New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 2010 Instructor’s Manual 1 of 18

Computer ConceptsChapter Nine: The Computer Industry:

History, Careers, and EthicsA Guide to this Instructor’s Manual:We have designed this Instructor’s Manual to supplement and enhance your teaching experience through classroom activities and a cohesive chapter summary. This document is organized chronologically, using the same heading in blue that you see in the textbook. Under each heading you will find (in order): Lecture Notes that summarize the section, Figures and Boxes found in the section (if any), Teacher Tips, Classroom Activities, and Lab Activities. Pay special attention to teaching tips, and activities geared towards quizzing your students, enhancing their critical thinking skills, and encouraging experimentation within the software. In addition to this Instructor’s Manual, our Instructor’s Resources CD also contains PowerPoint Presentations, Test Banks, and other supplements to aid in your teaching experience.

For your students: Our latest online feature, CourseCasts, is a library of weekly podcasts designed to keep your students up to date with the latest in technology news. Direct your students to http://coursecasts.course.com, where they can download the most recent CourseCast onto their mp3 player. Ken Baldauf, host of CourseCasts, is a faculty member of the Florida State University Computer Science Department where he is responsible for teaching technology classes to thousands of FSU students each year. Ken is an expert in the latest technology and sorts through and aggregates the most pertinent news and information for CourseCasts so your students can spend their time enjoying technology, rather than trying to figure it out. Open or close your lecture with a discussion based on the latest CourseCast.

Table of Contents Chapter Objectives 2Section A: Computer History 2Section B: The Computer and IT Industries 5Section C: Careers for Computer Professionals 8Section D: Professional Ethics 11Section E: Work Area Safety and Ergonomics 13Glossary of Key Terms 16

New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 2010 Instructor’s Manual 2 of 18

Chapter Objectives Students will have mastered the material in Chapter Nine when they can: Outline the development of

calculating and computer devices, beginning with simple counting aids and continuing through developments that led to today’s computer technology

Describe the hardware, software, and operating system characteristics for computer prototypes and the four generations of computers

List the factors that changed personal computers from hobbyists’ kits to widely used productivity and communications tools

Describe the role of the computer and IT industries in today’s global economy

Explain the life cycle of typical hardware and software products

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various marketing channels for consumers who want to purchase computers and related products

Summarize the job outlook and working conditions for computer professionals

Differentiate between computer engineering, computer science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering degree programs

Demonstrate how to create a resume that works in today’s technology-driven job market

Describe the professional resources available to computer professionals who are faced with ethical decisions

List health risks that are suspected of being linked to the use of computers and other digital devices

Describe ergonomic principles of setting up computer work areas

SECTION A: COMPUTER HISTORY (486)

Manual Calculators (486) LECTURE NOTES

Explain that a manual calculator is a device that helps you to perform numeric calculations, but requires you to keep track of the algorithm—the process used to manipulate numbers.

Identify the earliest manual calculators, including the abacus, Napier’s Bones, and the slide rule. Figures 9-1 and 9-2 show examples of all three types of manual calculators.

TEACHER TIPConsider asking students to bring examples of manual and mechanical calculators to class, and supplement those with your own samples of calculators, such as an abacus or slide rule. Do any students know how to use an abacus or a slide rule?

FIGURES Figure 9-1, Figure 9-2

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Quick Quiz:

A(n) ________ calculator is a device that assists in the process of numeric calculations, but requires a human operator to keep track of the algorithm. (Answer: manual)

A(n) ________ consists of beads mounted on rods within a rectangular frame. (Answer: abacus.)

True/False: Slide rules were used through the 1960s. (Answer: True.)

Mechanical Calculators (487)LECTURE NOTES

Demonstrate the difference between a manual calculator—which requires you to apply algorithms to perform calculations—and a mechanical calculator—which uses algorithms on its own.

