Microwave Processing of Materials II Microwave …assets.cambridge.org/97811074/07961/frontmatter/9781107407961... · Microwave Processing of Materials II ... OF ELECTRIC FIELDS IN

Microwave Processing of Materials II

Microwave Processing of Materials

This volume contains the complete text of MRS Symposium Proceedings Volumes 189and 124.

Volume 189, Microwave Processing of Materials II\ documents the symposium heldat the 1990 MRS Spring Meeting in San Francisco, California, U.S.A., edited by W.B.Snyder Jr., W.H. Sutton, M.F. Iskander, and D.L. Johnson. Volume 124, MicrowaveProcessing of Materials, documents the symposium held at the 1988 MRS SpringMeeting in Reno, Nevada, U.S.A., edited by W.H. Sutton, M.H. Brooks, and I.J.Chabinsky. These two proceedings are combined in one volume as a convenient singlevolume reference. Original pagination has been retained to enable easy reference to thisvolume or the original volumes.

Volume 189 begins at the front of this book, and Volume 124 beginsimmediately following (after the conclusion of Volume 189 on page 531;approximately the middle of this book).

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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-40796-1 - Microwave Processing of Materials II: MaterialsResearch Society Symposium Proceedings: Volume 189Editors: William B. Snyder, Willard H. Sutton, Magdy F. Iskander and D. Lynn JohnsonFrontmatterMore information

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MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 189


Symposium held April 17-20, 1990, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.

EDITORS:

William B. Snyder, Jr.Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.

Willard H. SuttonUnited Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A.

Magdy F. IskanderUniversity of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.

D.Lynn JohnsonNorthwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, U.S.A.

IMFRIS1 MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETYPittsburgh, Pennsylvania






cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City

Cambridge University Press32 Avenue of the Americas, New York ny 10013-2473, USA

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© Materials Research Society 1991

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First published 1991 First paperback edition 2012

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isbn 978-1-107-40796-1 Paperback

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This work was supported in part by the U.S. Army Research Office under Grant Number DAAL03-90-G-0087. The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision unless so designated by other documentation.






Contents

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PART I: INTERNATIONAL/PLENARY

*MODEL-INFORMED MICROWAVE PROCESSING OF MATERIALS 3W.A. Geoffrey Voss and H.K. Kua

*REVIEW OF THE FRENCH ACTIVITY IN MICROWAVE CONTROLAND PROCESSING OF MATERIALS 15

Jean-Charles Bolomey and Jean-Pierre Metail

•MICROWAVE INDUSTRIAL, SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICALAPPLICATIONS IN BRAZIL 27

Octavio M. Andrade

PART II: NEW APPLICATIONS AND ENHANCED KINETICS

*THE POSSIBILITIES OF MATERIAL PROCESSING BY INTENSEMILLIMETER-WAVE RADIATION 41

Yu. V. Bykov, A.F.L. Gol'denberg, and V.A. Flyagin

MICROWAVE ENHANCEMENT OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL REACTIONS 43Glenn E. Fanslow

ON-LINE TRANSVERSE CONTROL OF MATERIALS BY MEANS OFMICROWAVE IMAGING TECHNIQUES 49

J.Ch. Bolomey, G. Cottard, and B.J. Cown

THERMAL CONDUCTION MEASUREMENTS OF MATERIALS USINGMICROWAVE ENERGY 55

R.E. Giedd and G.R. Giedd

APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUSWASTES: A) NON-VOLATILE ORGANICS; B) HEAVY METALS 61

Leonard Dauerman, Gabriele Windgasse, Huiping Gu,Nagui Ibrahim, and El-Hamy Sedhom

DETOXIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE STREAMS USINGMICROWAVE-ASSISTED FLUID-BED OXIDATION 67

R. Varma, S.P. Nandi, and J.D. Katz

MICROWAVE RESONATOR TECHNIQUES FOR SORTING DIELECTRICOBJECTS 69

Andrzej W. Kraszewski and Stuart O. Nelson

*Invited Paper






MICROWAVE PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS TOCHARACTERIZE SEMICONDUCTORS 75

M. Kunst

A UNIQUE APPLICATION OF A MICROWAVE INDUCEDPLASMA FOR MATERIAL SYNTHESIS 81

Johanna B. Salsman and S.P. Holderfield

PATTERNING OF MICROWAVE PLASMA DEPOSITED DIAMONDFILMS 87

Moeljanto W. Leksono and Howard R. Shanks

FIRST RESULTS OF IN-CAN MICROWAVE PROCESSINGEXPERIMENTS FOR RADIOACTIVE LIQUID WASTES AT THEOAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY 91

