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7/27/2019 Microsoft Excel XP Pivot Tables
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7/27/2019 Microsoft Excel XP Pivot Tables
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Copyright 2002 University of Greenwich
All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation, no part of this work may be
photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, adapted, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in
any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
Microsoft Excel is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
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Contents
Lesson 1: Pivot tables reports: What they are .........................................................................1
Lesson 2: Creating source data..................................................................................................2
Lesson 3: Create a summarising Pivot Table Report ..............................................................3
Lesson 4: Adjusting Pivot table fields .......................................................................................5
Adding fields to a Pivot table...........................................................................................................5
Using more than one data field ........................................................................................................5
Removing fields from a Pivot table .................................................................................................5
Help! I closed the Pivot table field list! ...........................................................................................5
Lesson 5: Select relevant information from pivot tables.........................................................6
Fields................................................................................................................................................6
Pages ................................................................................................................................................6
Lesson 6: Pivot Table Report Options ......................................................................................7
Lesson 7: Delete a PivotTable report ........................................................................................8
Lesson 8: Edit the source area used by the pivot table............................................................8
Lesson 9: Creating a Pivot table based on a Pivot table..........................................................9
Lesson 10: Update or refresh data shown in the pivot table ...................................................10
To refresh .......................................................................................................................................10Keeping formatting when refreshing .............................................................................................10
Lesson 11: Using simple Functions............................................................................................11
Lesson 12: Number format.........................................................................................................12
Lesson 13: Sorting Data..............................................................................................................12
Sorting by Dragging.......................................................................................................................12
Sorting automatically .....................................................................................................................12
Showing the top items only............................................................................................................12
Lesson 14: Calculating fields and items ....................................................................................13
Calculating fields ...........................................................................................................................13
Calculating items............................................................................................................................13
Lesson 15: Changing and Deleting calculated fields/ items.....................................................14
Changing Fields .............................................................................................................................14
Deleting Fields ...............................................................................................................................14
Changing Items ..............................................................................................................................14
Deleting Items ................................................................................................................................14
Lesson 16: Relating data.............................................................................................................15
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Lesson 17: Hiding page items.....................................................................................................16
Lesson 18: Subtotals....................................................................................................................17
To add subtotals .............................................................................................................................17
Removing subtotals........................................................................................................................17
Resetting subtotals .........................................................................................................................18Including Hidden page field items.................................................................................................18
Lesson 19: Printing Pivot Table Reports ..................................................................................18
Print area ........................................................................................................................................18
Repeating Row and column headings on each new page ..............................................................18
Repeating item labels as relevant on new page .............................................................................19
Print the sections of a PivotTable report on separate pages...........................................................19
Lesson 20: Creating a consolidating pivot table report (using multiple ranges) ..............20
Consolidating data using pivot tables ............................................................................................20
Lesson 21: Using Autoformats...................................................................................................22
Lesson 22: Creating and printing a pivot chart .......................................................................23
Creating a PivotChart.....................................................................................................................23
Printing a Pivot chart .....................................................................................................................24
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1
Lesson 1: Pivot tables reports: What they arePivot table reports are two-dimensional tables used to summarise large amounts of data. The data
will normally be in the form in a long list consisting of 3 or more columns.
(You can also use data form sources outside MicrosoftExcel, but this will not be covered in thiscourse.)
Once created the Pivot table report can be quickly changed to show different variations of the
summarised data.
An example of a simple Pivot Table report is shown below right, while the source data is shown
below left.
These reports are extremely useful when you wish to compare related totals which must be obtained
from a long list of figures. Pivot table reports will do sorting, subtotalling and totalling
automatically.
Pivot table reports can also be used to summarise orconsolidate data of the same kind on different
sheets (this can also be done in other ways).
e.g. The information on the two sheets shown left and centre can be consolidated as shown right.
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Now decide what heading you want at the top of the table (columns headings). Click on the
relevant field and drag it into position. (Note that once a field has been used it will be shown in bold
in the Pivot Table Field list)
e.g. drag Working Country into theDrop Column field here area and Native Country into the
Drop Row Fields here area
In this case we have 5 columns. We
therefore need to use pages to view two
other columns. So drag Language
spoken up to theDrop page Fields here
area
Then drag Language learning up to the
same area, lets say, above Native
Language
Lastly we can drag Name into theDrop
data Items here area.