Identify early types of mechanical calculators, including Schickard’s Calculator, the Pascaline, the Leibniz Calculator, the Analytical Engine, and the Hollerith Tabulating Machine. Of these, the Analytical Engine is significant because it shared many characteristics that define modern computers, such as storing programs and data for calculations on punched cards.

Point out that the Tabulating Machine is also an important historical development because it led to the founding of IBM.

FIGURES Figure 9-3

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Ask students if any of them regularly use a calculator. Why or why not? For what purpose?2. Discuss the calculating power and costs of early calculators versus those today.2. Quick Quiz:

Mechanical calculators were developed as early as ______. (Answer: 1623.) What was the first mass-produced calculator? (Answer: deColmar’s

Arithmometer.) True/False: The Analytical Engine was completed in 1834. (Answer: False.)

Computer Prototypes (489)LECTURE NOTES

Emphasize that no one person invented the computer. Instead, it evolved from a series of prototypes.

Discuss COLOSSUS and ENIAC, a machine that was programmed by connecting cables and setting 6,000 switches.

TEACHER TIPAs students read through the text in this section, have them make a list of the ways in which inventors influenced each other in the development of the modern computer. Do they feel that one person stands out as having contributed more than others?

FIGURES Figure 9-4, Figure 9-5

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES

1. Quick Quiz: The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was the first to use ___________ instead of

mechanical switches for processing circuitry. (Answer: vacuum tubes.) True/False: The ABC is often considered the first electronic digital computer.

(Answer: True.)

Generations of Computers (491)LECTURE NOTES

Explain that historians consider the UNIVAC, completed in 1951, to be the first commercially successful digital computer. The UNIVAC set the trend for future generations of computers—although it was smaller than the ENIAC, it was more powerful. As computer technology improved, computers became smaller, faster, more dependable, and less expensive to operate.

If possible, show students photos of vacuum tubes, transistors, and early integrated circuit boards (or real ones if you can).

Review the differences in technology between first, second, third, and fourth generation computers.

FIGURES Figure 9-6, Figure 9-7, Figure 9-8, Figure 9-9

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Assign a Project: Ask students to list the defining characteristics of each generation of computers.2. Quick Quiz:

Transistors regulate current or voltage flow and act as a ________ for electronic signals. (Answer: switch.)

True/False: First-generation computers can be characterized by their use of vacuum tubes. (Answer: True.)

True/False: Microprocessors are a characteristic of third-generation computers. (Answer: False.)

Personal Computers (494)LECTURE NOTES

Discuss the milestones in the history of personal computers: the first commercial microcomputer, the Altair, the Apple I, the Apple II.

Discuss the differences between the early PC and the current PC. Demonstrate the use of DOS. Show how to display the directory using Windows

and how to display the directory using DOS. Discuss IBM’s role in the development of the PC. Discuss the relationship between PCs and the software industry. Software made

the personal computers useful, and advances in hardware technology allowed developers to create more powerful, and eventually, more appealing software.

Discuss the role the Internet played in the popularity of PCs.

TEACHER TIPFind an ad for an early PC on the Internet or in a library. Have the student look at a current ad. For each feature, compare the differences.

FIGURES Figure 9-10, Figure 9-11, Figure 9-12, Figure 9-13

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Quick Quiz:

A(n) ________ is an experimental device that typically must be further developed and perfected before going into production and becoming widely available. (Answer: prototype.)

True/False: First-generation computers can be characterized by their use of transistors’ (Answer: False.)

SECTION B: THE COMPUTER AND IT INDUSTRIES (497)

Industry Overview (497)LECTURE NOTES

Differentiate between the computer industry—companies that manufacture computers—and the information technology industry—companies that develop, produce, sell, or support computers, software, and computer-related products.

Identify companies in the IT industry, including equipment manufacturers, chipmakers, and software publishers.

Discuss the roles of equipment manufacturers, chipmakers, software publishers, etc. Focus on their interdependence.

