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Microbiology: Tools of the Laboratory. Inoculation and Isolation. Inoculation : producing a culture Introduce a tiny sample (the inoculums) into a container of nutrient medium Isolation : separating one species from another - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Microbiology: Tools of the Laboratory
Inoculation and Isolation
• Inoculation: producing a culture– Introduce a tiny sample (the inoculums) into a
container of nutrient medium • Isolation: separating one species from another
– Separating a single bacterial cell from other cells and providing it space on a nutrient surface will allow that cell to grow in to a mound of cells (a colony).
– If formed from a single cell, the colony contains cells from just that species.
Figure 3.2
Streak Plate Method• Streak plate method- small droplet of culture or
sample spread over surface of the medium with an inoculating loop– Uses a pattern that thins out the sample and
separates the cells
Figure 3.3 a,b
Loop Dilation Method• Loop dilation, or pour plate, method- sample
inoculated serially in to a series of liquid agar tues to dilute the number of cells in each successive tubes– Tubes are then poured in to sterile Petri dishes and
allowed to solidify
Figure 3.3 c,d
Spread Plate Method• Spread plate method- small volume of liquid, diluted sample
pipette on to surface of the medium and spread around evenly by a sterile spreading tool
Figure 3.3 e,f
Media: Providing Nutrients in the Laboratory
• At least 500 different types• Contained in test tubes, flasks, or Petri dishes• Inoculated by loops, needles, pipettes, and
swabs• Sterile technique necessary• Classification of media
– Physical state– Chemical composition– Functional type
Classification of Media by Chemical Content
• Synthetic media- compositions are precisely chemically defined
• Complex (nonsynthetic) media- if even just one component is not chemically definable
Classification of Media by Function
• General purpose media- to grow as broad a spectrum of microbes as possible– Usually nonsynthetic– Contain a mixture of nutrients to support a variety
of microbes– Examples: nutrient agar and broth, brain-heart
infusion, trypticase soy agar (TSA).
Enriched Media
• Enriched media- contain complex organic substances (for example blood, serum, growth factors) to support the growth of fastidious bacteria. Examples: blood agar, Thayer-Martin medium (chocolate agar)
Figure 3.6
Selective and Differential Media
• Selective media- contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes but not others. Example: Mannitol salt agar (MSA), MacConkey agar, Hektoen enteric (HE) agar.
• Differential media- allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow but display visible differences among those microorganisms. MacConkey agar can be used as a differential medium as well.
Figure 3.9
Miscellaneous Media• Reducing media- absorbs oxygen or slows its
penetration in the medium; used for growing anaerobes or for determining oxygen requirements
• Carbohydrate fermentation media- contain sugars that can be fermented and a pH indicator; useful for identification of microorganisms
• Transport media- used to maintain and preserve specimens that need to be held for a period of time
• Assay media- used to test the effectiveness of antibiotics, disinfectants, antiseptics, etc.
• Enumeration media- used to count the numbers of organisms in a sample.
Figure 3.10
Incubation• Incubation: an inoculated sample is placed in an
incubator to encourage growth.– Usually in laboratories, between 20° and 40°C.– Can control atmospheric gases as well.– Can visually recognize growth as cloudiness in liquid media
and colonies on solid media.– Pure culture- growth of only a single known species (also
called axenic)• Usually created by subculture
– Mixed culture- holds two or more identified species– Contaminated culture- includes unwanted
microorganisms of uncertain identity, or contaminants.
Inspection and Identification
• Inspection and identification: Using appearance as well as metabolism (biochemical tests) and sometimes genetic analysis or immunologic testing to identify the organisms in a culture.
• Cultures can be maintained using stock cultures
• Once cultures are no longer being used, they must be sterilized and destroyed properly.
Figure 3.2 Microscopes and Magnification.
Tick Actual size
Red blood cells
E. coli bacteria
T-even bacteriophages(viruses)
DNA double helix
Unaided eye≥ 200 m
Light microscope200 nm – 10 mm
Scanningelectron
microscope10 nm – 1 mm
Transmissionelectron
microscope10 pm – 100 m
Atomic force microscope
0.1 nm – 10nm
Units of Measurement
• 3-1 List the metric units of measurement that are used for microorganisms.
