De La Salle University-DasmariñasCollege of Liberal ArtsLanguages and Literature DepartmentLiterature of the Philippines

Total Examination ReviewerMidterms

Name:Course, Year and Section: HUB22/HUB21/HUB23

The following discussions and notes are based on Ms. Maureen Requiestas’ lectures and notes:

1. The boy who never learned2. Damdamin3. Macdo4. Ugat sa Dugo5. Letter to Pedro6. Violence on TV Can’t Compare to Reality7. Dyugdyugan8. LIham ni Pinay Mula sa Brunei9. Study Notes

Literature is generally divided into two main kinds, Prose and Poetry.

Prose- a literary work that uses sentences and paragraphs to convey ideas, feelings, and actions. Poetry- refers to writings in verse with rhythm and rhyme. Characterized to have a melodious tone.

Short Story- artistic form of prose fiction which focuses on a single main incident, involving one or more characters, and is intended to produce a single dominant impression. Read in one sitting only

Types of Poetry

Types of Poetry

Narrative Poetry-tells a story

Lyric Poetry-expresses the

feelings of writer

Dramatic Poetry-meant to be

performed on stage

Narrative Poetry

Epic-narrative of a heroic

adventures

Ballad-shortest & simplest

narrative poem

Literature may also be divided into1. Non-fiction-actual facts and information. 2. Fiction- collective term for literary narratives that portray imaginary people

caught in imaginary situations. There are two forms of fiction: short story and novel.

Lt.: fictio-to invent or make up

Lyric Poetry

Folk songs-short poems

intended to be sung

Sonnet-lyric poem of 14 iambic pentameter line with formal

rhyme or scheme pattern

Ode-most

majestic type of lyric

poetry, exalted in tone and expresses

lofty praise for

some person

Psalm-song

praising God or the

Virgin Mary

Elegy-poem

expressing lamentatio

n

Song-has a

measure of 12 syllables

or dodesyllabi

c lines

Corrido-has a

measure of 8 syllables

or octosyllabic

lines

Dramatic Poetry

Comedy-komos-revelry

-usually light and written to amuse

and entertain

Tragedy-involves main

character struggling with some dynamic

forces

Melodrama-also called soap

opera. Highly emotive stories

Farce or Sainete-exaggerated

comedy

Plot development

FICTION

Realistic Fiction-uses elements that

are related to life-like situations

Biographical Fiction-tells a story about a person who actually

lived but the experiences told may

not be factual.

Historical Fiction-uses a real setting usually in the past

but the characters are imaginary

Fanciful Fiction-is a combination of real and imaginary

events

MAIN ELEMENTS OF FICTION

PLOT-framework of fiction

EXPOSITIONCONFLICTCLIMAX

DENOUEMENT

CHARACTERS-are persons whom

the story is told

SETTING-time, place, and

general environment in which a fiction

occurs.

THEME-underlying main idea of a literary

work

Plot-framework of a fiction. Consists of causally related events.

Exposition-Characters are exposed, Setting is given, and Time is identifiedComplication- Events that led to the turning point. Opposing forces. Climax- Turning point of the story. There is a change of one character’s personality, status, belief, etc. Denouement- Conclusion. Resolution of the story. Also called rising action and falling action.

Aspects of a Plot1. Peripeteia- an attempt to do something but actually accomplishes the opposite2. Anagnorisis- change from ignorance to knowledge. Form of a discovery3. Catastrophe- means death, mutilation etc. 4. Juxtapose- things will always turn out the way that they must be

Aristotle- according to him, the best form of plot is a combination of peripeteia and anagnorisis.

Frye- according to him, there are four basic plots. These are:1. Romance2. Tragic3. Comic4. Ironic and Satiric

Satire- ridicules peoples, ideas, customs, and their institutions. This is done in order to bring reform or change. Exaggeration and irony are two frequent satirical devices.

Two Kinds of Plot1. Organic Plot- without unnecessary events2. Episodic Plot- with unnecessary events

Conflict- struggle between opposing forces.

Two kinds of Conflict1. External Conflict- a character may be in conflict with external forces like a group

of persons (social) or with nature (physical conflict) 2. Inner or Internal Conflict- conflict in which a character battles himself/herself

(psychological).

Characters

According to their relationship to the conflict:1. Protagonist- central character in conflict whether good or bad. Hero or heroine

2. Antagonist- adversary that opposes the protagonist or the forces who struggle against the protagonist. It may be persons, things, conventions of society or fate chance or any combination of these.

Foil- minor character in the plot that is created to emphasize the protagonist’s character.

Characters may also be classified according to their development1. Flat or stock character- is the same sort of person at the end and beginning of the

story. 2. Round or developing or multidimensional character- undergoes a change in some

aspect of character, personality or outlook, be it for better or for worse. This is a very dynamic character.