You will then see the completed pivot table as
shown, for our example, right.
If at any point you realise that you have
dragged a field to the wrong place you can use
the undo key, to return to the previous step,
or you can click on the heading cell in the table
and drag it to another position.
Some general rules for placement of fields are:
The most changeable item is probably bestas aRow field
Usually any numerical fields go in the dataarea
For data with 3 columns the Row, Column and Data areas are used - not the Page area.
Notes
1. Excelautomatically counts text data items (names in the example above) andsums (adds up) anynumericaldata items.
2. You can drag more than one field tothe row area, and/or more than onefield to the column area see the
example shown right.
3. WhenExcelcreates a Pivot table ithas to create an intermediate stage
sorting and summarising the data. If
you create another Pivot Table based on the same data you will be asked to base the Pivot table
on the previous Pivot table in order to save memory
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Lesson 4: Adjusting Pivot table fields
Adding fields to a Pivot table
Click on the field name on Pivot table Field list and drag it into the desired position.
Make sure that the vertical or horizontal insertion bar
(e.g. ) appears in the position in which you wish to insert the new field i.e. before or
after an existing field.
Using more than one data field
When creating the Pivot table you can drag more than one field into the
data area. This will give a row under each heading for each data item.
If you have problems with the order of the data items you can right click
on a data item and select Order. The menu shown right appears and you
can use this to move the data items into the correct order
Removing fields from a Pivot table
To remove a field click on the field name in the Pivot table, hold the left mouse button down and
drag away from the Pivot table until you see the cursor change as shown right. Release
the mouse button.
To remove a data item from the table when there are more than one data item click on the down
arrow beside the heading and remove the tick from any item you do not wish to see.
Help! I closed the Pivot table field list!
Dont panic! Just click on the button (the last on the right) on the Pivot Table toolbar. You can
use this button to hide the field list too.
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Lesson 5: Select relevant information from pivot tablesOnce you have created the Pivot Table you will see that there are various headings that have down
arrows to their right, e.g. . You can use these arrows to adjust the information
that is on view.
Fields
For example, if you click on the down arrow for the Working Country you
will see a list of all the Sending Countries that exist in your source data. Note
the scroll bar in the example shown right.
You can then click to remove from the table any country in which you are not
interested and clickOK.
Pages
Page fields are set to Allby default However, they also have a down arrow.
The choices look slightly different, since you are choosing which informationyou wish to view. ClickAlgeria to see only data concerning Algeria. Click
All to see a summary of all the data.
In this example information foralllanguage learningdata where the language
spoken is English
Note that you can see clearly which
information you are viewing
Let us suppose that you are now
arranging language classes for
English Speakers who are learning
Mandarin.
You can click on the down arrow beside Language Learning,
clickMandarin and clickOK.
You can also double click on a field, (e.g.
International in the Previous table and
choose a field name to show more, or less,
detail, e.g. NativeLanguage
You could then double click on China and
Congo etc to produce the same results for
those rows
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Lesson 6: Pivot Table Report OptionsSo far we have created a simple Pivot table and accepted the options that MicrosoftExcelchose.
At step 3 of the Wizard used to create a Pivot table you will see the button.
Click this to customise your Pivot table to your specific needs
You can also change these options when the table has been created by clicking on the
Pivot table toolbar and selecting Table Options, or select Wizard to return to the Wizard.
Some useful options are explained below:
Name: It is good policy to name the Pivot
Table as you may create more than one and
it is easier to know what Mars bars eaten
means than PivotTable2!
Grandtotals: If you do not wish to seethese for columns and/or rows remove the
ticks from these options.
Removing the columnGrand total will also
remove the overall Grand Total.
Autoformat table: is this is ticked the width
of columns within the table will be adjusted
to fit the data.
Subtotal hidden page items: see Lesson 17:
and Lesson 18:
Merge labels: If you choose this option all labels will be centred vertically and horizontally in theircells.
