Middle Ages

Crusades—Christians vs. Muslims for Control

of Holy Lands

Crusades Map

CrusadesIn 1095, Muslim Turks invaded

lands held by Christians of the Byzantine Empire: Jerusalem & all of Asia Minor

Pope Urban II asked all Christians to join a Crusade (military expedition) & fight the Muslims to take back these holy lands

The Christian Crusades

Motivations for the CrusadesPope’s Goals—wanted to unite

Roman Catholic (western Europe) & Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire); show the supremacy of the Pope; & regain holy lands from Muslims

Crusaders’ Goals—pope offered forgiveness for sins & access to Heaven; gain riches; support Church

Merchants’ Goals—gain control of trade routes & dominate trade

Motivations for CrusadesCrusades became a religious,

economic, & political conflict–Religious—defeat Muslims &

retake holy lands, spread Christianity

–Economic—gain trade routes–Political—unite Roman Catholic

& Eastern Orthodox Christianity, prove Pope’s power

MUSLIMS

CHRISTIANS

Fighting the CrusadesBetween 50,000-60,000 knights

became Crusaders to defeat Muslims; came from present-day France, Italy, Germany, England, Scotland, Spain

First Crusade—was only successful Crusade; claimed 400 miles of land from Edessa to Jerusalem in 1099; created 4 feudal states (Edessa, Acre, Triploi, Jerusalem), each ruled by a French noble

Path of the Crusades

Fighting the CrusadesAfter the First Crusade, Muslims

took back Jerusalem & Edessa, which led to more Crusades that the Muslims won

Fourth Crusade—crusaders never fought Muslims but fought Byzantines; looted & burned Constantinople; these actions forever divided Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Effects of the CrusadesBefore the Crusades:

–Everyone lived on a manor–Everything that was needed

was made on the manor–Nothing was purchased from

the outside except resources like salt & iron through fairs

So, now that the Crusaders have seen new places, how is this going to change Europe?

Effects of the CrusadesCultural Diffusion—new products &

ideas spread to Europe:–Foods—sugar, spices, herbs–Luxury Goods—ivory, pearls, silk, linen,

cotton, glass mirrors–Navigation—shipbuilding ideas,

accurate maps, astrolabe, compass–Math—Arabic numbers, algebra–Science—ideas in physics, astronomy;

telescope

Mapping ActivityLocate on map:

Constantinople, Edessa, Tripoli, Acre, Jerusalem, Venice, Rome, Islamic Empire, Byzantine Empire, Paris, Holy Roman Empire, Trace the First Crusade