microprocessor srm

EC0321 PROCESSOR LAB

EC0321 PROCESSOR LAB

LABORATORY MANUALSEMESTER V

DEAPRTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRM UNIVERISTY

(Under SECTION 3 of the UGC Act, 1956)

S.R.M. NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR 603203.

Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringDepartment of Electronics and Communication EngineeringEC0321Processor Lab

Laboratory ManualJune 2014Mrs. A Ruhan Bevi. and course committee

LTPC

EC0321PROCESSOR LAB0032

Prerequisite : nil

PURPOSE :

To make the students understand the basic programming of Microprocessor, Micro controller and Nuvoton processor. Also, to introduce them to Microcontrollers and few interfacing circuits.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

To understand and gain knowledge about

1. Microprocessor (8086)

2. Microcontroller (8051)

3. Interfacing circuits

4. Nuvoton ProcessorLIST OF EXPERIMENTSPart NoExperiment No.Experiment Name

I

8086 Programming0116 bit Addition , Subtraction, Multiplication and Division

02Largest and Smallest number

03Ascending and Descending numbers

04Sum of Series

II

8086 Interfacing05 Programmable peripheral Interface

06Stepper Motor Interface

07Programmable Timer Interface

08A/D and D/A Converters

III

8051 Programming9Addition , Subtraction, Multiplication and Division

10Ones and twos complement

11Word Disassembly

12Decimal to Hexa decimal Conversion

IV

8051 interfacing138279 interface

148253 timer interface

15Stepper motor interface

16DAC interface

V

Nuvoton programming17Seven segment display from 0000 to 9999

18Seven segment display from ADC input

EC0321 Processor Lab

Course designed byDepartment of Electronics & Communication Engineering

1ProgramoutcomeabcdefghiJk

xxxxx

2CategoryGeneral(G)Basic Sciences(B)Engineering Sciences andTechnical Arts(E)Professional Subjects(P)

X

3Broad area (for Pcategory)CommunicationSignal ProcessingElectronicsVLSIEmbedded

X

4Staff responsible for preparing the syllabusMr. A.V.M Manikandan

Mr. Selvakumar

5Date of preparationMay 2014

S.R.M University

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Sub Code: EC0321

Semester : V

Sub Title: Processor Lab

Course Time: JulDec14Pre-requisite : NIL

Co-requisite : EC0309 Microprocessors & MicrocontrollersProgram Outcome

b. Graduates will demonstrate the ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems

Experiment 1 to Experiment no. 18 (Please refer Expt. list)c. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design and conduct experiments, analyze and interpret data

Experiment 1 to Experiment no. 18 (Please refer Expt. list)d. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design a system, component or process as per needs and specification

Experiment 5: To interface 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface with 8086 microprocessor and to test mode 0 operation

Experiment 6: To interface a stepper motor with a 8086 kit and to make it run a) clockwise b) anti clockwise

Experiment 7: To interface a programmable timer with 8086

Experiment 8: To interface a A/D Converter with 8086 and to measure the analog voltage and display digital equivalent of it

To interface a D/A Converters with 8086 and to generate square and triangular waveforms

Experiment 13: To interface Keyboard /Display to 8051 micro controller and to read key and display data in leds.Experiment 14: To interface 8253 programmable timer with 8051 controller and to test the mode 0 operation.

Experiment 15: To interface a stepper motor with a 8051 kit and to make it run a) clockwise b) anti clockwise

Experiment 16: To interface a D/A Converters with 8051 and to generate square and triangular waveformsf. Graduate will demonstrate the skills to use modern engineering tools, softwares and equipment to analyze problemsExperiment 1: Using 8086 emulator add, subtract, multiply and divide two 16 bit numbers stored in the memory and save the results of the operation in the memory.

Experiment 2: To find the largest and the smallest of the given array of numbers stored in memory using 8086.

Experiment 3: To sort the given array of numbers stored in memory location into ascending and descending order using 8086.

Experiment 4: To find the sum of a series of numbers using 8086.

Experiment 17: Perform seven segment display from 0000 to 9999 in Keil IDEExperiment 18: Perform seven segment display fetching data from the potentiometer using Keil IDEk. Graduate will show the ability to participate and try to succeed in competitive examinationsExperiment 1 to Experiment no. 18 (Please refer Experiment list)S.R.M University


Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringSub Code : EC0321

Semester : V

Sub Title : Processor Lab

Course Time : JulDec14Pre_requisite : NIL

Co_requisite : EC0309 Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Program Educational Objectives Vs Program OutcomeProgram OutcomesProgram Instructional Objectives

1. To prepare students to compete for a successful career in their chosen profession through global education standards.2. To enable the students to aptly to apply their acquired knowledge in basic sciences and mathematics in solving engineering problems.3. To produce skill full graduates to analyze, design and develop a system/component/process for the required needs under the realistic constraints.4.To train the students to approach ethically any multidisciplinary engineering challenges with economic, environmental and social contexts

5. To create an awareness among students about the need for life long learning to succeed in their professional career.

b. Graduates will demonstrate the ability to identify

,formulate and solve engineering problems dataxxx

c. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design and conduct experiments, analyze and interpret dataxxx

d. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design a system, component or process as per needs and specificationsxxxx

f. Graduates will demonstrate the skills to use modern engineering tools, software, equipment to analyse problemsxxx

k. Graduate will show the ability to participate and try to succeed in competitive examinationxxx

S.R.M University



Semester : V

Sub Title : Processor Lab


Co_requisite : EC0309 Microprocessors & MicrocontrollersInstructional Objective and Program OutcomeS.NoInstructional ObjectiveProgram Outcome Experiment Details

1To understand and gain knowledge about Microprocessor (8086)

b. Graduates will demonstrate the ability to identify

,formulate and solve engineering problems dataEx.No.1: Using 8086 trainer kit, add, subtract, multiply and divide two 16 bit numbers stored in the memory and save the results of the operation in the memory.

c. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design and conduct experiments, analyze and interpret data

d. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design a system, component or process as per needs and specificationEx.No. 2 : To find the largest and the smallest of the given array of numbers stored in memory using 8086.

f. Graduate will demonstrate the skills to use modern engineering tools, softwares and equipment to analyze problemsEx.No.3 : To sort the given array of numbers stored in memory location into ascending and descending order using 8086

k. Graduate will show the ability to participate and try to succeed in competitive examinationsEx.No.4: To find the sum of a series of numbers using 8086.

2To understand and gain knowledge about Microcontroller (8051)b.Graduates will demonstrate the ability to identify

,formulate and solve engineering problems dataEx.No.9: To perform Addition , Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of two 8 bit,16 bit numbers using 8051 trainer kit

c. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design and conduct experiments, analyze and interpret dataEx.No.10: To perform ones and twos complement of a given number using 8051

d. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design a system, component or process as per needs and specificationEx.No.11: To perform word disassembly using 8051

k. Graduate will show the ability to participate and try to succeed in competitive examinationsEx.No.12: Convert the given decimal number to Hexadecimal using 8051

3To understand and gain knowledge about interfacing circuitsb.Graduates will demonstrate the ability to identify

,formulate and solve engineering problems dataEx.No.6& 15:To interface a stepper motor with a 8086/8051 kit and to make it run a) clockwise b) anti clockwise

c. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design and conduct experiments, analyze and interpret dataEx.No.7 &14 :To interface a programmable timer with 8086/8051

d. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design a system, component or process as per needs and specificationEx.No.8 & 16:To interface a A/D Converter with 8086 /8051and to measure the analog voltage and display digital equivalent of it. To interface a D/A Converters with 8086 and to generate square and triangular waveforms

k. Graduate will show the ability to participate and try to succeed in competitive examinationsExNo. 5 : Interfacing PPI with 8086Ex.No.13: Interfacing 8279 with 8051

4To understand and gain knowledge about Nuvoton Processorc. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design and conduct experiments, analyze and interpret dataEx.No. 17: Perform seven segment display from 0000 to 9999 in Keil IDE

d. Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design a system, component or process as per needs and specification

f. Graduate will demonstrate the skills to use modern engineering tools, softwares and equipment to analyze problemsEx.No. 18: Perform seven segment display fetching data from the potentiometer using Keil IDE

S.R.M University



Semester : V

Sub Title: Processor Lab


Co_requisite : EC0309 Microprocessors & MicrocontrollersEXPERIMENTS DETAILSS.No.Experiments DetailEquipments RequiredComponents Required

I. Programming in 8086

1Using 8086 trainer kit, add, subtract, multiply and divide two 16 bit numbers stored in the memory and save the results of the operation in the memory.8086

Trainer Kit Power Cables

2To find the largest and the smallest of the given array of numbers stored in memory using 8086.8086 Trainer KitPower Cables

3To sort the given array of numbers stored in memory location into ascending and descending order using 80868086 Trainer KitPower Cables

4To find the sum of a series of numbers using 8086.