Discuss the fact that some companies are computer intensive in their technology needs but do not actually belong to the IT industry

Discuss outsourcing and offshoring. What is the implication of these two on the IT industry. Discuss how the lack of trained computer scientists and IT professionals is impacting the phenomena.

FIGURES Figure 9-14, Figure 9-15, Figure 9-16

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Ask students to write a brief summary of what their previous ideas of the computer and IT industries were. Have them compare their ideas to the description in the text. Were their ideas accurate?2. Quick Quiz:

________ is defined as the use of components or labor from outside suppliers. (Answer: Outsourcing.)

True/False: Offshoring is defined as relocating business processes to lower-cost locations in other countries. (Answer: True.)

True/False: Every company that uses computers is part of the IT industry. (Answer: False.)

Economic Factors (500)LECTURE NOTES

Explain that the IT industry has grown steadily since the mid-1980s, and has contributed significantly to the gross domestic product.

Discuss the increased globalization of the IT industry.

TEACHER TIPYou might want to have students discuss which factors account for the success of the IT industry, and which they believe will continue to be factors in the next ten years.

FIGURES Figure 9-17, Figure 9-18

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Quick Quiz:

True/False: The IT industry is dominated by the US. (Answer: True.) True/False: Two important factors that contribute to the success of the IT

industry is population growth and business globalization. (Answer: True.) True/False: Another dot com boom is likely. (Answer: False.)

Product Development (502)LECTURE NOTES

Discuss why so many new computer products appear each year. Identify and describe the five stages of a typical product development life cycle for

hardware: product development, product announcement, introduction, maintenance, and retirement.

Review alpha testing and beta testing, pointing out the differences between the two.

TEACHER TIPAsk students to select an IT product and describe the stages of the product development life cycle that it has completed. Encourage them to use the Internet to research how the company handled each stage, and to provide examples of the product announcement, for example. Which products have had a shorter life span than others?

FIGURES Figure 9-19, Figure 9-20

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Assign a Project: Figure 9-20 displays three sample computers. Have the student find three different computers and make the same comparison. Have prices increased or decreased based on features.2. Quick Quiz:

True/False: Unlike computer hardware products, older versions of software typically do not remain in a vendor’s product line. (Answer: True.)

Products that are announced but never produced are known as ______. (Answer: vaporware.)

True/False: The first phase of testing is called an alpha test. (Answer: True.) True/False: Few software products undergo extensive testing before they are

released. (Answer: False.)

Market Share (504)LECTURE NOTES

Explain that market share refers to a company’s share, or percentage, of the total market. Research and see if these market share percentages are current or have the students do the research.

Use Figure 9-22 to discuss market tiers. Describe the kinds of companies that belong to each computer industry market

tier.

FIGURES

Figure 9-21, Figure 9-22

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Quick Quiz:

_________ refers to a company’s share of the total market. (Answer: Market share.)

True/False: Hewlett-Packard leads worldwide hardware sales. (Answer: True.) True/False: Industry analysts classify PC makers with market levels. (Answer:

False.)

Marketing Channels (506)LECTURE NOTES

Explain that hardware and software companies sell their products through marketing channels, which include computer retail stores, mail-order and Internet outlets, value-added resellers, and direct from the manufacturer.

Go over the strengths and weaknesses of each channel. Explain that for personal computer users, the choice of channels usually is

between retail and mail order. Retail still seems to be the best choice for novice users.

TEACHER TIPAsk students to imagine they represent a small business, large corporation, school, or individual and to compare pricing information. For example, they could visit a Web site that sells computers, select and price a system, and then call a local computer retailer to compare prices for a similar system. Students should also identify any additional services the computer vendor provides, such as support or training.

FIGURES Figure 9-23, Figure 9-24

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Ask students where they purchased their computers; retail stores, by mail order, or manufacturer direct. Were they satisfied with their experiences? Would they recommend buying that way?2. Quick Quiz:

Computer hardware and software are sold through marketing outlets called ____________. (Answer: marketing channels.)