Preserve formatting see Lesson 9:
Repeat item labels on each printed page and Page layout will be covered in Lesson 19:
Mark Totals with only applies to Pivot tables based on data in certain types of database
Save data with table layout: To produce the pivot table MicrosoftExcelcalculates new data. If
this option is tickedExcelsaves the data it has calculated which increases the size of the file. If it is
not ticked the file size will be smaller, but on opening the file you must update the table before
working with it. If you choose not to save the data clickRefresh on Open to ensure that the table
will automatically be updated when the file is opened.
Enable Drill down: ifthis is not ticked you will be unable to show details of a field by double
clicking on it as explained in Lesson 4:
Refresh every nn minutes this applies when data from an external source is used (e.g. a database).
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Lesson 7: Delete a PivotTable reportClick in the PivotTable report.
ClickPivotTable on the PivotTable toolbar, clickSelect, and then clickEntire Table.
On the Edit menu, point to Clear, and then clickAll.
This will remove the formatting and contents of all the cells which were part of the Pivot Table
Report.
Lesson 8: Edit the source area used by the pivot tableIf you have added data at the end of your list you will need to change the area you defined for the
Pivot table to get its data from. (If you have inserted rows or columns within the range you will
merely need to refresh the data see 0)
Click within the table
ClickPivot Table on the Pivot table tool bar and then clickWizard. (If the Pivot table toolbar is
not shown select View, Toolbars, Pivot Table)
Step 3 of the Pivot Table Wizard will appear
Click the button to return to step 2
Click on the spreadsheet and drag to highlight the area you wish to use, or or simply edit the last
figure to include a new row. E.g. if the original area was defined as and you have
added two rows to the data you could simply edit the last two digits to read 20 instead of18
Click
The Pivot table will update immediately.
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Lesson 9: Creating a Pivot table based on a Pivot tableWhen creating a Pivot table for data which has been used to create an existing Pivot table you will
be asked whether you wish to base the new Pivot Table on the existing one. This is because data is
summarised and saved in a different form before the Pivot table is produced. Basing the new Pivot
table on the old one means that both tables can use the same saved, summarised data. This
minimises the size of your file. You can also define from that start that you will base the Picot table
on an existing one
Click a blank cell
Select Data, PivotTable and PivotChart Report
The first step of the PivotTable Wizard will appear with the options
shown right.
Make sure Another PivotTable or PivotChart and Pivot Table
have dots in them as shown.
Click the button
The second step of the Wizard appears as shown right.
Click the name of the table you wish to use (You can
see the value of naming your Pivot tables!)
Click the button
The last step of the Wizard appears with the options shown right.
ClickNew worksheet if you wish to have the Pivot Table Reportshown on a new sheet that MicrosoftExcelwill create.
Select the cell to start the table in and click Finish
Note If you are creating a new Pivot table, and you have not defined that you wish to base it on an
existing pivot table which uses the same data Excel will warn you with the following message.
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Lesson 10: Update orrefresh data shown in the pivot tableWhen PivotTable Reports are refreshed,Excelfinds any new rows within the source range.
To refresh
Click the Refresh data button on the PivotTable toolbar.If Microsoft Excel finds a new column (Field) in the source data it will show this on the Pivot
Table Field List and you can then drag this to a row, column, page or data area as required.
Remember thatExcelcan refresh the table automatically on opening. Click the Pivot tablebutton
on the Pivot table toolbar, select Table Options and put a tick in the Refresh on open option.
Keeping formatting when refreshing
If you have changed the formatting of the cells (e.g. you make the text bold, italic etc) you may lose
the text formatting when the table is refreshed.
In this case:
Click in the table
Click on the Pivot table toolbar and select Table Options.
Make sure there is a tick in Preserve Formatting
Notes
Column width changes will be lost unless you have also removed the Autoformat table option
Any cell borders you set up will also be lost when you refresh the Pivot table
You cannot use conditional formatting within Pivot tables
If you refresh a Pivot table which is the basis for another one both will change
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Lesson 11: Using simple FunctionsIf you place a textfield in the data area the Pivot table will automatically countthe items. If you
place a numericalfield in the data area the data will be
added up (summed).
Using the data shown right, for example, we may want toknow the average number of Mars bars eaten each day by
each person.
Producing a Pivot table in the usual way will show the total
numberof Mars bars eaten by each person each day.
To change the function used
Click on the relevant field, e.g. Sum of Number
Click on Pivot Table on the Pivot table toolbar
ClickField Settings and you will see the box shown right.