8086 Trainer KitPower Cables

II. 8086 Interfacing

5To interface 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface with 8086 microprocessor and to test mode 0 operation

8086 Trainer KitPower Cables

6To interface a stepper motor with a 8086 kit and to make it run a) clockwise b) anti clockwise8086 Trainer Kit stepper motor interface add on card Power Cables

Add on card connector bus.

7To interface a programmable timer with 8086.8086 Trainer Kit programmable timer- add on cardPower Cables


8To interface a A/D Converter with 8086 and to measure the analog voltage and display digital equivalent of it.

To interface a D/A Converters with 8086 and to generate square and triangular waveforms.8086 Trainer Kit A/D, D/A interface boards, CROPower Cables


III.Programming in 8051

9To perform Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of two 8 bit, 16 bit numbers using 8051 trainer kit.8051 Trainer kitPower Cables

10To perform ones and twos complement of a given

number using 8051.8051 Trainer kitPower Cables

11To perform word disassembly using 80518051 Trainer kitPower Cables

12Convert the given decimal number to Hexa decimal using8051.8051 Trainer kitPower Cables

IV.8051 Interfacing

13To interface 8279 with 80518279 module,

8051 kitPower Cables

14To interface a 8253 programmable timer with 80518253 module,


15To interface a stepper motor with 8051Stepper motor ,


16To interface an ADC with 8051ADC module,


V. Programming in Nuvoton Board

17Seven segment display using Nuvoton boardNuvoton kitPower Cables

18Seven segment display for ADC input using Nuvoton boardNuvoton kit, PotentiometerPower Cables

EC0321- Laboratory Policies and Report Format

Reports are due at the beginning of the lab period. The reports are intended to be a complete documentation of the work done in preparation for and during the lab. The report should be complete so that someone else familiar with microprocessor and controllers could use it to verify your work. The prelab and postlab report format is as follows:

1. A neat thorough prelab must be presented to your Staff Incharge at the beginning of your scheduled lab period. Lab reports should be submitted on A4 paper. Your report is a professional presentation of your work in the lab. Neatness, organization, and completeness will be rewarded. Points will be deducted for any part that is not clear.

2.In this laboratory students will work in teams of three. However, the lab reports will be written individually. Please use the following format for your lab reports.

a. Cover Page: Include your name, Subject Code, Section No., Experiment No. and Date.

b.Objectives: Enumerate 3 or 4 of the topics that you think the lab will teach you. DO NOT REPEAT the wording in the lab manual procedures. There should be one or two sentences per objective. Remember, you should write about what you will learn, not what you will do.

c.Program: This part contains all the steps required to produce the required operation. The program written should be verified with the staff member to correct the flow of the code written.. This section should also include a description of the experiment by writing suitable codes. e. Questions: Specific questions (Prelab and Postlab) asked in the lab should be answered here. Retype the questions presented in the lab and then formally answer them.

3. Your work must be original and prepared independently. However, if you need any guidance or have any questions or problems, please do not hesitate to approach your staff incharge during office hours. Copying any prelab/postlab will result in a low grade. The incident will be formally reported to the University and the students should follow the dress code in the Lab session.

4. Each laboratory exercise must be completed and demonstrated to your Staff Incharge in order to receive working program credit. This is the procedure to follow:

a. Program works: If the program works during the lab period (3 hours), call your staff incharge and he/she will sign and date it. This is the end of this lab, and you will get a complete grade for this portion of the lab.

b. Program does not work: If the program does not work, you must make use of the open times for the lab room to complete your lab exercise. When your program instructions are ready, contact your staff incharge to set up a time when the two of you can meet to check your program.

5. Attendance at your regularly scheduled lab period is required. An unexpected absence will result in loss of credit for your lab. If for valid reason a student misses a lab, or makes a reasonable request in advance of the class meeting, it is permissible for the student to do the lab in a different section later in the week if approved by the staff incharge of both the sections. Habitually late students (i.e., students late more than 15 minutes more than once) will receive 10 point reductions in their grades for each occurrence following the first.

6. Final grade in this course will be based on laboratory assignments. All labs have an equal weight in the final grade. Grading will be based on pre-lab work, laboratory reports, post-lab and in-lab performance (i.e., completing lab, answering laboratory related questions, etc.,).The Staff Incharge will ask pertinent questions to individual members of a team at random. Labs will be graded as per the following grading policy:

Pre-Lab Work

20.00%

In-Lab Performance 30.00%

Post Lab Work

20.00%

Laboratory Report

30.00%

8. Reports Due Dates: Reports are due one week after completion of the corresponding lab. A late lab report will have 20% of the points deducted for being one day late. If a report is 2 days late, a grade of 0 will be assigned.

9. Systems of Tests: Regular laboratory class work over the full semester will carry a weight of 75%. The remaining 25% weight will be given by conducting an end semester practical examination for every individual student if possible or by conducting a 1 to 1 hours duration common written test for all students, based on all the experiment carried out in the semester.

10. General Procedure:

a. Properly use the microprocessor and microcontroller trainer kit and identify the starting address of the RAM locations and trainer instructions in advance.

b. Know the instruction set of the processor and the controllers to be used in the lab classes.

c. Verify the function of all the programs scheduled for the lab session.

d. Properly use the interfacing cable to connect the peripherals to the processor.

e. After the completion of the experiments switch off the power supply and return the components.

SRM UNIVERSITY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

EC0321 Processor Lab

Laboratory Report Cover Sheet

ODD SEM 2011 Name: ______________________________________

Section: Tick One M ( ) TU ( )

W ( )

Th ( )

Fr ( )