Characterization- is the technique of a writer uses to reveal the personalities of the characters. An author may reveal a character’s personality and traits by describing his:1. physical appearance2. speech and actions3. inner thoughts and feelings4. his effect on other characters

Characters may be presented into two ways:1. Direct Presentation- author tells the readers straight out how a character looks,

thinks, feels and etc. 2. Indirect Presentation- opposite of direct presentation

Setting- refers to the time, place, and general environment in which a piece occurs. Details of the setting may either be suggested or stated. ROLES of a SETTING1. serve as a background or physical context for the action2. It can be used to reveal character and shape events3. It may also help create the atmosphere from which the story revolves.

Theme- underlying main idea of a literary work. A philosophy or observation of life, a principle of truth.

According to Arp and Perrine (1993), there are certain principles to follow in determining the theme of a literary text:1. Theme should be expressible in the form of a statement with a subject and a

predicate2. theme should be stated as a generalization about life3. Terms like all every, always, should be used cautiously.4. We should avoid old clichés.

Narrator and Point of View

Narrator- person who tells a story. The author may tell a story directly whereby he usually remains an anonymous observer.

Point of View- is the angle of vision from where the story is told. Four basic point of views as follows:1. Omniscient- author tells the story using the third person pronoun. Knowing all

and is free to tell the readers everything about it.2. Limited omniscient point of view- the author tells the story using the third person

pronoun but is limited to a complete knowledge of one character only. 3. First person point of view- the story is told by one of its characters, using the first

person pronoun. 4. Objective or Dramatic Point of View- the author tells the story using the third

person pronoun but is limited in reporting what the characters say or do.

Style- refers to the way an author expresses himself or herself.

Diction- types of words used.

Syntax- placement of words in a sentence

Imagery- use of concrete words or details that appeal to the senses

Types of Imagery1. Visual2. Auditory3. olfactory4. gustatory5. tactile6. organic7. kinetic

Other Fictional Devices1. Symbol- can be in the form of conventional and created2. Irony- can be in the form of verbal, situational, dramatic or cosmic irony.3. Tone4. Mood5. Motivation

Narrative Devices1. Straight Narration2. Dramatic Presentation3. Foreshadowing4. Flashbacks5. Frame Story Device6. Stream and Consciousness

STORY ANALYSIS

The Boy who Never Learned-Susan Mercaida

Damdamin-Ricardo de Leon

Macdo-Merlinda Bobis

Ugat sa Dugo-Dr. Joey Arrogante

Title Author Type of Fiction Protagonist/s Antagonist/sThe Boy who

never LearnedSusan

MercaidaShort Story Danny

DimatutoPersons that were cruel to Danny, e.g. Mang Doro

MacDo Merlinda Bobis Short Story Rosa and her Older Sister

Ms. MacLisa, Those who

judged Rosa when her

napkin soiled with blood from coughing was exposed to the

publicDamdamin Ricardo de

LunaShort Story Tata Fidel and

Nana LolengTata Fidel and Nana Loleng’s

childrenUgat sa Dugo Dr. Joey

ArroganteShort Story Sidra External-Tiya

Concha, DestaInternal-

herself and her past

PLOT ANALYSIS

Title Conflict Climax Denouement ConclusionThe Boy who

never LearnedDanny was given the sobriquet

Danny

When Ben found out that Mang Doro

Cheated over

Ben and Danny became distant and cold with each other.

Ben and Danny were separated

by time.

Dimatuto.

When the Banahaw

people thought and treated Danny as a

hopeless case

When Ben took care of Danny

as his ward

Ben Ben was sent to Manila to study.

Ben thought of Danny as a

very important friend who

touched and scarred his

core.

MacDo Rosa’s sickness When the people saw the blood-

soiled napkin that Rosa

used.

Rosa helped her in coughing and

they went outside.

Rosa and her elder sister

went outside and observed

how judgmental and uncaring

the public was.Damdamin When Enyang

kept on saying that Tata Fidel

and Nana Loleng’s

children will go home and take care of them.

When Tata Fidel died

Soledad went home and took

care of her father’s wake and

burial. Nana Loleng talked to

Tata Fidel’s dead body. Later in the

story, Tata Fidel’s burial

happened

Enyang went to thinking how

the things that the couple’s

children did for their father will bring joy and healing to the wounded soul of Tata Fidel.

Ugat sa Dugo The Familial curse that

Sidra’s mother, Sidra herself, and Sidra’s children had

done

When Sidra saw her children

having sex with each

other.

Sidra realized that everything is rooted to the very

first familial curse that her mother did.

The flashbacks came one by one

and started to make her

enlightened with the roots of the familial incest

that she was able to see among her

children.