• 1 µm = 10–6 m = 10–3 mm• 1 nm = 10–9 m = 10–6 mm• 1000 nm = 1 µm• 0.001 µm = 1 nm
Units of Measurement
Light Microscopy
• The use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens
• Types of light microscopy– Compound light microscopy– Darkfield microscopy– Phase-contrast microscopy– Differential interference contrast microscopy– Fluorescence microscopy– Confocal microscopy
Ocular lens(eyepiece)Remagnifies the image formed by the objective lens
Body tube Transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lensArm
Objective lensesPrimary lenses that magnify the specimen
Stage Holds the microscope slide in position
Condenser Focuses light through specimen
Diaphragm Controls the amount of light entering the condenser
Illuminator Light source
Coarse focusing knob
Base
Fine focusing knob
Principal parts and functions
Figure 3.1a The compound light microscope.
Compound Light Microscopy
• In a compound microscope, the image from the objective lens is magnified again by the ocular lens
• Total magnification = objective lens ocular lens
Compound Light Microscopy
• Resolution is the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points
• A microscope with a resolving power of 0.4 nm can distinguish between two points ≥ 0.4 nm
• Shorter wavelengths of light provide greater resolution
Figure 3.3 Refraction in the compound microscope using an oil immersion objective lens.
Unrefractedlight
Immersion oil
Condenser
Light sourceIris diaphragm
Condenser lenses
Air
Without immersion oil most light is refracted and lost
Oil immersion objective lens
Glass slide
Brightfield Illumination
• Dark objects are visible against a bright background
• Light reflected off the specimen does not enter the objective lens
Darkfield Illumination
• Light objects are visible against a dark background
• Light reflected off the specimen enters the objective lens
Phase-Contrast Microscopy
• Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen
Fluorescence Microscopy
• Uses UV light• Fluorescent substances absorb UV light and
emit visible light• Cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes
(fluorochromes)
Figure 3.6b The principle of immunofluorescence.
• Uses electrons instead of light• The shorter wavelength of electrons gives
greater resolution
Electron Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
• Ultrathin sections of specimens• Light passes through specimen, then an
electromagnetic lens, to a screen or film• Specimens may be stained with heavy-metal
salts
• 10,000–100,000; resolution 2.5 nm
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
• An electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scans the surface of a whole specimen
• Secondary electrons emitted from the specimen produce the image
• 1,000–10,000; resolution 20 nm
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Figure 3.22
• Staining: coloring the microbe with a dye that emphasizes certain structures
• Smear: a thin film of a solution of microbes on
a slide• A smear is usually fixed to attach the microbes
to the slide and to kill the microbes
Preparing Smears for Staining
• Live or unstained cells have little contrast with
the surrounding medium. Researchers do make discoveries about cell behavior by observing live specimens.
Preparing Smears for Staining
• Simple stain: use of a single basic dye• A mordant may be used to hold the stain or
coat the specimen to enlarge it
Simple Stains
Differential Stains
• Used to distinguish between bacteria– Gram stain– Acid-fast stain
Gram Stain
• Classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative– Gram-positive bacteria tend to be killed by
penicillin and detergents– Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to
antibiotics
Color of Gram-Positive Cells
Color ofGram-Negative Cells
Primary Stain:Crystal Violet Purple Purple
Mordant:Iodine Purple Purple
Decolorizing Agent:Alcohol-Acetone Purple Colorless
Counterstain:Safranin Purple Red
Gram Stain
Figure 3.12b Gram staining.
Cocci(gram-positive)
Rod(gram-negative)
Special Stains
• Used to distinguish parts of cells– Capsule stain– Endospore stain– Flagella stain
• Primary stain: malachite green, usually with heat
• Decolorize cells: water• Counterstain: safranin
Endospore Staining
Figure 3.14b Special staining.
Endospore
Endospore staining