Venue: _______________________________________

Title of Lab: ________________________________________

Preparation Verification

Staff Name & Signature: ______________________

______________________Experiment Completion Verification


______________________

Date, Time: ______________________

ParticularsMax MarksMarks Obtained

Prelab5 marks

Lab Performance 20marks

Post lab 5marks

Record 20marks

Total 50 marks

Report Verification


______________________

Date, Time: ______________________CONTENTSExperiments

Page NoLab 1

1.1 (a) Introduction

11.2 (a) Hardware requirement

11.3 (a) Program logic

11.4 (a) Procedure

11.5 (a) Pre lab Questions

11.6 (a) Lab Assignment

11.7 (a) Post lab Questions

21.1 (b) Introduction

21.2 (b) Hardware requirement

21.3 (b) Program logic

21.4 (b) Procedure

21.5 (b) Pre lab Questions

21.6 (b) Lab Assignment

31.7 (b) Post lab Questions

3Lab 22.1 Introduction

42.2 Hardware requirement

42.3 Program logic

42.4 Procedure

42.5 Pre lab Questions

42.6 Lab Assignment

52.7 Post lab Questions

5Lab 3 3.1 Introduction


63.3 Program logic

63.4 Procedure





84.3 Program logic



9Lab 5

5.1 Introduction


105.3 Program logic



12Lab 6 6.1 Introduction136.2 Hardware requirement

136.3 Program logic

136.3.1 wave scheme

136.3.2 2 phase scheme

136.3.3 half stepping scheme


146.5 Lab Assignment




157.3 Program logic

157.3.1 Mode 0 Interrupt on terminal count

157.3.2 Mode 1 Programmable one shot

157.3.3. Mode 2 Rate Generator

157.3.4 Mode 3 Square Wave Generator

157.3.5 Mode 4 Software triggered strobe



17Lab 8 8.1 (a) Introduction

188.2 (a) Hardware requirement

188.3 (a) Program logic

188.3.1 (a) Mode 0 square wave generation

188.3.2 (a) Mode 1 saw tooth wave generation

188.4 (a) Pre lab Questions

198.5. (a) Lab Assignments

198.6 (a) Post lab Questions

198.1. (b) Introduction

208.2. (b) Hardware Requirement

208.3. (b) Program Logic

20

8.3.1. (b) Channel Selection

20

8.3.2. (b) A to D Conversion

20

8.3.3. (b) To measure voltage in channel

208.4. (b) Pre lab questions

218.5 (b)Post lab Questions

21Lab 9

9.1 Introduction

22


22

9.3 Program

22

9.4 Prelab

22

9.5 Post lab

Lab 1010.1 Introduction


2210.3 Program

2210.4 Prelab

2210.5 Post lab


24


24

11.3 Program

24

11.4 Prelab

24

11.5 Post lab

24

Lab 1212.1 Introduction


2512.3 Program

2512.4 Prelab

2512.5 Post lab



2613.3 Program

2613.4 Prelab

2613.5 Post lab


26


26

14.3 Program

26

14.4 Prelab

26

14.5 Post lab



3015.3 Program

3015.4 Prelab

3215.5 Postlab



3316.3 Program

3316.4 Prelab

3316.5 Post lab



3517.3 Program

3517.4 Prelab

3517.5 Post lab

35Lab 18

18.1 Introduction

35


35

18.3 Program

35

18.4 Prelab

35

18.5 Post lab

Lab 1Ex.No.1: 16-Bit Addition & Subtraction1.1(a) Introduction:

The purpose of this experiment is to add and to subtract the given two 16 bit numbers and store them in a memory location. The student should also be able to design the addition and subtraction with carry and borrow.1.2(a) Hardware Requirement:

The 8086 Microprocessor kit, Power Supply.

1.3 (a) Program Logic:The add instruction requires either the addend or the augend to be in a register, unless the source operand is immediate since the addressing modes permitted for the source and destination are register-register, memory to register, register to memory, register to immediate, and finally memory to immediate.

Hence one of the operands is initially moved to AX. Then using the add instruction, 16-bit addition is performed.

The next arithmetic primitive is SUB. As discussed in ADD it permits the same modes of addressing. Hence moving the minuend to a register pair is necessary. Then the result is moved to a location in memory.1.4 (a) Procedure1. Enter the opcodes in ram memory from location 1000 using SUB command

2. Using STEP command, execute the program instruction by instruction

3. After each instruction verified register contents and see that they are initialised to the required values.1.5(a) Pre Lab Questions1. Difference between Microprocessor & Microcontroller?

2. Define BUS and give the classification of Buses

3. What is an addressing mode?

4. How the Microprocessors can be categorized?

5. What is stack and Subroutine?

6. Mention the features of 8086?

7. Define Opcode and Operand8. Explain how physical address is formed in 8086.

1.6(a) Lab Assignment1. Write an assembly language program to move the content in memory location 1100h into register BX and also move to register CX, and also store the content in CX in memory location 1300H.

2. Write an assembly language program to add and subtract the two 16-bit numbers using the program logic given in 1.3. (Use immediate and direct addressing modes)

3. Write an algorithm for the questions 1 & 2, and also draw the flowchart?1.7(a) Post Lab Questions (Refer the program to answer these questions)

1. Calculate the physical address for the given data. DS=1000h, BP=1234h 2. What is the purpose of HLT instruction?

3. What happens if the result is greater than 16bit?

4. Give the steps to calculate physical address?5. If carry is set to 1 before subtraction what is the instruction to be used?

6. What is the difference between MOV AX, [1100] and MOV [1200], AX?Ex.No:1-B (Multiplication And Division)1.1.(b)Introduction

The purpose of this experiment is to multiply and to divide the given two 16 bit numbers and store them in a memory location. 1.2 (b) Hardware Requirement


1.3(b) Program Logic

The 8086 Processor provides both signed and unsigned multiply in their instruction set to overcome the loss of efficiency in performing the repeated addition.

The MUL instruction can have both 16 and 8 bit operands and the multiplicand is AX or AL, accordingly the result for a byte multiply is a 16 bit number in AX while that for a word multiply is a 32 bit number, the lower word of which is in AX and the higher word in DX.

1.4(b) Procedure

1. Enter the opcodes in ram memory from location 1000 using SUB command

2. Using STEP command, execute the program instruction by instruction

a. After each instruction verified register contents and see that they are initialised to the required values.1.5(b) Pre-Lab Questions

1. A single instruction may use more than one addressing modes or some instructions may not require any addressing modes. Why?

2. How is the addressing mode of an instruction communicated to the CPU?

3. How does the CPU identify between 8-bit and 16-bit operation?

4. What do you mean by pipelined architecture?

5. What is a Flag register?

6. What is a machine cycle?

7. What is a status signal?

8. What is minimum mode operation of 8086?

9. What is the maximum memory addressing and I/O addressing capabilities of 8086?

10. From which address the 8086 starts execution after reset?

1.6(b) Lab Assignment

1. Write an assembly language program to move the content in memory location 1100h into register BX and also move to register CX, and also store the content in CX in memory location 1300h.(Use based indexed addressing mode)

2. Write an assembly language program to multiply and divide the two 16-bit numbers using the program logic given in 1.9. (Use immediate and direct addressing modes)

3. Write an algorithm for the questions 1 & 2, and also draw the flowchart?1.7(b) Post-Lab Questions (Refer the program to answer these questions)1. List out the type of addressing modes used in your program.2. If result exceeds 32 bit where is it stored?

3. What is the name given to the register combination DX:AX?

4. What is the instruction used for signed division?

5. In the above program instead of DIV BX, is it possible to use DIV num2?

Lab 2

Ex.No.2: Largest and Smallest number in an array2.1 Introduction:

The purpose of this experiment is to find the larger and the smaller numbers from an array which is stored in a memory location.2.2 Hardware Requirement:


2.3 Program Logic:

To find the largest number in any given array, the contents of the array must be compared with an arbitrary biggest number. The first number of the array is taken in a register AL. The second number of the array is compared with the first one. If the first one is greater than the second one, it is left unchanged. However if the second one is greater than the first, the second number replaces the first one in the AL register. The procedure is repeated for every number in the array and thus it requires n iterations. At the end of nth iteration the largest number will reside in the register AL.

For smallest number the above said logic is repeated but, If the first number is smaller than the second one it is left unchanged. Otherwise the second number replaces the first number in the AL register2.4 Procedure:1. Enter the opcodes in ram memory from location 1000 using SUB command2. Using STEP command, execute the program instruction by instruction

3. After each instruction verified register contents and see that they are initialized to the required values

4. Execute the program and check for results.

2.5 Pre-Lab Questions:1. Draw the flowchart to find the largest and smallest number of an array?

2. What is the similarity and difference between Subtract and Compare Instruction?

3. What are the addressing modes are used in our program?

4. Initialize register CX to value FFFF and register AX to value 0000, write a program to exchange the contents of both these register?

5. Illustrate the use of LEA, LDS, and LES instruction and to initialize registers using these instructions?

6. Logic calculations are done in which type of registers?

7. In an 8086 microprocessor program, data and stack memory occupies uniform memory space. State true or false?

8. Explain cross-compiler, linker, editor and debugger?

9. Suppose that DS=1000h, SS=2000h, BP=1000h and DI=0100h. Determine the memory address accessed by each of the following instructions.

MOV AL, [BP + DI]

MOV CX, [BP]

10. Form a jump instruction that jumps to the address pointed by the BX register?

2.6 Lab Assignment

1. Write an assembly language program to sort the numbers of an array in a memory location 1100h and store the largest number of the array in 1200h and smallest number in the location 1300h.2.7 Post-Lab Questions:1. What is the purpose of MOV DS, AX?