A(n) _____________ purchases computer products from a variety of manufacturers, and then sells those products to consumers. (Answer: computer retail store.)

True/False: Mail order refers to hardware manufacturers that sell their products directly to consumers without a middleman. (Answer: False.)

Industry Regulation (508)LECTURE NOTES

Explain that some parts of the IT industry are regulated by the FCC, and are policed by other federal agencies, including the FTC.

Explain that the Internet is largely unregulated, leaving it to Internet service companies to police and monitor customers’ activity.

Discuss how the IT industry perceives regulations.

TEACHER TIP

In class, visit Web sites for IT trade organizations, such as the Software and Information Industry Association (www.siia.net) and the Information Technology Industry Council (www.itic.org) to see what types of standards and policies these organizations advocate.

FIGURES Figure 9-25

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: What IT companies are located in your geographic area? Are there many, or just a few? How many can the students name?

2. Quick Quiz: True/False: The IT industry is highly regulated. (Answer: False) True/False: The IEEE Standards Association is the regulatory authority for the IT

industry. (Answer: False)

SECTION C: CAREERS FOR COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS (510)

Jobs and Salaries (510) LECTURE NOTES

Define computer professional, one whose primary occupation involves designing, configuring, analyzing, developing, modifying, testing, or securing computer hardware or software.

Identify computer professional job titles and describe the responsibilities and skills associated with each title.

Emphasize that industry analysts think that the largest increases in computer careers will be for technical support specialists, network systems designers and administrators, and security specialists.

Point out that many IT companies are characterized by employee-friendly working conditions and low turnover rates.

Discuss the pros and cons of contract work and telecommuting.

TEACHER TIPHave the students go to the Internet and find five job titles and the associated qualifications and salaries.

FIGURES Figure 9-26, Figure 9-27, Figure 9-28

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: What IT professions are students interested in pursuing? What factors have led to their decisions?2. Quick Quiz:

A(n) _____________ investigates the requirements of a business or organization, its employees, and its customers in order to plan and implement new or improved computer services. (Answer: systems analyst.)

A(n) __________ analyzes a computer system’s vulnerability to threats from viruses, worms, unauthorized access, and physical damage. (Answer: security specialist.)

True/False: Computer professionals always work in IT departments. (Answer: False.)

Education and Certification (514)LECTURE NOTES

Discuss the various jobs in the IT industry and the education requirements. Discuss the difference in job opportunities for students receiving A.S., B.S., M.S., and PhD.

Emphasize that many job positions in the IT industry demand ongoing training to keep up with innovations in hardware and software development.

Explain that certificates of completion specify that someone has taken a series of classes in a certain subject, such as User Support, for example.

Explain that certification exams are tests that verify someone’s knowledge about a particular technology, such as desktop publishing.

TEACHER TIPIn class, visit www.petersons.com to find more information about computer-related degree programs.

FIGURES Figure 9-29, Figure 9-30, Figure 9-31

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Discussion: Have students discuss any certificates they have or are planning to acquire. Ask the student why and how they plan to prepare for it.2. Quick Quiz:

_____________ focuses on the design of computer hardware and peripheral devices, often at the chip level. (Answer: Computer engineering.)

_____________ focuses on computer architecture and how to program computers to make them work effectively and efficiently. (Answer: Computer science.)

True/False: Certification exams are offered in a variety of formats. (Answer: True.)

Job Hunting Basics (517)LECTURE NOTES

Refer to Figure 9-32 for typical job hunting steps. Encourage students not only to use the Internet to research potential jobs and

employers, but to develop a network of friends and associates and trade job information among them.

Explain that before starting a job search, students should define the jobs for which they are qualified.

FIGURES Figure 9-32

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Are any students currently looking for an IT job? What steps have they taken or do they plan to take to find an IT job? What job hunting Web sites are students aware of?

Resumes and Web Portfolios (518)LECTURE NOTES

Explain that students should prepare different versions of their resumes, such as electronic and printed.