T.L. White, E.L. Youngblood, J.B. Berry,and A.J. Mattus

APPLICATION OF GYROTRON RADIATION FOR COATINGAND WELDING 99

B.E. Paton and V.E. Sklyarevich

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR MICROWAVE-ASSISTEDCHEMICAL VAPOR INFILTRATION 101

James W. Evans and D. Gupta

PART III: DESIGN AND USE OF MATERIALSAPPLICATORS FOR MATERIALS PROCESSING

NEW HIGH TEMPERATURE MULTIPURPOSE APPLICATOR 111W.R. Tinga, B.Q. Tian, and W.A.G. Voss

A MODULAR APPROACH TO MICROWAVE APPLICATOR DESIGN 117Jose T. Senise

USE OF NETWORK ANALYZER AND COAXIAL PROBE TODETERMINE COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY 123

David Blackham

THE GROUNDED DIELECTRIC SLAB AS A PLANAR LEAKY-WAVEAPPLICATOR 129

G. d'Ambrosio, G. Ferrara, and R. Massa

THE DESIGN OF A TM1Q RESONANT CAVITY MICROWAVEAPPLICATOR AS A PREHEATING AND CROSSLINKING DIE FORPULTRUDED COMPOSITES 135

S.R. Ghaffariyan and J.M. Methven

FIBEROPTIC SENSOR FOR MINIMALLY-PERTURBING MEASUREMENTOF ELECTRIC FIELDS IN HIGH POWER MICROWAVE ENVIRONMENTS 141

M.H. Sun, K.A. Wickersheim, A. Kamal, andW.R. Kolbeck






PART IV: NUMERICAL MODELING TECHNIQUES

•COMPUTER MODELING AND NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES FORQUANTIFYING MICROWAVE INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS 149

Magdy F. Iskander

ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOR OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS ATMICROWAVES FREQUENCIES: INTRODUCTION TO FRACTIONALDERIVATIVES IN ELECTROMAGNETISM 173

F. Heliodore, D. Cottevieille, and A. Le Mehaute

THEORY OF MICROWAVE EFFECTS ON ATOMIC DIFFUSION INSINTERING: BASIC CONSIDERATIONS OF THE PHENOMENONOF THERMAL RUNAWAY 179

V.M. Kenkre, L. Skala, M.W. Weiser, andJ.D. Katz

TEMPERATURE PROFILES IN A FINITE ELEMENT THERMAL MODELOF THE PROSTATE REGION UNDER HYPERTHERMIA TREATMENT 185

Indira Chatterjee, Roy E. Adams, and Namdar Saniei

EVAPORATION MODEL OF THE NEAR SURFACE MICROWAVEDISCHARGE 191

Yu. V. Bykov, A.G. Eremeev, and A.A. Sorokin

DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS RANKS OF COAL ANDNUMERICAL MODELING UNDER ELECTROMAGNETIC IRRADIATION 195

I. Chatterjee and M. Misra

PRELIMINARY THERMAL MODEL FOR HIGH TEMPERATUREPROCESSING USING MICROWAVE ENERGY 201

E. Eugene Eves II and Ronald L. Snider

GENERALIZED PULSE-SPECTRUM TECHNIQUE FOR SOLVINGINVERSE PROBLEMS IN MICROWAVE HEATING 207

Y.M. Chen and Franklin F.Y. Wang

PART V: CONSOLIDATION AND PROCESSINGOF CERAMICS

•DIFFUSION-CONTROLLED PROCESSES IN MICROWAVE-FIREDOXIDE CERAMICS 215

Mark A. Janney and Hal D. Kimrey

MICROWAVE SINTERING OF OXIDES 229M. Aliouat, L. Mazo, and G. Desgardin

MICROWAVE SINTERING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE PRODUCTIONOF METAL OXIDE VARISTORS 237

G. McMahon, A. Pant, R. Sood, A. Ahmad, andR.T. Holt

MICROWAVE SINTERING OF ZIRCONIA-TOUGHENED ALUMINACOMPOSITES 243

H.D. Kimrey, J.O. Kiggans, M.A. Janney, andR.L. Beatty

•Invited Paper






THE PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA SINTERED IN A 2.45 GHzMICROWAVE FIELD 257

Mark C.L. Patterson, Robert M. Kimber, andPrasad S. Apte

MICROWAVE PROCESSING OF SILICON NITRIDE 267T.N. Tiegs, J.O. Kiggans, Jr., and H.D. Kimrey, Jr.

