Upload
ngothuan
View
218
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Desktop
All current OS GUIs looking alike Started with Macintosh back in 1990
• Microsoft borrowed the look• Apple sued, won, Microsoft introduced a
new release….
Start button at the bottom of the screen
Long File Names
Eliminated the 8.3 DOS restriction Up to 255 characters could be used Some characters cannot be used:| * > < ? : / \ “
Windows Startup Disk
Used by Windows 95 and 98 Contained only essential files
• Not the entire OS Could be used to repair/verify some
hardware components Not recommended for Vista
OS Boot Sequences
Process of starting the computer• Combination of hardware and software
control to initialize hardware and load operating system
A+ Certification requires knowledge of the process
Warm and Cold Boots
Warm / soft boot• Computer is already running• Typically after an update or program
load• Usually software initiated
Cold / hard boot• Power switch is turned on
Power On Self Test (POST)
Common to all OS• Even MAC OS X and Linux
Initiated by the BIOS bootstrap• Short program• Locates the Master Boot Record (MBR)• Loads into memory basic files• Turns the operation over to the OS
Comes from the saying• “to pull oneself up by one’s bootstraps”
Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)
Modern approach to BIOS Developed by Intel Now a standard is being developed
by several manufactures
Windows95, 98, Me Boot Sequence
Evolved from DOS Dated, but useful even with XP/Vista Only files needed are•io.sys•msdos.sys•command.com
Includes DOS, 95, 98 and Me config.sys and autoexec.bat are
used for legacy programs
Windows95, 98, Me Boot Sequence
1. BIOS performs the POST2. BIOS locates the MBR and loads it3. BIOS loads io.sys4. io.sys loads file allocation table5. io.sys processes msdos.sys6. io.sys the processes config.sys,
command.com, autoexec.bat & win.com
7. win.com loads the Windows kernel
Config.sys
Used in early versions of Windows• Customize certain features
How many file could be opened
• Loaded device drivers
Still included in BOOT• Only to support legacy applications
Replaced by the registry Simple ASCII file that can be edited
Autoexec.bat
Load and run programs at startup Optional for Windows 95 and later Only required for legacy (DOS)
applications sysedit.exe is used to edit system.ini, win.ini, autoexec.bat, and config.sys
Windows NT-basedBoot Sequence
First Microsoft independent of DOS Redesigned around a new kernel Boot sequence as a series of phases No longer sequential command, but
several files working together
Windows NT-basedBoot Sequence
1. BIOS performs POST2. BIOS locates MBR and loads it3. MBR loads ntldr (OS loader)4. ntldr reads boot.ini5. If boot.ini references a SCSII drive
ntbootdd.sys loads6. ntldr calls ntdetect.com7. ntdetect.com detects system hardware
and passes info to ntldr
Windows NT-basedBoot Sequence
1. ntldr passes hardware info and control to ntoskrnl.exe
2. ntoskrnl.exe loads device drivers and hal.dll
3. ntoskrnl.exe then initializes the computer settings stored in the registry
4. winlogon.exe load, user can then begin to log on
5. User successfully logons on to the computer
Vista Boot Sequence
Microsoft made additional changes Vista can boot from BIOS or EFI After POST the process progresses
through the initial startup Process then enters the Windows
Boot Manager (bootmgr) bootmgr reads a registry-type file,
Boot Configuration Data (BCD)
Vista Boot Sequence bootmgr replaces bootcfg.exe found
in Windows NT-based operating systems
bootmgr shows multiple OS (if installed)
Windows Boot Loader (winload.exe) phase begins
Windows Vista kernel (ntoskrnl.exe) is loaded, but not executed
Vista Boot Sequence
hal.dll and registry data are loaded kernel is executed and Windows Boot
Loader phase ends Session Manager (smss.exe) starts
• creates the system environment• text-based to this point
GUI is now loaded.