Click the required function and clickOK
The field name changes, e.g. Sum of Number becomes
and the averages would be shown in the
data area.
Functions which you can use are:
Sum: Adds the numbers found in the relevant cells
Count: Counts the number of items, text and numbers which exist in the relevant cells
Average: calculates the average of the numbers in the relevant cells
Max: Finds the largest number existing in the relevant cells
Min: Finds the smallest number existing in the relevant cells
Product: Multiplies all numbers in the cells e.g. Product(2,3,4)=24CountNums: Counts the number ofnumbers which exist in the relevant cells
StDev: Calculates the standard deviation of numbers in relevant cells based on a sample
StDevp: Calculates the standard deviation of numbers based on the complete population
Var: Calculates the variance of numbers in relevant cells based on a sample
Varp: Calculates the variance of numbers in relevant cells based the complete population
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Lesson 14: Calculating fields and items
Calculating fields
You can calculate new fields based on existing ones. For example, if you are dealing with
Expenses you may wish to produce a forecast of the expenses for the whole year to show against
the total spent so far.
To do this, click anywhere within the Pivot Table and
click on the toolbar or right click in the table
Select Formulas, Calculated Field
Click in the Name: box and type a name for the field
Click in formula and type the formula. E.g. =
amount*4
To use a field name click on the name in the box below
and clickInsert field
When you are satisfied click
Add any more fields you require and then click
Note: When fields are calculated thesum for each field is used in the calculation. E.g. the
calculation amount*4 would take the sum for each person and multiply it by 4.
Calculating items
Suppose you wish to include Public Holidays in the leave total. Lets say that there are 2 holidays
in June
Click a specific item heading (either row or column) and click on the toolbar, or rightclick on the heading
Select Formulas, Calculated Item
Click in the Name: box, type a name for the field
Click on the name of the particular item required
Click in formula and type the formula. E.g. =
amount*4
To use a field name click on the name in the box
below and clickTo use an item name click on the name of the field
with which you are concerned and then click on the
item name and click
When you are satisfied click
Add any more calculated items you require and then click
Notes
Formulae for calculated items operate on the individual records. E.g. June +2 adds two to eachleave occurrence and then sums them
You cant use calculated items where the Pivot table uses Average, StDev, StDevP, Var or VarP You cant use calculated items in a Pivot Table which is based on another Pivot Table
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Lesson 16: Relating dataYou may want to see the item totals as percentages of the Grand total.
Click on the relevant field button, e.g. Sum of Number, (It must be a Data Item, not a heading)
ClickPivot Table on the Pivot table toolbar,
Select Field Settings, choose a function and click on the button
UnderShow data as select one of the options.
Difference From: shows the difference between each
number and a Base Field and Base item chosen by you.
The base field must be different from the original one.
% of: shows each number as a percentage of a Base
field and Base item chosen by you. The base field
must be different from the original one.
% difference from: Each number shown is the
difference between the original data and a Base field and base item chosen by you. The base field
must be different from the original one.
Running total shows the numbers as running totals according to the field you define. The field
will either be a row or column heading. And the running total will therefore either go across or
down the table.
% of Row shows each number as a percentage of the row total
% of column which shows each number as a percentage of the column total
% of column which shows each number as a percentage of the overall total
Index: Shows the data according to the following formula:
( ) ( )lColumnTotaRowTotalDataTotalOfAlllValueInCel
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Lesson 17: Hiding page itemsIt is possible to hidepage items so that they are not
listed. In our previous example we have a page listing
languages spoken. The total native languages used
within the data Dutch, English, Urdu, Mandarin and
Russian
However, we have hidden some of the Native
Countries from view, so if we choose to view the page
data for Indian we will get the following result.
No data is shown here because India has previously been excluded
from the data shown underWorking Country. This could be
misleading so you may wish to remove Urdu from the list of
languages shown underNative Language. (This of course assumesthat only people whos native country is India speak Urdu as their
Native language which is an unsound presumption but you see
the principle!)
To hide a page item:
Click the Field Settings button on the Pivot Table
toolbar.
In Hide items, click each item that you want to hide. The
items you click will be outlined in blue. (see English and
Urdu right)
Make sure each item you wish to show is not outlined in
blue. (Click the item to remove the blue outlining if you
wish to show items you previously hid).