Sidra realized that everything that their family did mixes and

she experiences them at first

hand.

Title Type of Plot ConflictThe Boy who

never LearnedOrganic, Ironic

and TragicExternal Conflict (Danny

versus Mang Doro and

others)MacDo Organic, Ironic External

Conflict (Rosa and her sister versus Ms. McLisa

and the judging public

Damdamin Organic, Tragic

External Conflict

(Nana Loleng and Tata

Fidel versus their

children)Ugat sa Dugo Organic,

TragicExternal Conflict

(Sidra versus Tiya Concha

and Desta and the others)

Internal Conflict

(Sidra versus herself)

Title Foil Characterization Protagonist/s Antagonist/sThe Boy who

never LearnedBen Indirect Danny

DimatutoPersons that were cruel to Danny, e.g. Mang Doro

MacDo Ms. McLisa Direct Rosa and her Ms. MacLisa,

Older Sister Those who judged Rosa

when her napkin soiled

with blood from coughing was exposed to the

publicDamdamin Enyang Direct Tata Fidel and

Nana LolengTata Fidel and Nana Loleng’s

childrenUgat sa Dugo Tiya Concha

DestaDirect Sidra External-Tiya

Concha, DestaInternal-

herself and her past

Title Theme Point of ViewThe Boy who

never LearnedFriendship sees no boundaries, even time or status does not matter

Omniscient point of view

MacDo Familial bonds surpass public judgment

First Person point of View

Damdamin It is the perpetual duty of the children to take care,

honor, and give thanks to their

parents.

Omniscient Point of View

Ugat sa Dugo Sowing what one reaps is an essential rule

of life.

Limited Omniscient

point of view

POETRYMay be defined as a kind of language that says more and says it more than does ordinary language. Poetry takes all life as its province. Poetry as a whole is concerned with all kinds of experience, beautiful, ugly, actual or imaginary. Poetry is a kind of multidimensional language. Ordinary language, one which we use to communicate information is one dimensional.

It has four dimensions1. Intellectual

2. Sensuous3. Emotional4. Imaginative

The word poem came from the Latin word poema meaning something that is created and composed.

Rhyme-repetition of similar or identical sounds. It is determined not by spelling but by pronunciation. Its uses are:

1. may give pleasure to the ear2. emphasize important words or lines3. unify parts of the poem or the whole poem itself

End rhyme- rhyme that is found at the end of linesMedial or Initial Rhyme Rhyme Scheme- definite pattern to the end of the rhyme

Figurative Language1. Simile2. Metaphor3. Personification4. Apostrophe5. Hyperbole6. Metonymy7. Synecdoche8. Antithesis9. Alliteration

PoemsIdentify the Figures of Speech used in the poems studied. Answer the Guide Questions as well.

Title of Poem/Type of Poem

Figures of Speech Rhyme Scheme

Letter to Pete, Also Called pedro U.S. citizen

Violence on TV can’t compare to reality

I WASN’T ABLE TO FIND A SITE WITH POEM’S LINES. ILL TYPE THEM LATER.

Liham ni Pinay mula sa BruneiDyugdyugan

Letter to Pedro, US Citizen, also called Pete by Rene Estella Amper

Pete, old friend,there isn’t really much change

in our hometown since you left.

This morning I couldn’t find anymorethe grave of Simeona, the cat we buried

at the foot of Miguel’s mango tree,when we were in grade four,

after she was hit by a truck while crossingthe street. The bulldozer has messed it up

while making the feeder road into the mountainsto reach the hearts of the farmers.

The farmers come down every Sundayto sell their agony and their sweat fora few pesos, lose in the cockpit or get

drunk on the way home.

A steel bridge named after the congressman’s wifenow spans the gray river where Tasyo, the old

goat, had split the skin of our young lizardsto make us a man many years ago.

The long blue hills where weused to shoot birds with slingshot or spend

the summer afternoons we loved so much doingnothing in the tall grass have been bought

by the mayor’s son. Now there’s a barbed wirefence about them; the birds have gone away.

The mayor owns a big sugar plantation, threenew cars, and a mansion with the gate overhung

with sampaguita. Inside the gateare guys who carry a rifle and a pistol.

We still go to Konga’s store for riceand sardines and sugar and nails for the coffin.

Still only a handful go to Mass on Sundays.In the church the men talk, sleep; the children play.

The priest is sad.

Last night the storm came and blew awaythe cornflowers. The cornfields are full of cries.

Your cousin, Julia, has just become a whore.She liked good clothes, good food, big money.

That’s why she became a whore.Now our hometown has seven whores.

Pete, old friend,every time we have good reason to get drunk

and be carried home in a wheelbarrowwe always remember you. Oh, we miss

both Pete and Pedro.

