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Microcontroller
Presented byHasnain Heickal (07), Sabbir Ahmed(08) and Zakia Afroze Abedin(19)
Overview Microcontroller Microcontroller and Microprocessor Embedded System Internal Architecture Programming Language Applications Conclusion
Microcontroller A small computer system on a single IC First used in 1975(Intel 8048) The introduction of EEPROM in 1993, allowed
microcontrollers to be electrically erased The same year, Atmel introduced the first
microcontroller using Flash memory.
Microprocessor and Microcontroller A microcontroller is a specialized form of
microprocessor Designed to be self-sufficient and cost-
effective Microprocessor is typically designed to be
general purpose Microcontroller incorporates features of
Microprocessor (CPU, ALU, Registers) Additional features
RAM,ROM,I\O ports, counter etc. Control the operation of machine using fixed
program stored in Rom
Embedded System A computer system designed to perform one
or a few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints.
Controlled by one or more main processing cores that is typically either a microcontroller or a digital signal processor.
Implementation of Embedded System Microcontroller
Independent System consisting of all components PLC (Programmable Logic Control)
Microcontroller or Microprocessor is the core Used in industrial projects
Microcontroller's fundamental components
The CPU core Memory (both ROM and RAM) Some parallel digital I/O
Basic microcontroller architecture (1/3)
Basic microcontroller architecture (2/3) Memory
RAM ROM Store data and code
CPU Mathematical and logical operation Memory units are called Register
Basic microcontroller architecture (3/3)• BUS– Group of 8,16 or more wires– Three type, address bus, data bus and control bus
• Input-output unit– port A, port B, port C … …– Input, output and bidirectional ports
• Serial communication• Timer unit• Watchdog– Automatic reset to prevent stall
• Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) Needs to convert analog signal to digital signal for
processing Not so fast and accurate Atmega8 contains 10 bit approximation ADC Internal and external reference voltage can used Result may from differ 2% to 3% Absolute accuracy can be achieved by using
external ADC
Block diagram of Microcontroller
Microcontroller Programming (1/3) Writing a program which is executed while the
microcontroller runs. Can be written in assembly, C or Basic
Microcontroller Programming (2/3) Assembly
Takes up least amount of spaces Best result in terms of speed
C Easier to write and understand Slower than Assembly
Basic Nearest a man’s way of reasoning
Microcontroller Programming (3/3) Microcontroller understands only hex code Any language must be converted to a
equivalent hex code The hex code may differ from architecture to
architecture
Hex code generator Used to generate the hex codes from the
language Avr tools
Simulator Shows the internal processor state as well as
the outputs Allows input signal to be generated The quickest way of debugging and analyze
problem MPLAB Proteus
Applications Is used in any smart system Suitable for light weight electronic devices Used in microwaves to automobiles Electronic locks Calculating devices Automatic ticketing system And many more
Microcontroller and Robotics Microcontrollers are vastly used in robotics Are used to control the robots Can be automated or outside controlled Limited intellegence
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