To show row or column headings where there is no data
under those headings click to add a tick to Show items
with no data. Remove the tick if the row/columns
headings are unnecessary
ClickOK
When you click the page option box to the hidden items will not be listed.
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Lesson 18: SubtotalsYou can alter what subtotals show for your data and what function is used where your table has
more than one row heading and/or more than one column heading.
For example, the table shown right
gives thesum of amounts for eachDepartment.
It may be that you wish to know
how many claims have been mad
(count) or what the maximum claim
was (Max).
You may even wish to see both
these items displayed. This is best
applied to the outercolumn
headings, i.e. Department
To add subtotals
Click on the field button and then click
on the Pivot table toolbar, or
alternatively double clickthe field button
for which you wish to add subtotals. It
should preferably be an outer row
heading or upper column heading not a
page field!
Click on the function you wish to use. To
display more than one type of subtotal forthe field click on each function for which
you want a subtotal. Each one you click
on will be shown in blue.
To remove a function, click on it again.
Exceladds one subtotal line for each function you select.
(The functions are outlined in Lesson 11: )
Removing subtotals
Double click the relevant field name
To remove allsubtotals for that field click onNone
To remove specific functions click on each function you do not want so that it is not outlined in
blue.
Note You can specify the summary function to use for subtotals only if the field you are subtotaling
doesn't contain a calculated item.
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Resetting subtotals
To go back to the default setting for the subtotals (i.e. a simple total)
Double click the relevant field name
ClickAutomatic
Including Hidden page field items
Normally hidden items are not included in totals and subtotals.
To include hidden page field items in the subtotals and Totals (including the Allpage)
ClickPivotTable on the PivotTable toolbar
ClickTable Options and click to add a tick in Subtotalhiddenpageitems
ClickOK
Lesson 19: Printing Pivot Table ReportsThe Pivot table is printed in the usual way using File, Print or the button, however there are
some things you will need to consider setting up before you are ready to print the Pivot Table
Report.
Exceluses your PivotTable print settings whenever you print any part of a PivotTable report. The
standard print settings also affect how the PivotTable report looks on the printed page.
Print area
The Pivot table must be the only one in the area printed. You may need to set a print area before
printing. To set the print area:
ClickPivot table, Select, Entire table and then
ClickFile, Print Area, Set Print Area
Notes:
If you do not set a print area when there are multiple Pivot Tables the rows and columnswith the field and item labels will not be repeated on new pages and page breaks from one
report can affect the other PivotTable reports.
If you change the Pivot table such that it changes size you will have to set the Print areaagain
Repeating Row and column headings on each new pageFirst remove anyPrintTitles already set up:
Select File, Page setup and click the Sheet tab.
Make sure that the rows to repeat at top and column to repeat at left boxes are blank
ClickOK
Then set theprint titles for the Pivot table:
Click on the PivotTable toolbar, and then clickTable Options.
Under in the Formatoptions group, click to add a tick in Set print titles.
Note: The repeated labels include all row, column, and data field labels and item labels in the
PivotTable report. If row and column headings change the new headings will be printed.
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Repeating item labels as relevant on new page
This applies where there is more than one level of heading and the lower headings are broken
across a page break
I.e. in the example shown right the heading 05/09/2002 applies to
all the headings Stationery, Travel & Subsistence and Software.Where these are all on one page it will appear as shown right. If the
headings are divided onto different pages we need to have the upper heading 05/09/2002 repeated
on the second page.
Thus the last column on the first page will be as shown left, and the
beginning of the second page will be as shown right 05/09/2002
being repeated on the second page for clarity.
To ensure that this will happen:
Click and select Table options,
Make sure there is a tick in Repeat item labels on each printed page
Print the sections of a PivotTable report on separate pages
You can set the Pivot table Report so that it has page breaks after each item in a main row heading
at any level but the right most row heading.
Right-click the field that has the items you want to print on separate pages and select Field Settings
ClickLayout.
Click to insert a tick in Insert page break after each
item
Note:Excelinserts the page breaks after the last row foreach item, or after the total row for the item if you're
displaying totals at the bottom for the field. If you select
the check box to insert a blank row after each item group,
Excelinserts the page breaks after the blank rows.