Remember us to your American wife,you lucky bastard. Islaw, your cock-eyed

uncle, now calls himself Stanleyafter he began wearing the clothes you sent

him last Christmas.

P.S. Tasyo, the old goat,Sends your lizard his warmest congratulations.

Dyugdyugan by Lualhati Bautista

bago ka lumapit, gusto kong malaman mo

na sa loob ng maluwang na blusa ko

diretsahan ito, wala akong suso.

ang sagot niya, wala raw ‘yong kaso.

nawi-wish ko rin

na sana’y pareho kami ni carmi martin

huwag kang tanga, sagot niya

pag gano’n na kalaki, mahirap ding dalhin.

siguro’y alam mo ring nagdaan na ‘ko sa iba

sa kamang ganito, meron nang nakasama.

ang sagot niya, basta mahal kita.

ang tiyan ko’y marami nang bakat

ng nagdaang panganganak.

sabi niya, hulog daw iyon ng langit

bunga lang ng matamis na pakikipagtalik.

pero si sharon cuneta, sa kanyang pelikula

may asawa na’y virgin pa.

sabi niya,

kaya kita mo, hindi siya lumigaya.

sinasabi ko lang sa’yo

di ako humihingi ng paumanhin

ang sasabihin ng tatay mo

kaya mo bang tiisin?

ang sagot niya, mahal

ako’y malaki na

ang buhay ko’y akin, ako’ng magpapasiya.

pagkatapos ng romansa at magaling na bukadura

nag-asawa siya ng iba.

Liham ni Pinay mula sa Brunei ni Ruth Mabanglo

Ako’y guro, asawa at ina.

Isang babae--pupol ng pabango, pulbos at seda,

Kaulayaw ng batya, kaldero at kama.

Napagod yata ako’t nanghinawa,

Nagsikap mangibang-lupa.

Iyo’t iyon din ang lalaking umuupo sa kabisera,

Nagbabasa ng diyaryo uma-umaga.

Naghihintay siya ng kape

At naninigarilyo,

Habang kagkag ako sa pagitan ng kuna at libro,

Nagpapahid ng lipstick at nagpapatulo ng gripo.

Hindi siya nag-aangat ng mukha

Umaaso man ang kawali o umiingit ang bata.

Hinahatdan ko siya ng brief at tuwalya sa banyo,

Inaaliw kung mainit ang ulo.

Wala siyang paliwanag

Kung bakit hindi siya umuwi magdamag,

Ngunit kunot na kunot ang kanyang noo

Kapag umaalis ako ng Linggo.

Ayaw niya ng galunggong at saluyot

Kahit pipis ang sobreng inabot,

Ibig pa yatang maghimala ako ng ulam

Kahit ang pangrenta’y laging kulang.

Ako’y guro, asawa at ina.

Isang babae-- napapagal sa pagiging babae.

Itinakda ng kabahaging

Masumpa sa walis, labada’t oyayi

Kahit may propesyo’t kumikita ng salapi.

Iyo’t iyon din ang ruta ng araw-araw--

Kabagutang nakalatag sa kahabaan

Ng bahay at paaralan,

Ng kusina’t higaan.

May karapatan ba akong magmukmok?

Saan ako tatakbo kung ako’y malungkot?

May beerhouse at massage parlor na tambayan

Ang kabiyak kong nag-aasam,

Nasa bintana ako’t maghihintay.

Nagbabaga ang katawan ko sa paghahanap,

May krus ang dila ko’t di makapangusap.

Humihingi ng tinapay ang mga anak ko,

Itinotodo ko ang bolyum ng radyo.

Napagod yata ako’t nanghinawa,

Nagsikap mangibang-lupa.

Noon ako nanaginip na nakapantalon,

Nagpapadala ng dolyar at pasalubong.

Nakakahinga na ako ngayon nang maluwag,

Walang susi ang bibig, ang isip ay bukas.

Aaminin kong ako’y nangungulila

Ngunit sariling kape ko na ang tinitimpla.

Nag-aabang ako ng sulat sa tarangkaha’t pinto,

Sa telepono’y nabubusog ang puso.

Umiiyak ako noong una,

Nagagamot pala ang lahat sa pagbabasa.

Ito lamang ang sagot,

Bayaang lalaki ang maglaba ng kumot.

Guide Questions for All Poems Read1. Who is the author?2. Does the title suggest the theme?3. Who is the speaker?4. Does it tell a story?5. Does it have difinite number of lines, rhyme schemce and metrical pattern?6. Does it have quatrain couplets?

7. What senses were touched?8. What emotions were used and suggested?9. What are the figrues of speech that were used?10. What is the tone and mood?11. What is the over-all meaning?