2. What will be the status of flags after executing the program?

3. What are the addressing modes are used in our program?

4. What is the difference between JUMP and LOOP instructions?

5. What instructions are needed to add AL, 3L and DL together, and place the result in CL? Do not destroy BL or DL.

6. Show the instruction needed to count the number of 1s found in AL. For example if AL contains 10110001, the number of 1s is 4.

Lab 3

Ex.No.3: Sorting of an array in ascending and descending series3.1 Introduction:

The purpose of this experiment is to sort the sequence of numbers from the array stored in a memory location into ascending and descending series.3.2 Hardware Requirement:


3.3 Program Logic:

To arrange the given numbers in ascending and descending order, the bubble sorting method is used. Initially the first number of the series is compared with the second one. If the first number is greater than second, exchange their positions in the series otherwise leave the position unchanged. Then compare the second number in the recent form of the series with third and repeat the exchange part that you are carried out for the first and second number, and for all the remaining number of the series. Repeat this procedure for complete series (n-1) times. After n-1 iterations you will get the largest number at the end of the series. Again start from the first number of the series. Repeat the same procedure right from the first element to the last element. After n-2 iteration you will get the second highest number at the last but one place in the series. Repeat this till the complete series is arranged in ascending order.

3.4 Pre-Lab Questions:1. Draw the flow chart to arrange a given series of numbers in ascending and descending order.

2. In a given program how many times DEC and JNZ instructions are executed? What will be content in AX register after executing the program?

MOV AX, 00FF

MOV CL, 05

REPEAT:INC AX

DEC CL

JNZ REPEAT

3. Write a small program using DAA instruction?

4. Which type of jump instruction (short, near or far) assembles for the following:

If the distance is 0210H bytes



5. If DL = 0F3H and DH = 72H, List the difference after DH subtracts from DL,

and show the contents of the flag register bits.

6. How is register AL is used during execution of XLAT?

7. What conditional jump instruction should be used after CMP AL, 30H to jump when AL equals 30H?

3.5 Post-Lab Questions: 1. What is the purpose of XCHG instruction?

2. What is the use of PUSH and POP instruction?

3. Write an assembly language program in 8086 to sort the given array of 16-bit numbers in descending order.

4. What do square brackets means when they appear in an operand?

5. What is the difference between MOV AX, 0 and SUB AX, AX? There may be more than one difference to comment on.

6. Write a routine to swap nibbles in AL. For example if AL contains 3E, then it will contain E3 after execution.

Lab 4

Ex.No.4: Sum of series

4.1 Introduction:

The purpose of this experiment is to find the sum of sequence of numbers from the array stored in a memory location and store the result in a specified location.4.2 Hardware Requirement:


4.3 Program Logic:

In this program we show the addition of 10 numbers and is used as count for number of additions. The initial sum is assumed as zero. Initially, the resulting sum of the first two numbers will be stored. To this sum, the third number will be added. This procedure will be repeated till all the numbers in the series are added. A conditional JUMP instruction will be used to implement the counter checking logic.

4.4 Pre-Lab Questions

1. Draw the flowchart to find the sum of series of 8-numbers in a given array of 10 numbers?

2. Write a program to find the sum of series with carry and verify the answer with 8086 processor kit?

3. Given an instruction, how do you identify the addressing mode of the instruction, explain with example?

4. Identify the type of addressing modes used in the following data transfer operations. When data is moved from AX register to EX and when the data is moved from Ex register to a memory location whose address is given by DX register.

5. A 20-bit address bus allows access to a memory of capacity

(a) 1 MB

(b) 2 MB

(c) 4 MB

(d) 8 MB

6. Programs are written in assembly language because they

(a) run faster than High-level language

(b) are portable

(c) easier to write than machine code programs

(d) they allow the programmer access to registers or instructions that are not usually provided by a High-level language

7. What is meant by Maskable interrupts?

(a) An interrupt that can be turned off by the programmer.

(b) An interrupt that cannot be turned off by the programmer.

(c) An interrupt that can be turned off by the system.

(d) An interrupt that cannot be turned off by the system

8. Is overlapping of segment possible in 8086?4.5 Post-Lab Questions

1. How many times the JNZ instruction executed in our program?

2. In our program, List out the instructions which are not affected by the flags.

3. Which are pointers present in this 8086?4. Which Flags can be set or reset by the programmer and also used to control the operation of the processor?

5. Find the error in this program?

MOV AL, 00H

MOV BL, 05H

MOV CL, 02H

AGAIN:ADD AL, BL

JNZ AGAIN

DEC CL

MOV DI, 1300H

MOV [DI], AL

HLT

6.List the instructions that can be used to clear the accumulator or any registers?

Part II-8086 Microprocessor Interfacing

EXPERIMENT: 5 8255- PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE (PPI)

5.1 Objective

To interface 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface with 8086 microprocessor and to test mode 0 operation

5.2 Hardware requirements

The 8086 Microprocessor kit, 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface add on card, Interface cable and Power Supply.

5.3 Theory

The 8255 is a widely used, programmable, parallel I/O device.It can be programmed to transfer data under various conditions, from simple I/O to interrupt I/O.

Features

Three 8-bit IO ports PA, PB, PC

PA can be set for Modes 0, 1, 2. PB for 0,1 and PC for mode 0 and for BSR. Modes 1 and 2 are interrupt driven.

PC has two 4-bit ports: PC upper (PCU) and PC lower (PCL), each can be set independently for Input or Output. Each PC bit can be set/reset individually in BSR mode.

PA and PCU are Group A (GA) and PB and PCL are Group B (GB)

Address/data bus must be externally demultiplexed.

8255 can be operated in two modes

BSR (Bit Set Reset ) mode or

i. I/O mode

ii. BSR mode

Bit set/reset, applicable to PC only. One bit is S/R at a time. Command word

D7D6D5D4D3D2D1D0

0 (0=BSR)XXXB2B1B0S/R (1=S,0=R)

Bit select: (Taking Don't care's as 0)

B2B1B0PC bitControl word (Set)Control word (reset)

00000000 0001 = 01h0000 0000 = 00h

00110000 0011 = 03h0000 0010 = 02h

01020000 0101 = 05h0000 0100 = 04h

01130000 0111 = 07h0000 0110 = 06h

10040000 1001 = 09h0000 1000 = 08h

10150000 1011 = 0Bh0000 1010 = 0Ah

11060000 1101 = 0Dh0000 1100 = 0Ch

11170000 1111 = 0Fh0000 1110 = 0Eh

I/O mode

The I/O mode is further divided into three modes:

Mode 0 : all ports function as simple I/O ports

Mode 1 : Hand shake mode whereby Ports A and/or B use bits from port C as handshake signals

Mode 2. : Port A can be set up for bidirectional data transfer using handshaking signals from Port C, and Port B can be set up either in Mode 0 or Mode 1.

Command word

D7D6D5D4D3D2D1D0

1 (1=I/O)GA mode selectPAPCUGB mode selectPBPCL

D6, D5: GA mode select:

00 = mode0

01 = mode1

1X = mode2

D4(PA), D3(PCU): 1=input 0=output

D2: GB mode select: 0=mode0, 1=mode1

D1(PB), D0(PCL): 1=input 0=output

Port Address

RegisterAddress

Control word registerC6

Port AC0

Port BC2

Port CC4

5.4 Pre-lab Questions

1. What is control word register?

2. Name the two operating modes of 8255

3. What is BSR mode?

4. Give control word format of BSR mode.

5. What is Input output mode?

5.5 Program

1. Initialize port A as input port and port B as output port in mode 0 , to input the data at port A as set by the SPDT switches and to output the same data to port B to glow the LED accordingly.

2. Initialize port A as input port and port c as output port in mode 0 , to input the data at port A as set by the SPDT switches and to output the same data to port B to glow the LED accordingly.

3. Initialize port C as input port and port B as output port in mode 0 , to input the data at port A as set by the SPDT switches and to output the same data to port B to glow the LED accordingly.

