MIDDLE AND EARLY UPPER PALAEOLITHIC OF THE

KRAKOW REGION

KsiBcia Józefa

Edited by

Valéry Sitlivy Aleksandra ZiCba & Krzysztof Sobczyk

MUSEES ROYAUX D’ART ET D’HISTOIRE

BRUXELLES 2009

MIDDLE AND EARLY UPPER PALAEOLITHIC OF

THE KRAKOW REGION

KsiBcia Józefa

Musées royaux d’Art et d’HistoireMonographie de Préhistoire générale

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Edited by

Valéry Sitlivy, Aleksandra ZiCba & Krzysztof Sobczyk

BRUXELLES 2009

Monographie de Préhistoire généraleCollection dirigée par

Nicolas CAUWE, Chef des travaux agrégé

© Musées royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, BruxellesPolitique scientiique fédérale belge

Éditeur responsable: Anne Cahen-Delhaye, Directeur général des Musées royaux d’Art et d’Histoire.

D/2009/0550/3

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The site of KsiCcia Józefa is located in the Zwierzyniec-Salwator region of Krakow, on the northern slope of the Vistula Valley in the Krakow Gate at the intersection of KsiCcia Józefa and Malczewskiego Streets (ig. 2.1-2.3), on property belonging to Norbertine nuns. It was discovered on June 6, 1997, by V.Sitlivy and K.Sobczyk during

systematic survey and subsequently excavated by them from 1998 to 2002, and then with A. ZiCba in 2001-2002. (Sitlivy et al. 1999a, 2001, 2004, 2006a, b; Sobczyk et al. 2001; 2006; ZiCba 2005, in press; ZiCba et al. 2008).

The irst lint artefacts (a discoidal core, lakes including débordant pieces, and a blade)

2. HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS

V. Sitlivy, A. ZiCba, K. Sobczyk, H. Valladas,N. Mercier & N. Tisnerat

Fig. 2.1. Map of Krakow, showing the location of the site of KsiCcia Józefa.

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Fig. 2.2. Aerial view of KsiCcia Józefa excavations during summer 2001 and construction of a new bridge across the Vistula River.

Fig. 2.3.View of KsiCcia Józefa from the right bank of the Vistula River in autumn 2002.

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Fig. 2.4. Discovery of KsiCcia Józefa, summer 1997.

were recovered near the eastern proile of a small private sand quarry (ig. 2.4). The irst test pit (1998) and extended trenches (ig. 2.5) are located on the Interpleniglacial terrace (ig. 2.6) of the northern slope of the Vistula River. Over ive years, an area of more than 100 m² was excavated (ig. 2.7-2.10).

A systematic TL and AMS dating programme was carried out by H. Valladas and N. Mercier (ig. 2.8; 2.10) and geological analyses by T. Kalicki (ig. 2.11: 1).

The open-air site of KsiCcia Józefa has at maximum a 7-meter thick sequence containing three

Fig. 2.5. Site plan of the KsiCcia Józefa excavations.

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human occupations (OIS 3; about 44–40 ky BP): layer III (Lower complex), layer II (Middle complex) and layer I (Upper complex). Lithic assemblages from all three layers comprise 24619 artefacts in total. To date, the archaeological sequence can be

summarised as follows:

Layer I (Upper complex) - periphery or 1. part of a larger, destroyed, occupation or, more probably, an ephemeral site with

Fig. 2.6. Eastern view of the Vistula terrace with KsiCcia Józefa and KoWciuszko Mound (on top of St. Bronislava Hill) in autumn 2002.

Fig. 2.7. View of KsiCcia Józefa during excavation of the uppermost layers at the beginning of the 1999 season.

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Fig. 2.8. View of KsiCcia Józefa during excavation of lower layer III and thermoluminescence dating programme in 2000.

Fig. 2.9. KsiCcia Józefa: photo of excavation of the uppermost layers at the beginning of the 2001 season.

isolated lithic artefacts of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic type. Artefacts came mostly from the lower and middle parts of Series II (silty muds), varying in colour from grey-yellow and grey-brown to blue-grey (ig. 2.11). The dispersed archaeological lint artefacts of the uppermost cultural level were found in Series II as well as in a highly ferriferous layer which marks the base of the silty muds (ig. 2.11: 3; 3.1). The assemblage comprises 68 items and was recovered during the 1998-2002 excavations. Over ive years, an area of about 80 m² was excavated (ig. 4.3.1).

Layer II (Middle complex) - a small 2. in situ debitage area or workshop with remnants of hearths and a dense lint concentration with numerous products uniquely from blade production; tools are of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, but non-diagnostic, types and are rare. Lithic artefacts, comprising 2189 items, were recovered from Member III-1 (silty sands) of Series III during the 1998-2001 excavations (ig. 2.11: 1, 2, 4-6; 3.1). Over four years, an area of about 80 m² was excavated. Most archaeological inds, including burnt artefacts and remnants of

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Fig. 2.10. View of KsiCcia Józefa during excavations of lower layer III and thermoluminescence dating programme in 2001 (black holes in proile S for measurements show archaeological layers I and II).

hearths, were localised in a small zone of about 6 m²; the rest of the excavated area yielded only isolated lint artefacts (ig. 4.2.1). Layer II (Middle complex) is dated back by H. Valladas, N. Mercier, N. Tisnerat to 40380 ± 940 BP (AMS from charcoal, GifA, 100387; Sitlivy et al. 2004).

Layer III (Lower complex) - an 3. in situ high-density large camp with different activities that took place around ireplaces with dominant Middle Palaeolithic lake production and dominance of Middle Palaeolithic tools, but also with clear evidence of Upper Palaeolithic blade reduction. Numerous artefacts (22362 items) were found at the top of Member III-2 in the lower part of the medium - and coarse-grained sands of Series III (ig. 2.11: 5, 6; 3.1). This industry was discovered in 1999, by V. Sitlivy during extension and deepening of the northeast part of the main trench in order to reach bedrock (ig. 2.5; 2.11: 2, 6) and subsequently excavated in 2000-2002. Over four years, an area of about 80 m² was excavated. This is a thin 5-10 cm occupation (ig. 2.12: 1, 2) covering the entire area excavated. Material was dispersed across the

entire excavated living-loor, forming separate dense scatters (ig. 2.12: 3; 4.1.1). Large concentrations of burnt stones and remains of 29 unstructured hearths were discovered (ig. 4.1.2). Isolated burnt artefacts, traces of ash and charcoal are common across the excavated area. More than 300 reitted blocks have been reconstructed (reitting rate is 20.7%; without chips); about one-third are complete or nearly so. Layer III (Lower complex) is dated back to 44400 ± 1400 BP (AMS from charcoal, GifA, 100388; Sitlivy et al. 2004).

The lithic assemblages in layers III and II are rich. Several individual reduction sequences (cores and tools as well as transformation of tools into cores and inversely) have been reconstructed, often able to entirely reconstruct the initial nodule or blank with few or no missing pieces, especially in layer III. These show complex and unique tendencies in knapping activities and in human behaviour.

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Fig. 2.11. KsiCcia Józefa proiles and positions of archaeological layers (in black Roman numerals): 1 - test pit 1998/W; 2 and 6 - test pit 1999/E; 3 - trench 1999 with artefact position of uppermost layer I; 4 - trench 1999/S; 5 - trench 2000/S.

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Fig. 2.12. KsiCcia Józefa, trench 2002, lowermost layer III: 1 – proile S with hearth cross-section; 2- proile S with lint artefacts and hearth remnants; 3- horizontal distribution of artefacts.

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