Migration and Migration and DevelopmentDevelopment

The Nature and Significance of The Nature and Significance of Migration in DevelopmentMigration in Development Initially migration from rural to urban areas Initially migration from rural to urban areas

was viewed as a favorable developmentwas viewed as a favorable development Natural process in which surplus labor was Natural process in which surplus labor was

gradually drawn to urban industrial areasgradually drawn to urban industrial areas Socially desirable to improve and enhance Socially desirable to improve and enhance

an individual’s growth and knowledgean individual’s growth and knowledge But now rates of rural to urban migration But now rates of rural to urban migration

far exceed rates of job creation and far exceed rates of job creation and surpass absorptive ability of industrysurpass absorptive ability of industry

Dilemmas of MigrationDilemmas of Migration Migration exacerbates rural-urban structural Migration exacerbates rural-urban structural

imbalance—causes urban surplus laborimbalance—causes urban surplus labor Depletes rural areas of valuable human Depletes rural areas of valuable human

capitalcapital Urban job creation is more difficult to create Urban job creation is more difficult to create

than rural employmentthan rural employment Central to development dilemma because Central to development dilemma because

policies affecting rural and urban incomes will policies affecting rural and urban incomes will drive migrationdrive migration

In turn this affects geographical and structural In turn this affects geographical and structural pattern of economic activitypattern of economic activity

Consequences of Population Consequences of Population MovementMovement

A>>>>1000>>>>B- results in rise of average A>>>>1000>>>>B- results in rise of average age and death rate in Region A; birth rate falls age and death rate in Region A; birth rate falls and relieves population pressureand relieves population pressure

Gross Migration: +10,500 (Inward movement) -Gross Migration: +10,500 (Inward movement) -8,500 (Outward movement)8,500 (Outward movement)

Net Migration is 2,000 but Gross Migration is Net Migration is 2,000 but Gross Migration is 19,00019,000

+10,500 and -10,500: Net Migration is ?+10,500 and -10,500: Net Migration is ? Gross Migration is? Gross Migration is?

Types of MovementTypes of Movement

MigrationMigration- movement of people from origin to - movement of people from origin to destination with intent to remain permanentlydestination with intent to remain permanently

CirculationCirculation-- movement from location to movement from location to another but the intent is to return to the origin. another but the intent is to return to the origin. Stays in a destination may be up to six months Stays in a destination may be up to six months or longer for purposes of crop harvesting or or longer for purposes of crop harvesting or other temporary or seasonal workother temporary or seasonal work

CCommutingommuting- daily movement between - daily movement between residence and place of workresidence and place of work

Push-Pull Model of Push-Pull Model of Movement- Movement- Everett LeeEverett Lee

+ _ ++ _

_++ +

+ _ +_+++++ _

+

Origin DestinationBarriers:Cost-Perception-Information

Factors in the Migration ProcessFactors in the Migration Process Migration is a Migration is a selective process-selective process- affects affects

individuals with certain economic, social, individuals with certain economic, social, educational and demographic characteristicseducational and demographic characteristics

Social-Social- desire of migrants to break away from desire of migrants to break away from traditiontradition

PhysicalPhysical- migration sometimes forced by - migration sometimes forced by environmental conditions or catastrophic events environmental conditions or catastrophic events (floods, drought, typhoons)(floods, drought, typhoons)

DemographicDemographic- high rates of rural growth - high rates of rural growth producing landlessnessproducing landlessness

CulturalCultural- security of extended family in destination- security of extended family in destination Communications and Transport-Communications and Transport- growing ease growing ease

of learning about and moving to a destinationof learning about and moving to a destination

Factors in Migration ProcessFactors in Migration Process

But the major reason, by general But the major reason, by general consensus, is consensus, is ECONOMICECONOMIC

Push from subsistence agriculture to Push from subsistence agriculture to higher wageshigher wages

Potential reverse migration toward rural Potential reverse migration toward rural areas as result of high unemployment areas as result of high unemployment brought about by lack of employment brought about by lack of employment

Migrant CharacteristicsMigrant Characteristics DemographicDemographic- young men and women between ages - young men and women between ages

15-2415-24 Recently proportion of young women has increased as Recently proportion of young women has increased as

educational opportunities have improved- especially in educational opportunities have improved- especially in Latin America and Southeast Asia Latin America and Southeast Asia

Female migration of two types: ‘associational’ Female migration of two types: ‘associational’ migration following ‘primary’ male migrant and migration following ‘primary’ male migrant and ‘unattached females’‘unattached females’

EducationEducation- clear association between migration and - clear association between migration and educational attainment: more education > greater educational attainment: more education > greater propensity to migratepropensity to migrate

But poorly educated also move in search of better lifeBut poorly educated also move in search of better life

Migrant CharacteristicsMigrant Characteristics

Economic-Economic- for many years migrants were poor for many years migrants were poor landless and unskilledlandless and unskilled

Now with greater development of industrial Now with greater development of industrial bases and more services especially , migrants bases and more services especially , migrants seem to come from all strata with majority seem to come from all strata with majority being very poorbeing very poor

Migration stimulated by rational economic Migration stimulated by rational economic considerations of relative benefits and costs, considerations of relative benefits and costs, mostly financial but also psychologicalmostly financial but also psychological

Movement CharacteristicsMovement Characteristics

Migrants generally move Migrants generally move shorter distancesshorter distances rather than rather than longer ones. Why? More familiar with nearer longer ones. Why? More familiar with nearer opportunities and less costlyopportunities and less costly

CounterstreamCounterstream Movement- Stream is defined as Movement- Stream is defined as movement from origin to destination; counterstream is movement from origin to destination; counterstream is reverse from destination to originreverse from destination to origin

EfficiencyEfficiency is the ratio of the Stream to Counterstream: is the ratio of the Stream to Counterstream: high effciency means virtually all stay at destination; high effciency means virtually all stay at destination; low efficiency means that many return to originlow efficiency means that many return to origin

Stepwise Migration-Stepwise Migration- move in stages from smaller city move in stages from smaller city to medium sized to eventually larger city. Why? Cost to medium sized to eventually larger city. Why? Cost efficient and psychologically easier efficient and psychologically easier