5.6 Procedure

1. Enter the opcodes in RAM memory from location 1000 using the Assembler (A) command

2. Using GO command, execute the program instruction by instruction

3. After execution verify register contents and see that they are initialized to the required values and transfer the output to RAM memory .

5.7 Post-lab Questions

1. Initialize the control word register for port A as input and port B as output in mode1

2. Compare mode 0, mode 1 and mode 2 of 8255 I /O mode.

3. Initialize the control word register for port C as input and Port B as output in mode0

4. Initialize 8255 for bidirectional data transfer Port A as input and port B as output.

5. Which control word is required to transfer a data from Port B to Port C in mode 1Lab 6Ex.No.6: Stepper Motor Interface6.1 Introduction:

To interface a stepper motor with a 8086 trainer kit and to run the motor in clockwise and anticlockwise directions with a controlled speed.6.2 Hardware Requirement:

The 8086 Microprocessor kit, Stepper motor interface add on card, interface cable, Power Supply.

6.3 Program Logic:

A motor in which the rotor is able to assume only discrete stationary angular position is a stepper motor. The rotor motion occurs in a stepwise manner from one equilibrium position to the next. They are widely used in open and closed looped systems in a variety of applications. It is either of reluctance type or permanent magnet type. The four poles structure is continuous with the stator frame and the magnetic field passes through the cylindrical stator annular ring. The stator poles and three pairs of rotor poles, there exists 12 possible positions in which a south pole of the rotor can lock with the north pole of the stator. From this it can be noted that the step size is 360( in degrees)/ Ns x Nr

where Ns = number of stator poles

Nr = number of pair of rotor poles.

There are three different stepping schemes for a stepper motor.

1. Wave scheme

2. 2- phase scheme

3. half stepping and mixed scheme

6.3.1 Wave scheme

The stepper motor windings A1,A2,B1,B2 can be cyclically excited with a DC current to run the motor in the clockwise direction. Consider the four rotor positions of the motor along with the stator excitations. The switching scheme for the wave mode excitation is given as follows.

Anti clockwiseClockwise

Step A1 A2 B1 B2Step A1 A2 B1 B2

1 1 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 1

3 0 1 0 0

4 0 0 1 0

1 1 0 0 0

2 0 0 1 0

3 0 1 0 0

4 0 0 0 1

6.3.2 2- Phase scheme:

In this scheme the two adjacent stator windings are energized. There are two magnetic fields achieved in quadrature and none of the rotor pole faces can be in a direct alignment with the stator poles.

The switching scheme for the 2- phase mode excitation is given as follows.



1 1 0 0 1

2 0 1 0 1

3 0 1 1 0

4 1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

2 0 1 1 0

3 0 1 0 1

4 1 0 0 1

6.3.3 Half stepping scheme

The previously discussed two schemes have a step size of 30 degrees for the stepper motor under consideration. However there is a offset of 15 degrees between these two schemes. By interleaving these two schemes , the step size can be reduced to 15 degrees there by improving the accuracy of the motor. This is called half stepping scheme.

The switching sequence is as follows.

1. A1 on

2. A1 and B1 on

3. B1 on

4. B1 and A2 on

5. A2 on

6. A2 and B2 on

7. B2 on

8. B2 and A1 on

9. A1 on etc.Pre-Lab Questions: 1. What is the specific property of the stepper motor which makes it compatible to interface with the processor?

2. Can a single phase motor or a DC motor be interfaced with a 8086 processor?

3. What is the operating voltage of a stepper motor?

4. What are the different types of stepper motor?

5. State any two applications of stepper motor interfaced with 8086.6.5 Lab assignments:1. Write a program to interface the stepper motor with 8086 and make it run in clockwise direction.2.Write a program to interface the stepper motor with 8086 and make it run in anti clockwise direction.

6.6 Post-Lab Questions:

1. Write a program to run the stepper motor for any number of steps and to stop it.

2. Justify the look up table listed in your program.

3. What do you mean by the instruction out C0 in the program?

4. What is the value of the delay element used in the program?Lab 7Ex.No.7: Programmable Interval timer Interface7.1 Introduction:

To interface a programmable timer interface with a 8086 trainer kit and to operate it in various modes.7.2 Hardware Requirement:

The 8086 Microprocessor kit, Programmale Timer interface add on card, interface cable, Power Supply.

7.3 Program Logic:

The main features of 8253 are as follows:

1. Three independent 16 bit counters

2. Input clock

3. Programmable counter modes

The clk0 can be connected either to the pclk or to the debounce circuit. Using the debounce circuit we can generate a pulse and clock the timer. Similarly clock1 can be connected to pclk and clock2 can be connected to either pclk or out0. In a microprocessor based application, interrupting the processor after a time delay is essential which is achieved using a timer.

7.3.1 Mode 0 Interrupt on terminal count

The output will be initially low after mode set operation. After loading the counter, the output will remain low while counting and on terminal count the output will become high, until reloaded again. Channel 0 is in mode 0 and the program is executed. Output is observed through a CRO.

Program:ORG 1000H

MOV AL,30

OUT CE,AL

MOV AL,05

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,00

OUT C8,AL

HLT

7.3.2 Mode 1 Programmable one shot

After loading the counter, the output will remain low following the rising edge of the gate input. The output will go high on the terminal count. It is retriggerable, hence the output will remain low for the full count after the rising edge of the gate input.

Execute the program, give the clock pulses through the debounce logic and observe the output at the CRO.

Program:ORG 1000H

MOV AL,32

OUT CE,AL

MOV AL,05

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,00

OUT C8,AL

OUT D0,AL

HLT

7.3.3 Mode 2 Rate generator

It is a divide by N counter. The output will be low for for one period of the clock input. The period from one output pulse to the next equals the number of input counts in the count register. In the CRO observe the input at channel 1 and the output at out1.

Program:ORG 1000H

MOV AL,74

OUT CE,AL

MOV AL,0A

OUT CA,AL

MOV AL,00

OUT CA,AL

HLT7.3.4 Mode 3 Square Wave GeneratorIt is similar to mode 2 except that the output will remain high for one half of the count and go low for the other half for even number count.

If the count is odd, the output will remain high for (count-1)/2 counts.

PROGRAM:

ORG 1000H

MOV AL,36

OUT CE,AL

MOV AL,10

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,00

OUT C8,AL

HLT

7.3.5 Mode 4 Software triggered strobe

In this method , the output is high after mode is set and also during counting. On terminal count , the output will go low for one clock period and becomes high again. This mode is used for interrupt generation.

PROGRAM:

ORG 1000H

MOV AL,36

OUT CE,AL

MOV AL,0A

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,00

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,B8

OUT CE ,AL

MOV AL,98

OUT CC,AL

MOV AL,3A

OUT CC,AL

HLT7.4 Pre-Lab Questions:1. What are the main features of 8253 timers?

2. List out the basic operations that can be performed by the timers.

3. Draw the control word format of timer?

4. Define baud rate factor

5. What is SC0 and SC1?

6. Define the functions of READ and LOAD functions of the timer?

7. How many channels are available in the 8253 IC?


1. Is it possible to transmit and receive serial data using 8086 processors?

2. If it possible, explain how?3. Write a program to generate a square wave of frequency 150 Khz at channel 0.

Lab 8Ex.No.8: A/D and D/A Interface8.1(a) Introduction:

To interface a digital to analog interface with 8086 and to perform the lab assignments.

8.2 (a) Hardware Requirement:

The 8086 Microprocessor kit, D/A add on card, interface cable, Power supply.

8.3(a) Program Logic: The physical quantities like temperature, pressure etc are required for the electronic circuit for data processing. The electrical equivalent of such parameters are obtained by the use of transducers. It is difficult to process or store the analog values so there is a conversion of analog signals to the digital domain for the ease of processing and again converting it into the analog domain for the real time output . This is of course achieved by the use of converters. The circuit which is used to convert a digital value into a analog value is a digital to analog converter.