MICROWAVE SINTERING OF NANOCRYSTALLINE TiO2 273J.A. Eastman, K.E. Sickafus, J.D. Katz, S.G. Boeke,R.D. Blake, C.R. Evans, R.B. Schwarz, and Y.X. Liao

THE MICROWAVE HEATING BEHAVIOUR OF METALLIC-INSULATOR COMPOSITE SYSTEMS 279

Claude P. Lorenson, Mel D. Ball,Ralph Herzig, and Hamish Shaw

EFFECT OF GREEN MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSINGVARIABLES ON THE MICROWAVE SINTERING OF ALUMINA 283

Arindam De, Iftikhar Ahmad, E. Dow Whitney,and David E. Clark

THERMAL EFFECTS DURING MICROWAVE PLASMASINTERING OF CERAMICS 289

Matthew Hsu, Mary P. Sweeney, andD. Lynn Johnson

ESTIMATES FOR DIFFUSION BARRIERS AND ATOMICPOTENTIALS IN MgO: CNDO/2 CALCULATIONS FORTHE STUDY OF MICROWAVE EFFECTS IN SINTERING 303

L. Skala, V.M. Kenkre, M.W. Weiser,and J.D. Katz

MICROWAVE DRYING OF BOROSILICATE GELS 309Srinivas Surapanani, Michael E. Mullins,and B.C. Cornilsen

PART VI: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ANDMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

*A NOVEL MICROWAVE DEVICE DESIGNED TO PRESERVE CELLSTRUCTURE IN MILLISECONDS 329

Gary R. Login, Susan Kissell, Barbara K. Dwyer,and Ann M. Dvorak

•MICROWAVE POLYMERIZATION OF EMBEDDING RESINS FORBIOLOGICAL/BIOMEDICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 347

B.L. Giammara, D.J. Birch, and D.O. Harper

INCREASED CANDIDA DEMONSTRATED IN SUBGINGIVALPLAQUES OF AIDS PATIENTS BY MICROWAVE-ACCELERATEDSILVER STAINING 355

Jacob S. Hanker, Mark J. Kutcher,E. Jefferson Burkes, Jr., George W. Greco,Roy L. Hopfer, Darryl T. Hamamoto,William P. Webster, Peggy E. Yates,James D. Beck, and Beverly L. Giammara

*Invited Paper

viii






IMAGE ANALYSIS METHOD TO COUNT SILVER-STAINEDCANDIDA IN AIDS PATIENTS' SUBGINGIVAL PLAQUES 371

Jacob S. Hanker, Hinesh B. Patel,Beverly L. Giammara, and Juergen Von Der Heiden

PART VII: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

•PRESENT AND FUTURE USES OF MICROWAVE POWER 383Richard D. Smith

*THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MICROWAVE HEATING APPLICATIONSAT ONTARIO HYDRO'S RESEARCH DIVISION 391

Steven J. Oda, Ibrahim S. Balbaa, andBruce T. Barber

PROCESSING OF SILICON WAFERS FOLLOWED BY MICROWAVEPHOTOCONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS 403

A. Sanders, H. Wetzel, and M. Kunst

PART VIII: POLYMER AND ORGANIC MATERIALS PROCESSING

•MICROWAVE PROCESSING OF POLYMERS AND POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 411Charles Y-C Lee

•PROCESSING OF POLYMERS AND POLYMER COMPOSITES IN AMICROWAVE APPLICATOR 413

Martin C. Hawley and Jianghua Wei

•ELECTROMAGNETIC PROCESSING OF POLYMERS: I. BASICCONCEPTS AND MOLECULAR DESIGN OF THE MACROMOLECULES 421

J.C. Hedrick, D.A. Lewis, T.C. Ward, andJ.E. McGrath

•ELECTROMAGNETIC PROCESSING OF POLYMERS:II. QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF MICROWAVEPROCESSED THERMOPLASTICS (MICROWAVE CALORIMETRY) 431