Emphasize that all versions of resumes should use a professional format and design, and provide accurate information in correct, standard English.

Review Figure 9-34 for guidelines on writing resumes. Explain that a Web portfolio is an HTML version of a resume, which can contain

links to Web sites for previous employers and to work samples. Point out that if students plan to use a personal home page for a Web portfolio,

they should remove any information that would not be of interest to a potential employer.

Discuss what should and should not be included on a resume, for example, multimedia.

Point out that online job search services often have sample resumes and Web portfolios for job seekers.

Tell students that online job search Web sites can place their resume into a pool of thousands of applicants; walking a resume into a personnel office is also still acceptable.

FIGURES Figure 9-33, Figure 9-34

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Assign a Project: Have students refer to the tips in Figure 9-34 to create a professional resume.2. Have the student investigate and report to the class what resume and job hunting services are available through their school.2. Quick Quiz:

True/False: You should have one version of your resume in a word processing file. (Answer: True.)

True/False: It’s a good idea to format a resume in side-by-side columns. (Answer: False.)

A(n) ____________ is a hypertext version of a resume. (Answer: Web portfolio.)

LAB ACTIVITY Using Microsoft Word create a resume. Be sure to include a cover letter. Submit

the resume as an attachment to e-mail.

Job Listings (520)LECTURE NOTES

Emphasize that successful job searches use several strategies, such as submitting applications, posting resumes, and contacting recruiting firms.

Explain that many IT industry employers include links on their Web sites to job information.

Demonstrate visiting an online job bank that specializes in the IT industry to show students the kind of information they provide. Also show students how to use a job search agent to find a job.

Be sure and discuss the privacy issues of using job banks. This could also be a good place to discuss the job implications of the kind of material the student places on social networks such as FaceBook.

TEACHER TIPIn class, ask students to brainstorm other strategies for finding jobs, first listing each idea, and later discussing the details of how to use that strategy.

FIGURES Figure 9-35, Figure 9-36

LAB ACTIVITYThe New Perspectives Lab “Online Job Hunting” deals with issues that relate to this section of the textbook. You might want to go through the lab during class time if you have a computer with a projection device. Or, assign this lab for students as an out of class assignment.

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Have students work in groups to create a list of steps to use in an effective job

search. List the pitfalls for any other steps.2. Quick Quiz:

A(n) _______________ tool is a software program that performs broad-based Web searches, such as searching more than one job database at a time. (Answer: metasearch.)

True/False: A contract worker is typically hired as a permanent employee. (Answer: False.)

SECTION D: PROFESSIONAL ETHICS (523)

Ethics Basics (523) LECTURE NOTES

Explain that the term professional ethics refers to on-the-job choices and actions that reflect a person’s values.

Discuss the difference between ethics and law. Use Figure 9-38 on page 524 to provide a brief overview of the most significant

computer laws and court decisions in the United States.

FIGURES Figure 9-37, Figure 9-38

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Critical Thinking: Refer students to the question in Figure 9-37 and have them think about what their response would be.2. Quick Quiz:

The term ______________ refers to on-the-job choices and actions that reflect a person’s values. (Answer: professional ethics.)

True/False: Laws and ethics are the same thing. (Answer: False.) True/False: Laws relating to computers vary from country to country. (Answer:

True.)

IT Ethics (525)LECTURE NOTES

Discuss with the students situations that might require ethical decisions. Have the students discuss any ethical situations they have experienced.

Introduce the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Point out that it is not unusual to find oneself in a software copyright dilemma like

the one described in Figure 9-39. Discuss confidentiality and disclosure of proprietary information. Discuss the use of the student’s work computer for personal activities.

Emphasize that employees—particularly computer professionals—should be familiar with laws and company policy applicable to privacy.

FIGURES Figure 9-39, Figure 9-40, Figure 9-41, Figure 9-42, Figure 9-43, Figure 9-44, Figure

9-45

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Have the students discuss their views of pirating music.2. Quick Quiz:

True/False: Privacy rights sometimes clash with safety issues or business goals. (Answer: True.)