8.3.1 (a) Square wave generationThe basic idea behind the generation of the waveform is the continuous generation of analog output at DAC. With 00(hex) as the input to the DAC2, the analog value is -5v. similarly , with FF (hex) as input, the output of the DAC is +5v. Outputting the digital data 00 and FF at regular intervals at DAC2, results in a square wave generation.

Program:

MOV AL,00

OUT C8,AL

CALL 1010

MOV AL,FF

OUT C8,AL

CALL 1010

JMP 1000

MOV CX, 05FF

LOOP 1013

RET

8.3.2 (a) Saw tooth wave generationOutput digital data from 00 to FF in constant steps of 01 to DAC1.Repeat this sequence again and again. As a result a saw tooth is generated at DAC1 output.

Program:

MOV AL,00

OUT CO,AL

INC AL

JNZ 1002

JMP 1000

MOV BL,00

MOV AL,BL

OUT C8,AL

INC BL

JNZ 1002

MOV BL,FF

MOV AL,BL

OUT C8,AL

DEC BL

JNZ 100C

JMP 1000

8.4(a) Pre-Lab Questions:

1. What is the basic principle of digital to analog converter?

2. Why DAC is interfaced with 8086?

3. State any two applications where DAC is used?

4. How many waveforms are generated in the program stated above?

5. Is it possible to generate a sine wave using a DAC?8.5(a) Lab Assignments

1. To generate the square wave at the DAC2 output.2. To generate a saw tooth wave at the DAC1 output.8.6 (a) Post-Lab Questions:

1.Write a program to generate a triangular wave

2. What do you mean by DAC1 and DAC2?

3. For a digital value of 7F ,the approximate analog voltage is ----------8.1(b) Introduction:

The purpose of this experiment is to convert the analog input given in the channel to a digital value and glow the LEDs accordingly using ADC interfaced with 8086 microprocessor.8.2 (b) Hardware Requirement:

The 8086 Microprocessor kit, A/D add on card, interface cable, Power supply.

8.3(b) Program Logic: ADC 0809 is a monolithic CMOS device with a 8 bit analog to digital converter, 8 channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible interface logic.

The main features of ADC are

1. 8 bit resolution

2. 100 microsec conversion time

3. low power consumption

4. latched tristate outputs

8.3.1 (b)The following program selects channel 0 and start analog to digital conversion by using ALE signal.

Program:

MOV AL,10

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,18

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,10

OUT C8,AL

HLT

8.3.2 (b): Initiating the analog to digital conversion process by giving the analog input at channel 0 and observing the output at LEDs.

Program:MOV AL,10

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,18

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,01

OUT D0,AL

MOV AL,00

MOV AL,00

OUT D0,AL

HLT

8.3.3 (b) To measure the voltage at channel1 and store the equivalent in the memory location.

Program: MOV AL,03

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,23

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,03

OUT C8,AL

MOV AL,01

OUT D0,AL

MOV AL,00

OUT D0,AL

LOOP:IN AL,E0

AND AL,01

CMP AL,01

JNZ LOOP

IN AL,CO

MOV BX,1100

MOV[BX],AL

HLT8.4 (b) Pre-Lab Questions:

1. Define SOC and EOC.

2. What type of ADC have you used in the program?

3. What are the types of ADCs available in the electronic market?

4. What is conversion time?8.5 (b) Post-Lab Questions:

1. Write a program to convert a analog input to digital value and store the result in a RAM location

2. How many channels are available in the ADC used in the program?

Lab 9Part III- 8051Microcontroller Ex.No.9: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division using 80519.1 Introduction:

The purpose of this experiment is to add, subtract, multiply and divide the given two 8 bit numbers and store them in a memory location. The student should also be able to design the addition and subtraction with carry and borrow.9.2 Hardware Requirement:

The 8051 Microcontroller kit , Power supply.

9.3 Program Logic: To perform addition in 8051 one of the data should be in accumulator, another data can be in any of the general purpose register or in memory or immediate data. After addition the sum will be in accumulator. The sum of two 8-bit data can be either 8-bits(sum only) or 9-bits(sum and carry). The accumulator can accumulate only the sum and there is a carry the 8051 will indicate by setting carry flag. Hence one of the register is used to account for carry.

The 8051 has MUL instruction unlike many other 8-bit processors. MUL instruction multiplies the unsigned 8-bit integers in A and B. The lower order byte of the product is left in A and the higher order byte in B.

The 8051 has DIV instruction unlike many other 8-bit processors. DIV instruction divides the unsigned 8-bit integers in A and B. The accumulator receives the integer part of the quotient and the register B receives the remainder.

9.4 Procedure:

i) Enter the opcodes from memory location 4200

ii) Execute the program

iii) Check for the result at 4100 and 4101

Using the accumulator, subtraction is performed and the result is stored. Immediate addressing is employed. The SUBB instruction drives the result in the accumulator.

9.5 Pre-Lab Questions:

1. Show the status of carry flag, auxiliary carry and parity flags after the addition of 38H and 2FH in the following instructions

MOV A, #38H

ADD A, #2FH

2. A programmer puts the first opcode at address at 100H. What happens when the microcontroller is powered up?

3. what is the result of the following code and where is it kept

MOV A, #15

MOV R5, #15

ADD A, R5

4. Write a program if R5 contains the value 0. If so put 55h in it.

5. What do the mnemonics LCALL and ACALL stands for.

6. How does the CPU know where to return after executing the RET instruction.

7. Find the number of times the following loop is performed

MOV R6, #200

BACK:MOV R5, #100

HERE:

DJNZ R5, HERE

DJNZ R6, BACK


1. Examine the following code then answer the following questions

A. Will it jump to NEXT?

B. What is in A after CJNE instruction is executed

MOV A, #55H

CJNE A, #99H, NEXT

.

NEXT:

2. Assume that P1 is an input port connected to a temperature sensor. Write a program to read the temperature and test it for the value 75. According to the test results place the temperature value in to the registers indicated by the following.

If T = 75 then A = 75

If T < 75 then R1 = T

If T > 75 then R2 = T

3. Write a program to monitor P1 continuously for the value 63H. it should be get out of monitoring only if P1 = 63H

4. Find the contents of register A after executing the following code

CLR A

ORL A, #99H

CPL A

5. In the absence of a SWAP instruction how would you exchange the nibbles?

Write a simple program to show the process.

Lab 10Ex.No.10: Ones and twos complement of a number 10.1 Introduction:

The purpose of this experiment is to add and subtract the given two 8 bit numbers and store them in a memory location using a DSP processor. The student should also be able to design the addition and subtraction with carry and borrow.10.2 Hardware Requirement:


10.3 Program Logic:

The ones complement of a number is obtained by inverting all the bits in that number, i.e. replacing all ones by zero and all zero by ones. The Twos complement is the negative of that number. The CPL instruction is employed to find the ones complement. Since the Twos complement of a number is its ones complement + 1, The INC instruction is employed.


1. What is the major difference between 8051 and 8086?

2. What is meant by the term immediate addressing?

3. There is no stop instruction in the 8051 instruction. Describe a method for implementing a program stop.

4. Explain what the CJNE instruction does? And show an example program using CJNE instruction?

5. The 8051 address bus is 16-bits wide and the data bus is 8-bits wide-what is the maximum size for the external CODE memory or DATA memory. Show your calculation.

6. List out the directives of 8051 microcontroller.


1. Write an assembly language program to find ones and twos complement without using CPL instruction.

2. What are the two registers in 8051 which are used for indirect addressing?

3.Find the value of the CY flag after the execution of the following code

1. MOV A #85H

2. ADD A #72H

4.What is the function of program counter in 8051? 5.Explain the bit level logical instructions of 8051.Lab 11Ex.No.11: Word Disassembly

11.1 Introduction:

Split the contents of 4500 into two nibbles (4-bit numbers) and store the. higher nibble at 4501 and the lower nibble at 4502.

11.2 Hardware Requirement:

The 8051 Microcontroller kit, Power supply.