M. Chen, M.A. Zumbrum, J.C. Hedrick,J.E. McGrath, and T.C. Ward

FEATURES OF MICROWAVE PROCESSING OF INORGANIC/ORGANICHYBRID NETWORKS (CERAMIC) MATERIALS 441

D.E. Rodrigues and G.L. Wilkes

•ENHANCED CHEMICAL BONDING AT THE FIBER-MATRIXINTERPHASE IN MICROWAVE PROCESSED COMPOSITES 449

L.T. Drzal, K.J. Hook, and R.K. Agrawal

•THE CONSOLIDATION AND PROCESSING OF GRAPHITE FIBER/POLYMER COMPOSITES BY CONTROLLED MODE MICROWAVES 455

D.J. Treacy, D.A. Evans, J.S. Boyce, J.F. McCoy,and B.M. Treadway

•MICROWAVE HEATING FOR MANUFACTURING CARBON-FIBERTHERMOPLASTICS 461

A.C. Lind, L.N. Medgyesi-Mitschang, J.E. Kurz,H.F. McKinney, and F.C. Wear

•Invited Paper






HYDROLYSIS OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE BY CONVENTIONALOR MICROWAVE HEATING 469

Edwin G.E. Jahngen, Ronald R. Lentz,Peter S. Pesheck, and Patricia Holt Sackett

PART IX: DIELECTRIC PROPERTIESAND MEASUREMENTS

•DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES MEASUREMENTS AND DATA 477Joseph A. Carpenter, Jr.

•MICROWAVE MATERIALS DIELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS 489Don Purinton and Leon Stiborek

AN AMPLITUDE-ONLY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE FOR THEEVALUATION OF THE COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY OF COMPOSITEMATERIALS IN THE MICROWAVE RANGE 497

B. Bisceglia, A. Ciliberto, G. d'Ambrosio,G. Ferrara, R. Massa, and C. Sabatino

MEASUREMENTS OF THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OFIRRADIATED LOW-LOSS BY MICROWAVE REFLECTOMETRY ANDMICRO-CALORIMETRY 503

S.N. Buckley and P. Agnew

TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIESOF MINERALS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE ANDDENSITY AT MICROWAVE HEATING FREQUENCIES 509

Johanna B. Salsman

MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMERSCONTAINING PARTICULATE METAL FILLERS 517

Barry G.M. Helme

AUTHOR INDEX 523

SUBJECT INDEX 525

MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS end of book

The pages immediately following page 531 containthe proceedings of Microwave Processing ofMaterials, Volume 124

•Invited Paper






Preface

This volume contains sixty-four papers that were presentedat the Symposium on Microwave Processing of Materials, which washeld at the 1990 MRS Spring Meeting in San Francisco,California. The symposium was organized to continue the focusof the 1988 Symposium on Microwave Processing of Materials,Volume 124. One hundred-three papers were presented orally andas posters at the symposium. Within the two-year period since1988, an MRS Short Course has been added in conjunction with thesymposium and the number of papers has more than doubled.Clearly, the processing of materials using electromagneticenergy is growing. This volume contains new materials and newapplications not covered in Volume 124.

Microwave processing has been successfully applied tonumerous materials within the four states of matter - liquid,solid, gas and plasma. Various advantages such as creation ofnew microstructures, increased kinetics of chemical reactions,volumetric heating, rapid heating, selective heating ofmixtures, etc. can be available through the use of microwaveelectromagnetic energy. Due to the enormous economic advantagesoften gained from the use of microwave energy in industrialprocessing, it is difficult to successfully gain publicity ofthose applications which remain "proprietary." The authors ofthe papers in this volume have been gracious in openly sharingtheir experiences with the reader. The newcomer to this fieldshould be cautioned with the words of one author, "Wheremicrowave energy has been successfully adapted to materialsprocessing, the capital cost of equipment has rarely, if ever,been justified on the basis of energy savings. More likely,microwave energy has been used because no other form of energywould produce the same value added."