__________ is the obligation not to disclose willingly any information obtained in confidence. (Answer: Confidentiality.)

True/False: A decision to short-cut software testing should not be taken lightly. (Answer: True.)

Ethical Decision Making (529)LECTURE NOTES

Explain that ethical decisions made on the job can have long-term career and lifestyle consequences, so it is important to approach these decisions seriously.

Use the strategies on page 530 to help students define and evaluate their options. Discuss how a code of ethics is different from laws, regulations or standards. Show Figure 9-46, which contains a code of ethics from the Computer Ethics

Institute.

FIGURES Figure 9-46, Figure 9-47

LAB ACTIVITYRefer students to the New Perspectives Web site for a Student Edition Lab called “Computer Ethics.”

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Assign a Project: Ask students to read the ACM’s code of ethics, which is posted on their Web site (www.acm.org). Have the students discuss any questions or concerns they have with the code.2. Quick Quiz:

A(n) _____________ is a set of guidelines designed to help professionals thread their way through a sometimes tangled web of ethical on-the-job decisions. (Answer: code of ethics.)

True/False: Ethical decisions that you make on the job can have long-term consequences for your career and lifestyle. (Answer: True.)

Whistleblowing (532)LECTURE NOTES

Explain that whistleblowing is the “disclosure by an employee (or professional) of confidential information which relates to some danger, fraud, or other illegal or unethical conduct connected with the workplace, be it of the employer or of fellow employees.”

Go over whistleblowing repercussions.

Review suggestions for reducing the risk of career repercussions, which can be found on pages 532 – 533.

FIGURES Figure 9-48

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Have the student research and prepare a report on a

whistleblowing incident.2. Quick Quiz

The term ________ refers to the disclosure by an employee of confidential information which relates to some danger, fraud, or other illegal or unethical conduct connected with the workplace.. (Answer: whistleblowing.)

True/False: Whistleblowing can result in a loss of your job. (Answer: True)

SECTION E: WORK AREA SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS (534)

Radiation Risks (534) LECTURE NOTES

Discuss exactly what radiation is. Discuss how radiation is in all types of devices and some perceive it to adversely

affect one’s health. Explain how CRTs work, as described on page 535. Emphasize that the research on CRT risks is not conclusive. Discuss the differences in a CRT and a LCD. Discuss the contradictory studies about the effects of RF radiation given long-term

use. Discuss the radiation risks associated with cell phone use and how to limit the

effects.

TEACHER TIPSurvey students about their use of cell phones and hands-free headsets. Does their opinion of the use of cell phones change after reading this section on radiation levels?

FIGURES Figure 9-49, Figure 9-50

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Class Discussion: Do students know anyone who refuses to use digital devices due to radiation? Does this seem like a reasonable choice or not? Are students concerned about radiation emitted from digital devices?2. Quick Quiz:

True/False: Some types of radiation are considered safer than others. (Answer: True.)

True/False: LCD devices do not emit radiation. (Answer: False.)

Repetitive Stress Injuries (536)LECTURE NOTES

Define ergonomics. Encourage students to consider each of the callouts and the guidelines

accompanying Figure 9-52 against their own desks at home or in their offices.

FIGURES Figure 9-51, Figure 9-52

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Assign a Project: Have students use Figure 9-52 as a guide for an ergonomic workstation and evaluate their own workstations. Are they ergonomic? What changes do they need to make?2. Quick Quiz:

A(n) ______________ is not a specific disease but a group of similar overuse disorders that affect tendons, muscles, and nerves. (Answer: repetitive stress injury.)

________ is the study of safe and efficient environments, particularly working environments. (Answer: Ergonomics.)

True/False: Many states have regulations designed to protect workers from repetitive stress injuries. (Answer: True.)

True/False: The mouse should be positioned slightly below the keyboard. (Answer: False.)