11.3 Program Logic:

The data is fetched from memory and SWAP instruction of 8051 is used which will interchange the low and high-order nibbles of the accumulator. The higher nibble of the result is masked off and is stored in memory. Then, the higher nibble in the original data is masked off and is stored in memory.


1. Upon reset, all ports of the 8051 are configured as _____________ (output, input).

2. Which ports of the 8051 have internal pull-up resistors?

3. Which ports of the 8051 require the connection of external pull-up resistors in order to be used for I/O? Show the drawing for the connection.

4. In the 8051, explain why we must write "1" to a port in order for it to be used for input.

5. Explain why we need to buffer the switches used as input in order to avoid damaging the 8051 port.

11.5 Post-Lab Questions:1. How the DPTR register is classified, explain its functions?

2. What is the function of EA pin in 8051?

3. List out the special function registers in 8051.Lab 12Ex.No.12: Hexadecimal To Decimal Conversion12.1 Introduction:

The purpose of this experiment is to obtain the decimal equivalent of an 8-bit hex number stored in memory using 8051 micro controller trainer kit.

12.2 Hardware Requirement:


12.3 Program Logic:

In this program, the hex number is converted to its equivalent decimal number. The algorithm followed is very simple. The hex number to be converted is brought to the accumulator and is divided by 100 D to find the number of hundreds in it. DIV instruction of 8051 is used in this program. The remainder is now divided by 10 D to count the number of tens in it. Finally, the remainder obtained from the above division gives the number of units in the given hex number. The result is stored in memory in the unpacked form.12.4 Pre-Lab Questions:

1. Write an Assembly language program to convert the given Decimal number in to

Hexadecimal number.

2. Why are program counter and stack pointer are 16-bit registers?

3. What are register banks?

4. Mention any 3 applications of microcontroller?

5. Howto program the microcontroller 89C51?12.5 Post-Lab Questions:

1. Write an assembly Language program to convert the given hexadecimal number

in to decimal number.

2. Mention the difference between AT89C51, AT89C52 and AT89C2051.

3. Explain power down mode of 8051.

4. Explain the function of RXD and TXD pins of 8051 microcontroller.

5. Explain the reset circuit in 8051.

6. What is the difference between power-on reset and manual reset?Part IV : Interfacing with 8051

EXPERIMENT: 13 8279 INTERFACE 13.1 Objective

To interface 8279 Keyboard Interface with 8051 microcontroller

13.2 Hardware requirements

The 8051 Microcontroller kit, 8279 Interface add on card, Interface cable and Power Supply.

13.3 Theory

The 8255 is a widely used for debouncing keys, coding of the keypad matrix and refreshing the display elements in the microprocessor development system.

Features

A0: Selects data (0) or control/status (1) for reads and writes between micro and 8279.BD: Output that blanks the displays

CLK: Used internally for timing. Max is 3 MHz.

CN/ST: Control/strobe, connected to the control key on the keyboardCS: Chip select that enables programming, reading the keyboard, etcDB7 DB0 : Consists of bidirectional pins that connect to data bus on microcontrollerIRQ: Interrupt request, becomes 1 when a key is pressed, data is available.

OUT A0- A3/B3-B0: Outputs that sends data to the most significant/least significant nibble of display.

RD(WR): Connects to micro's IORCor RDsignal, reads data/status registers.

RESET: Connects to system RESET.R: Return lines are inputs used to sense key depression in the keyboard matrix.

Shift: Shift connects to Shift key on keyboard.SL3 SL0: Scan line outputs scan both the keyboard and displays.Keyboard Interface of 8279The keyboard matrix can be any size from 2x2 to 8x8. Pins SL2- SL0 sequentially scan each column through a counting operation. The 74LS138 drives 0's on one line at a time. The 8279 scans RL pins synchronously with the scan.RL pins incorporate internal pull-ups, no need for external resistor pull-ups.

Display mode set up:

000DDKKK

DD- Display mode:00- 8 bit character display (left)

01- 16 -8 bit character display (left)

10- 8 bit character display (right)11-16 -8 bit character display (right)

KKK- Keyboard Interface

000 Encoded Scan Keyboard 2 key lock out

001- Decoded Scan Keyboard 2 key lock out

010- Encoded Scan Keyboard N key roll over

011- Decoded Scan Keyboard N key roll over

100- Encoded Scan sensor matrix

101- Decoded Scan sensor matrix

110- Strobed input, Encoded display Scan

111- Strobed input, Decoded display Scan

Sample program to display AMOV DPTR, # FFC2MOV A, #00

MOV@DPTR, A

MOV A,#CC

MOV@DPTR, A

MOV A,#90

MOV@DPTR, A

MOV DPTR, # FFC0

MOV A,#88

MOV@DPTR, A

MOV R0, #05

MOV A, FF

LOOP: MOVX @DPTR, A

DJNZ R0, LOOP

HERE: SJMP HERE13.4 PreLab:1. State the operating modes of 8279

2. What are the use of CS, A0, RD and WR lines?

3. What is N key lock out?

4. What is N key roll over?

13.5 Post Lab:

1. Define Clock pre scaling.2. What is BD?

EXPERIMENT: 14 8253- PROGRAMMABLE TIMER INTERFACE

14.1 Objective

To interface 8253 Keyboard Interface with 8051 microcontroller14.2 Hardware requirements

The 8051Microcontroller kit, 8253 Interface add on card, Interface cable and Power Supply.

14.3 Theory

The main features of 8253 are as follows:

1. Three independent 16 bit counters

2. Input clock

3. Programmable counter modes

The clk0 can be connected either to the pclk or to the debounce circuit. Using the debounce circuit we can generate a pulse and clock the timer. Similarly clock1 can be connected to pclk and clock2 can be connected to either pclk or out0. In a microprocessor based application, interrupting the processor after a time delay is essential which is achieved using a timer.

14.3. 1 MODES

Mode 0 Interrupt on terminal count

The output will be initially low after mode set operation. After loading the counter, the output will remain low while counting and on terminal count the output will become high, until reloaded again. Channel 0 is in mode 0 and the program is executed. Output is observed through a CRO.

Program:MOV DPTR, FFCE

MOV A, # 30

MOVX @DPTR, A

MOV DPTR, FFC8

MOV A, # 05

MOVX @DPTR, A

MOV A, # 00

MOVX @DPTR, A

HERE: SJMP HERE

Mode 1 Programmable one shot

After loading the counter, the output will remain low following the rising edge of the gate input. The output will go high on the terminal count. It is retriggerable, hence the output will remain low for the full count after the rising edge of the gate input.

Execute the program, give the clock pulses through the debounce logic and observe the output at the CRO.

Program:

MOV DPTR, FFCE

MOV A, # 32

MOVX @DPTR, A

MOV DPTR, FFC8

MOV A, # 05

MOVX @DPTR, A

MOV A, # 00

MOVX @DPTR, A

MOV DPTR, FFD0

MOVX @DPTR, A

HERE: SJMP HERE

Mode 2 Rate generator

It is a divide by N counter. The output will be low for for one period of the clock input. The period from one output pulse to the next equals the number of input counts in the count register. In the CRO observe the input at channel 1 and the output at out1.

Mode 3 Square Wave GeneratorIt is similar to mode 2 except that the output will remain high for one half of the count and go low for the other half for even number count.

If the count is odd, the output will remain high for (count-1)/2 counts.

PROGRAM:MOV DPTR, FFCE

MOV A, # 36MOVX @DPTR, A

MOV A, # 0AMOV DPTR, FFC8MOVX @DPTR, A

MOV A, # 00

MOVX @DPTR, A

HERE: SJMP HERE

Mode 4 Software triggered strobe

In this method , the output is high after mode is set and also during counting. On terminal count , the output will go low for one clock period and becomes high again. This mode is used for interrupt generation.

14.4 Pre Lab:1. What is RS 232 and state the use of RTS and CTS?2 What is the use of select counter SC in timer?3 Draw the control word format of timer.14.5 Post Lab:1 What is Debouncing of keys?Lab 15Ex.No.15: Stepper Motor Interface15.1 Introduction:

To interface a stepper motor with a 8051 trainer kit and to run the motor in clockwise and anticlockwise directions with a controlled speed.15.2 Hardware Requirement:

The 8051 Microcontroller kit, Stepper motor interface add on card, interface cable, Power Supply.

