --> home to Italians, Portuguese, Asians

Migration has had a significant effect on world geography

It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures

It has contributed to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and communication.

EFFECTS OF MIGRATION

changes in population distribution demographic consequences: migrants

are mostly young and in productive age --> what is the impact

demographic crisis – population ageing economic results - which are of the

greatest importance for the development of the countries.

UNHCR

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR; established December 14, 1950) is a United Nations agency mandated to protect and support refugees at the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.

Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.

Repatriation (re-pa-tri-ation)- is the process of return of refugees or soldiers to their homes

UNHCR

The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide.

Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees.

It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another State, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally or to resettle in a third country.

PERSONS OF CONCERN TO UNHCR

As of 1 January 2007, UNHCR reported a total of 21 018 589 individuals falling under its mandate.

7 979 251 in Asia, of which 2 580 638 in the Middle-East 2 974 315 in South-East Asia 218 584 in Central Asia 1 304 189 in South Asia 901 525 in East Asia and the Pacific

4 740 392 in Europe, of which 1 617 214 in Eastern Europe 708 132 in South-East Europe 616 132 in Central Europe and in the Baltic states 1 798 914 in Western Europe

PERSON OF CONCERN TO UNHCR

5 069 123 in Africa, of which 1 359 175 in Central Africa and the Great

Lakes region 2 105 314 in Eastern Africa 1 031 030 in Western Africa 434 427 in the Southern African region 139 177 in North Africa

3 229 822 in America, of which 717 545 in North America and in the

Caribbean 2 512 277 in South America