Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social

consequences.

Middle East

Versailles Treaty

•US President Woodrow Wilson promoted the idea of self-determination (14 Points)

•Colonial empires should give ethnic groups the freedom to create their own nations

•So what will happen to the Ottoman Empire?

1920

1914Redrawing colonial maps led to population resettlements

•Monotheism•People of the Book•Moses and the Israelites -The Chosen People

Who are the Jews?

Review

Israel

Romans destroy the Second Temple in 70 AD

The Western Wall (pictured) is all that remains of the Jewish temple.

Where are Jews Located?

What is Anti-Semitism?

Discrimination against or prejudice or

hostility toward Jews

May Laws

Zionism

הרצל זאב בנימיןTheodor Herzl

You are a journalist at the first Zionist

conference in 1897 in Basel

Write TWO questions you would ask Herzl

World War I

• 1919 League of Nations gives Britain mandate over Palestine

• Britain had authority over Palestine until the region was ready for self-government

• Some said that Britain was given a “poisoned chalice”

• What might this mean?

Post war British Mandate

1917-1947 “The Mandate Years”• After WWI, the area had become the British

mandate of Palestine.• When Jewish immigration accelerated,

friction was created between Jews and Palestinian Arabs

• After 1945, Zionists and Palestinian Arabs wanted individual nations and both felt they had claim to Palestine.

• Britain withdrew in 1947 and the U.N. proposed that the country be partitioned 50/50

Kibbutz ,ץ# ִק&ּב#ּו ִקיּבּוץ

• 1920s and 30s socialist Kibbutzim movement • New cities such as Tel Aviv developed next to

Arab Jaffa.• Arab tenant farmers were often evicted from

land bought by Zionists from absentee Arab landlords.

Makin the Desert Bloom

Kibbutz Population

YearNo. of

kibbutzim Kibbutz

Population

1910 1 1920 12 8051930 29 3,9001940 82 26,5501950 214 67,5501960 229 77,9501970 229 85,1001980 255 111,2001990 270 125,100

2000 268 117,300Organization

Jewish Immigration to Palestine

Population of Palestine by religions[15]

Year Muslims Jews Christians Others

1922 486,177 83,790 71,464 7,617

1931 493,147 174,606 88,907 10,101

1941 906,551 474,102 125,413 12,881

1946 1,076,783 608,225 145,063 15,488

• Why do you think immigration increased so dramatically in 1941?

• Why are the British in a difficult position?

• Much of the immigation to Palestine was illegal.

• There were Arab riots and attacks on Jews.

• What should the British do? What are their options?

Why are Jews emigrating?

1936 German children’s book

Illustration from a children's book. The headlines say "Jews are our misfortune" and "How the Jew cheats." Germany, 1936.

Illegal Jewish Immigration

• The US and many European powers tried to slow the flow of Jewish immigration to Palestine.

• 1939 British threatened to cut immigration to 25000 a year

• Hagganah established an intelligence arm – Mossad – to help illegal immigrants

War of Independence or the Catastrophe?• A war broke out when the Jews, certain of

U.S. and Soviet support, declared their independence and the creation of a new state of Israel on May 14, 1948.

• When fighting ended in 1949, the Israelis had conquered more territory than had been envisioned in the U.N. plan, and the rest of the territory fell to Egypt and Jordan, rather than forming an independent Palestinian state. (see map on next slide)

• Palestinian Arab refugees fled to Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza strip.

Results of the1948 War of Independence

Middle Eastern nations achieved independence from Europeans