15.3 Program Logic:

A motor in which the rotor is able to assume only discrete stationary angular position is a stepper motor. The rotor motion occurs in a stepwise manner from one equilibrium position to the next. They are widely used in open and closed looped systems in a variety of applications. It is either of reluctance type or permanent magnet type. The four poles structure is continuous with the stator frame and the magnetic field passes through the cylindrical stator annular ring. The stator poles and three pairs of rotor poles, there exists 12 possible positions in which a south pole of the rotor can lock with the north pole of the stator. From this it can be noted that the step size is 360( in degrees)/ Ns x Nr

where Ns = number of stator poles

Nr = number of pair of rotor poles.

There are three different stepping schemes for a stepper motor.

4. Wave scheme

5. 2- phase scheme

6. half stepping and mixed scheme

15.3.1 Wave scheme

The stepper motor windings A1,A2,B1,B2 can be cyclically excited with a DC current to run the motor in the clockwise direction. Consider the four rotor positions of the motor along with the stator excitations. The switching scheme for the wave mode excitation is given as follows.



1 1 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 1

3 0 1 0 0

4 0 0 1 0

1 1 0 0 0

2 0 0 1 0

3 0 1 0 0

4 0 0 0 1

15.3.2 2- Phase scheme:

In this scheme the two adjacent stator windings are energized. There are two magnetic fields achieved in quadrature and none of the rotor pole faces can be in a direct alignment with the stator poles.

The switching scheme for the 2- phase mode excitation is given as follows.



1 1 0 0 1

2 0 1 0 1

3 0 1 1 0

4 1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

2 0 1 1 0

3 0 1 0 1

4 1 0 0 1

15.3.3 Half stepping scheme

The previously discussed two schemes have a step size of 30 degrees for the stepper motor under consideration. However there is a offset of 15 degrees between these two schemes. By interleaving these two schemes , the step size can be reduced to 15 degrees there by improving the accuracy of the motor. This is called half stepping scheme.

The switching sequence is as follows.

10. A1 on

11. A1 and B1 on

12. B1 on

13. B1 and A2 on

14. A2 on

15. A2 and B2 on

16. B2 on

17. B2 and A1 on

18. A1 on etc.15.4 Pre-Lab Questions: 1 State applications of stepper motor in control systems2 Draw the 4 possible rotor positions and the corresponding stator excitations in a stepper motor

15.5 Post Lab:1. Write a program to interface the stepper motor with 8051 and make it run in clockwise and anti clock wise direction.Lab 16

Ex.No.16: A/D and D/A Interface16.1(a) Introduction:

To interface a digital to analog interface with 8051 and to perform the lab assignments.

16.2 (a) Hardware Requirement:

The 8051 Microcontroller kit, D/A add on card, interface cable, Power supply.

16.3(a) Program Logic: (Refer Lab 8)The physical quantities like temperature, pressure etc are required for the electronic circuit for data processing. The electrical equivalent of such parameters are obtained by the use of transducers. It is difficult to process or store the analog values so there is a conversion of analog signals to the digital domain for the ease of processing and again converting it into the analog domain for the real time output . This is of course achieved by the use of converters. The circuit which is used to convert a digital value into a analog value is a digital to analog converter.

16.3.1 (a) Square wave generationThe basic idea behind the generation of the waveform is the continuous generation of analog output at DAC. With 00(hex) as the input to the DAC2, the analog value is -5v. similarly , with FF (hex) as input, the output of the DAC is +5v. Outputting the digital data 00 and FF at regular intervals at DAC2, results in a square wave generation.

16.3.2 (a) Saw tooth wave generationOutput digital data from 00 to FF in constant steps of 01 to DAC1.Repeat this sequence again and again. As a result a saw tooth is generated at DAC1 output.

16.4(a) Pre-Lab Questions:1. What is the basic principle of analog to digital converter?

2. Why DAC is interfaced with 80513. Is it possible to generate any wave using DAC interface

8.6 (a) Post-Lab Questions:

1.Write a program to generate a triangular wave in 80512. For a digital value of 6F ,the approximate analog voltage is ----------Lab 17Part IV Nuvoton ProcessorEx.No.17: Seven segment display from 0000 to 999917.1 Introduction:

The purpose of this experiment is to display the number from 0000 to 9999 in the 4 LEDs in the Nuvoton Nu-LB-NUC140series Board17.2 Tool Requirement:

KEIL Uversion 4.0, Nuvoton CMSIS Library Files, DrvSYS Library Files, NUC140LB Series ARM Target Board.17.3 Program :Smpl_7seg : counting from 0 to 9999 and display on 7-segment LEDs

#include

#include "NUC1xx.h"

#include "DrvSYS.h"

#include "Seven_Segment.h"

// display an integer on four 7-segment LEDs

void seg_display(int16_t value)

{

int8_t digit;

digit = value / 1000;

close_seven_segment();

show_seven_segment(3,digit);

DrvSYS_Delay(5000);

value = value - digit * 1000;




DrvSYS_Delay(5000);


digit = value / 10;



DrvSYS_Delay(5000);


digit = value;



DrvSYS_Delay(5000);

int32_t main (void)

{

int32_t i =0;

UNLOCKREG();

DrvSYS_Open(48000000);

LOCKREG();

while(iOFFD|=0x00800000; //Disable digital input path

SYS->GPAMFP.ADC7_SS21_AD6=1; //Set ADC function

/* Step 2. Enable and Select ADC clock source, and then enable ADC module */

SYSCLK->CLKSEL1.ADC_S = 2; //Select 22Mhz for ADC

SYSCLK->CLKDIV.ADC_N = 1; //ADC clock source = 22Mhz/2 =11Mhz;

SYSCLK->APBCLK.ADC_EN = 1; //Enable clock source

ADC->ADCR.ADEN = 1; //Enable ADC module

/* Step 3. Select Operation mode */

ADC->ADCR.DIFFEN = 0; //single end input

ADC->ADCR.ADMD = 0; //single mode

/* Step 4. Select ADC channel */

ADC->ADCHER.CHEN = 0x80;

/* Step 5. Enable ADC interrupt */

ADC->ADSR.ADF =1; //clear the A/D interrupt flags for safe

ADC->ADCR.ADIE = 1;

// NVIC_EnableIRQ(ADC_IRQn);/* Step 6. Enable WDT module */

ADC->ADCR.ADST=1;

}

void Delay(int32_t count)

{

while(count--)

{

// __NOP;

}

}

void seg_display(int16_t value)

{

int8_t digit;




Delay(5000);





Delay(5000);


digit = value / 10;



Delay(5000);


digit = value;



Delay(5000);

}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------

MAIN function

----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

int32_t main (void)

{

int32_t adc_value;

UNLOCKREG();

SYSCLK->PWRCON.XTL12M_EN = 1; //Enable 12Mhz and set HCLK->12Mhz

SYSCLK->CLKSEL0.HCLK_S = 0;

LOCKREG();

InitADC();

while(1)

{

while (ADC->ADSR.ADF==0); // ADC Flag, wait till 1 (A/DC conversion done)

ADC->ADSR.ADF=1; // write 1 to ADF is to clear the flag

adc_value=ADC->ADDR[7].RSLT; // input 12-bit ADC value

seg_display(adc_value); // display value to 7-segment display

ADC->ADCR.ADST=1; // activate next ADC sample

// 1 : conversion start; // 0 : conversion stopped, ADC enter idle state

}

}

RESULT : The Simple Seven Segment display to display the value 0000 to FFFF was executed on KEILuVersion4 and successfully ported verified on NUC140 series board.

18.4 Pre Lab Questions:

1.What does ARM mean?

2. State the specifications of the Nuvoton processor?3. Differentiate Nuvoton and 8086 trainer boards18.5 Post Lab Questions1. What is IDE and why it is needed?

2. What is meant by in circuit programming?PAGE 1

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