This volume has been divided into nine topical parts. Thepapers in Part I provide a general overview of materialsprocessing throughout many parts of the world. Papers in PartII give some previously unpublished applications of microwaveenergy and show clearly instances in which the kinetics ofchemical reactions have been enhanced. Part III contains paperswhich describe the design and development of applicators whichcan be used to apply electromagnetic fields to variousmaterials. Part IV gives papers which are attempting tonumerically model the complex interactions of electromagneticradiation with materials and bring some scientific insight intothe unusual observations made by materials scientists. Part Vgives a number of papers concerned with the microwave processingof ceramic materials. Unusual microstructures, reducedactivation energies for densification, and improved propertiesare all mentioned in these papers. Part VI contains paperspertinent to the effects observed for biological specimens. Inparticular, a new technique for detecting the presence of the"AIDS" virus using microwave energy is described. Part VIIgives papers which enumerate several commercial applications ofmicrowave energy. Part VIII gives a series of papers whichencompass a wide area of research on polymers and polymercomposites sponsored by DARPA and managed by the U.S. Air Force






and Army. Part IX contains papers which describe the varioustechniques for determining dielectric properties of materials,an extremely important area of research for supporting the useof electromagnetic energy in heating materials.

In reviewing the concerns expressed by the panel discussionof 1988, we feel that the Short Course started in 1990 will helpto bridge the gap in skills between the "materials" and"electromagnetic" communities. In addition, the co-sponsorshipof this symposium by the American Ceramic Society and theInternational Microwave Power Institute has helped to bringthese diverse communities closer. Some progress has been madein increasing the knowledge of high temperature dielectricproperties. There is still a lack of universities and technicalschools teaching the necessary curricula needed to span thematerials and electromagnetics subjects of this technology.

It is hoped that this volume will complement the previousVolume 124 and provide the newcomer with an even broader reviewof the available literature on this exciting subject. Anothersymposium will be held in 1992.

William B. Snyder, Jr.Willard H. SuttonMagdy F. IskanderD. Lynn Johnson

April 1991






Acknowledgments

We wish to thank all of the participants and contributorswho made this Symposium a great success. We are particularlygrateful to the authors and referees who assisted in the timelypublication of the Proceedings.

The invited speakers provided excellent reviews andstimulated much interest in new areas of research, developmentand applications of microwave radiation to materials. They are:

O.M. AndradeJ. Asmussen, Jr.R.L.J.Ch

Beatty. Bolomey

Y. BykovJ.A.D.A.L.T.F.D.B.L.

CarpenterEvansDrzalGacGiammara

J. HankerM.C. HawleyW. HoM.F. IskanderM.A. JanneyC. Y-C LeeA.C. LindG.R. LoginJ.E. McGrathS. Oda

A. PriouD. PuritonD. RodriguesR.D. SmithM.A. StuchlyS.S. StuchlyV.K. VaradanW.A.G. VossT.C. Ward

The session chairs did an excellent job of directing thesessions and guiding the discussions. They were alsoresponsible for collecting and refereeing the papers in theirsession. They were:

J. Asmussen, Jr.J.Ch. BolomeyJ.A. Carpenter, Jr.F.D. GacJ.E. GerlingW. HoM.F. Iskander

M.A. JanneyD.L. JohnsonH.D. KimreyC. Y-C LeeG.R. LoginJ.E. McGrathW.B. Snyder

M.A. StuchlyW.H. SuttonW.R. TingaR. VarmaW.A.G. Voss

An MRS Short Course "Microwave Interactions with DielectricMaterials" was held in conjunction with the Symposium. We areespecially grateful to M.F. Iskander and H.D. Kimrey for theenormous effort put forth by these gentlemen in creating thiseducational opportunity for newcomers in this emergingtechnology.

We wish to give a special thanks to A.B. Leslie who spentnumerous hours arranging meetings, typing and mailingcorrespondence, retyping papers, indices, etc. and compiling thefinal manuscript.

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of thefollowing organizations:

DOE Energy Conversion And Utilization Technologies (ECUT)Army Research Office, Durham, NC

Electric Power Research Institute/CMFGerling Laboratories

Cober Electronics, Inc.Varian Consolidated Electronics

Wavemat, Inc.

xiii






Alcan International, Ltd.Hewlett-Packard

This Symposium was endorsed by the American Ceramic Societyand the International Microwave Power Institute.

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Microwave Processing of Materials II Microwave …assets.cambridge.org/97811074/07961/frontmatter/9781107407961... · Microwave Processing of Materials II ... OF ELECTRIC FIELDS IN