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Lesson 20: Creating a consolidating pivot table report(using multiple ranges)
When you consolidate data from multiple lists or worksheets, the lists or worksheets must have
matching row and column names for items that you want to summarize together. Do not include any
total rows or total columns from the source data when you create the PivotTable or PivotChartreport.
Examples of two spreadsheets you may wish to summarise are shown below. Notice that one is
stationery orders placed in January, and the other is stationery orders placed in February.
Note that the two sets of data do
not necessarily have to be on
different sheets, they can be on
the same sheet, or in different
files (workbooks).
Consolidating data using pivot tables
Select Data, PivotTable and PivotChart Report
At Step 1 of the Wizard click to add a black dot beside Multiple
consolidation ranges and make sure PivotTable has a dotbeside it too.
Click
From Step 2a of the Wizard select
I will create the page fields
Click
On step 2b click in the Rangebox
Click on a corner cell of the data range
on the spreadsheet and drag to the
opposite corner so that the whole range
is outlined with a moving dotted line.
Click the button and the
range will be copied to the All ranges
area.
In How many page fields do you want
click the 1 option and type a name for
the range in Field one
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Click back into the Rangebox and highlight the existing
range before selecting a new range and clicking Add.
Once you have clicked Add (not before) you must change
the name as it will still be the same as the previous range.
Repeat for any other ranges you require.
(Use the button to find a range from another file
(workbook).
You should reach a position where all the ranges are listed
and named.
Click
From Step 3 select where you wish to place the PivotTable.
If you select New worksheetExcelwill create a new
worksheet
If you select Existing WorksheetExcelwill automatically
assume that the top left of the PivotTable will be where your cursor is currently. Click on the
required sheet and cell if necessary.
Click
You now have a PivotTable which has summarised the data from all ranges. It can be altered in the
usual way. For example if the formula used is Count and you wish to use Sum double click on
, select Sum and clickOK
You can also use the Page 1 option to see the data from each range. If we had allowed Excel tocreate a single page fieldfor us they would be called simply Item 1, Item 2 etc.
Note: You could choose to have 0 page fields if you simply want a table that summarises the data,
and you do not wish to be able to see each set of data separately within the table.
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Lesson 21: Using AutoformatsWhen a Pivot table is created it has a set format. The format can be changed manually, or you can
choose from a series of 22 autoformats already created.
Click in the table
Click on the format report button on the Pivot Table toolbar
Move through the 22
formats using the scroll bar
until you find one you wish
to use.
Click on the format of your
choice
ClickOK
Note These formats will be
retained when the table is
refreshed
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Lesson 22: Creating and printing a pivot chart
Creating a PivotChart
You can summarise the data and produce it Chart form. You can start from scratch with the
original source data or, if you have already produced aPivotTable use that as the source data for the chart.
If you are creating a PivotChart based on the original list
of dataExcelwill also create a PivotTable.
Select Data, PivotTable and PivotChart Report
ClickPivotChart (with PivotTable)
ClickMicrosoft Excel list or database oranother
PivotTable or PivotChart as relevant
Click
Select the relevant range (or PivotTable)
Click
Define where you wish to place the PivotTable (Charts are always
based on a table). The PivotChart will automatically be placed on
a new sheet.
Click
You will then see the
basis for the chart
with the PivotTable
toolbar. Drag each
field name to the
relevant part of the
chart from the Pivot
Table Field List
Data items are those
for which you wantbars.
Page fields are items
you would like a different chart for (e.g. drag name there to see a chart for each person).
The Drop more series fields here area will colour each item in that field differently.
Drop more category field here is for fields whose items you wish to see along the horizontal axis.
E.g. The following chart has:
Where as a page field, so we would see different charts forkitchen and Lounge
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Numberas a data field (if we require another function e.g. count we can double click on the
button to change it)
Time of day as a more series field so that am is shown in one colour and pm in another.
Name andDate as column fields. Note that the order of these field buttons as shown is important.
Name is the leftmostbutton and is therefore the lowestitem on the horizontal axis. Date is on the
right and is therefore the subsidiary item on the axis.
You could change Sum of numberto showNumber eaten by double clicking on the button and
changing the name.
Printing a Pivot chart
Print in the usual way. Make sure the PivotChart sheet is current and select File, Print