Eye Strain (538)LECTURE NOTES

Discuss computer-related eye problems. Use Figure 9-53 to determine proper positioning of their monitor. Have the

student compare their lab computer setup or their home computer setup against the suggestions in that figure and the associated narrative.

Explain native resolution. Encourage students to follow the steps in Figure 9-54 to check (and adjust if

necessary) the resolution of their displays. Discuss the ergonomic problems associated with notebooks. Discuss how eyewear affects computer-related eye strain.

FIGURES Figure 9-53, Figure 9-54, Figure 9-55

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Quick Quiz:

True/False: There are no links between computer use and eye problems. (Answer: False.)

LCD screens have a(n) ____________, which displays one pixel for each tiny light in the display matrix. (Answer: native resolution.)

True/False: Typically, the highest resolution available is your screen’s native resolution. (Answer: True.)

Back Pain (540)LECTURE NOTES

If in a lab setting, have the students examine one another for computer slump. Otherwise discuss or demonstrate computer slump.

Use Figure 9-56 as an illustration of the flex-forward position so common to computer users.

TEACHER TIPSurvey students about their awareness of their posture at the computer.

FIGURES Figure 9-56

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Quick Quiz:

True/False: Bad posture can lead to back pain. (Answer: True.) The layman’s term ____________ refers to sitting hunched over a computer

keyboard with the neck craned forward. (Answer: computer slump.) True/False: A body of evidence suggests that the best posture for computer

work is with the upper torso leaning back slightly. (Answer: True.)

Sedentary Lifestyles (540)LECTURE NOTES

Discuss the importance of exercise and eating right. Discuss the impact of an increasing number of sedentary activities (including

television viewing and computer use) on a growing number of Americans. Introduce break reminder software.

FIGURES Figure 9-57

Glossary of Key Terms abacus (486) alpha test (504) Analytical Engine (488) Apple I (495) Apple II (495) Apple Lisa (495) Apple Macintosh (496) Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

(489) beta test (504) break reminder software (541) certificates of completion (515) certification exam (516) channel conflict (508) chief information officer (510) chipmakers (498) code of ethics (530) COLOSSUS (490) computer engineer (512) computer engineering (514) computer industry (497) computer operator (511) computer professional (510) computer programmer (511) computer retail store (506)

computer retailers (498) computer salesperson (512) computer science (514) confidentiality (526) contract worker (513) carpal tunnel syndrome (536) database administrator (511) DEC PDP-8 (493) deColmar’s Arithmometer (487) Difference Engine (488) ENIAC (490) equipment manufacturers (498) ergonomics (537) first-generation computers (491) fourth-generation computers (494) Harvard Mark 1 (490) Hollerith Tabulating Machine (488) IBM 360 (493) IBM AS/400 (493) IBM PC (495) IBM PC XT (495) information systems (514) information technology (514) information technology industry (IT

industry) (497) job search agent (521) Leibniz Calculator (487) mail order (507) manual calculator (486) manufacturer direct (507) manufacturing technician (512)

Mark-8 (494) market tiers (505) marketing channels (506) market share (504) mechanical calculator (487) metasearch tool (521) MITS Altair (494) MSRP (503) Napier’s Bones (487) native resolution (539) network specialist/administrator

(511) offshoring (500) online job bank (520) outsourcing (499) Pascaline (487) professional ethics (523) proprietary information (526) prototype (489) quality assurance specialist (512) radiation (534) RCA Spectra 70 (493) repetitive stress injury (RSI) (536) Schickard’s Calculator (487) second-generation computers (492) security specialist (511) service companies (498) slide rule (487) software engineering (515) software publishers (498) street price (503) systems analyst (510) technical support specialist (511) technical writer (512) telecommuting (513) third-generation computers (493) transistors (492) UNIVAC (491) vacuum tube (491) vaporware (503) VAR (508) VisiCalc (495) Web portfolio (519) Web site designer (511) whistleblowing (532) Xerox Alto (495) Z3 (489)

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