Vista Boot Sequence
1. BIOS performs POST2. BIOS locates MBR and loads to
memory3. BIOS locates and loads bootmgr4. Windows Boot Manager reads BCD
file and displays boot menu5. Windows Boot Manager starts
winload.exe
Vista Boot Sequence
6. ntoskrnl.exe and hal.dll load into memory
7. kernel loads device drivers and hal.dll
8. kernel starts smss.exe9. OS switches to graphics mode10. Logon Manager allows logon
process to begin
Dual-Boot Systems
Two or more operating systems installed
Windows Boot Manager allows user to select which to start
If nothing is selected, Vista will start by default
Virtual Machines
Dual-boot or multiple-boot systems only one OS can run at a time
With VirtualPC (Microsoft) or VMware (3rd party) allows more than one OS to be executed
CPU and RAM performance are negatively affected• The OS's must share
Windows Family History 3.x
• Not really a new OS• DOS with a graphic
layer Windows 95
• Plug and Play (PnP)• Right mouse click• 32-bit operating
system• Enhanced CD
player
Windows Family History
Windows 98• Code name Memphis, Windows 97• Delayed numerous times• Supported
DVDMMXAGPFAT32
• Included built-in Web browser
Windows Family History
Windows NT (New Technology)• Developed to replace MS-DOS• Two versions
PC operating systemServer operating system
• 32-bit system• Enhanced security
Windows Family History
• 1983 saw the introduction of the first Microsoft graphic user interface (GUI)• It was not a new OS, the existing file
structure was just displayed differently
• Windows 95 was a new OS that was not completely dependent on DOS• Windows 3.x and Windows 95 are no
longer on the CompTIA exam
Windows Family History
• Windows 95• Plug and Play (PnP)• Right mouse click• 32-bit operating system• Enhanced CD player
Windows Family History
• Windows 98• Release delayed several times• Offered support new technologies
• DVD, MMX, AGP, and FAT32
• Web browser was integrated into the OS• Very controversial• Involved Microsoft in an antitrust suit that
made it to the US Supreme Court
• Downward compatible with earlier versions of Windows and DOS
Windows Family History
• Windows NT (New Technology)• Developed to replace DOS• It was too big and powerful for the
typical PC at the time• Two versions
• Server• Client
• Security enhanced
Windows Family History
• Windows ME (Millennium Edition)• Followed the GUI style of previous
versions of Windows• More stable (??) than previous versions
of Windows• Introduced an advanced Network
Wizard for the home/small office• More support for digital music/video• Last version of Windows to use the
Windows 95 kernel
Windows Family History
• Windows 2000 (2K)• Continued improvement of the Windows
operating system• New hard drive file system (NFTS5.0)
• Windows XP (eXPerience)• Released 2001• Written on a modified NT kernel• Much more stable• Two versions, one for home one for
business
Windows Vista
• Released January 2007• Due to be replaced during the 4th
Quarter of 2009 (October)• Significant Changes
• Enhanced security• Enhanced user interface
• Requires a faster processor, more RAM, and better graphics capabilities
Vista Features
• Windows Aero• Enhanced user interface• More sophisticated• The main reason more RAM is required
• Gadgets• Mini software programs that reside on
the right side of the screen
Vista Features
• Windows Media Center• Collection of media manipulation utilities
• Windows Mobility Center• Central location for accessing the most
commonly used features• Windows Hot Start allows a laptop to
instantly start a selected program• Due to laptop theft enhanced security
features have been incorporated
Vista Features
• Network Discovery• Enables Vista to automatically detect
and configure a network
• Windows Shadow Copy and Previous Versions• Not available in Home Basic or Premium
• Windows BitLocker• An encryption feature
Vista Features
• Windows Ready Boost• Allows a USB Flash drive to supplement
RAM in place of the hard drive• Flash drives are faster than hard drives
• Windows Defender• Scans files as they are downloaded
through IE (version 7 and later)• Checks for spyware
Non-Windows Operating Systems
Not covered on the A+ Certification exam
• Linux• A derivative of UNIX• Will run on Intel and/or Motorola
processors• Powerful operating system• Open source code
Non-Windows Operating Systems
• OS/2• Developed by Microsoft for IBM• When released had features that at the
time were only available on the Mac• Discontinued, but still used by some
industrial and consumer electronic product application
• Replaced by versions of Linux
Non-WindowsOperating Systems
• OS 9• Developed by Microware and Motorola• Developed in the early 1980s• Used by many industrial technologies
• OS X• Developed when Motorola could no
longer manufacture processors to meet Apple’s specifications
• Will run on the Intel processor
Common OS Terminology
• File Allocation Table (FAT)• Tracks what areas of the hard drive are
used and those that are not
• Configuration Files• Information about the system hardware
and software• Windows originally stored the
information in the win.ini and system.ini
• Now stored in the registry
Common OS Terminology
• Registry• Database that stores configuration
information• Major sections are:
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT• HKEY_CURRENT_USERS• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE• HKEY_USERS• HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG